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Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosions

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 IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 12, 2018 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613

Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosions

P. Ashok1 Miss S. Mounika2
2
Faculty
1,2
MVR college of Enginnering & Technology, Vijayawada, India
Abstract— Currently in the field of civil engineering the technology. This resulted in Tri-Services manual designed by
requirement regarding knowledge blast loads are essential. the Army as “TM 5-1300 : Structures to Resist the Effects of
Every country in the world are having terrorist threats. As the Accidental Explosions,” which was subsequently revised in
scenario of terrorist attacks are unpredictable neither location 1990[1]. This version incorporates the research conducted
nor blast material used. This provides an outline to analysis over the intervening period. Volume 4 of the manual
and design to resist blast loads. We have taken an example addresses reinforced concrete design.
model to illustrate evaluation of blast parameters which are In conventional RCC design the structures are
used in the analysis. The analysis and design of structures to actually designed to resist the design loads which are actually
resist blast/explosive loads is having utmost importance doesn’t vary with time. The analysis and design of structures
compared to the conventional type of structures. Where comes under static analysis. while coming to blast/explosive
Loading is actually independent of time variation. From past loads, the analysis falls under dynamic view where the loads
few decades terrorist attacks are becoming a new threat to acting on structures are vary with time. In fact the time period
people lives material used, its quantity, and distance from considering which is very less (in Milli seconds
structure etc. Since we don’t know when the blasting activity
A. Impact of Accidental Explosions a Human
is going to be happened and type of charge material is used,
depends on importance of structure we have to make sure the [Link] DATE LOCATION DEATHS
design of structure should be such that it should resist the Harbour munitions,
1 23\07\1964 100
failure against blasting activities and to property also. The bone ,Algeria
amount of damage caused to structure is depends upon type Bridge, Tila Bund,
2 21\10\1965 80
of charge. Blast loads, its contribution to structures and other Pakistan
required provisions are opted from Technical Manual 5-1300 3 30\10\1965 Cartagena, Colombia 48
and IS [Link] design method used is Equivalent Apartment building,
4 25\12\1967 20
Static Approach. Analysis of frames of structure is done with Moscow
software package. Subway construction ,
5 08\04\1970 73
Key words: Accidental Explosions Osaka, Japan
Mine , Chasnala ,
6 27\12\1975 431
I. INTRODUCTION India
Other than Earthquake load effects on structure, Blast load Murrah Alfred federal
7 01\04\1995 250
effects are one of the major structural damage phenomenon building
which requires a special care to be taken to design structural World trade center
8 11\09\2001 2630
elements. Evolution of technology, availability of (W.T.C), USA
information and lack of awareness and practice regarding the Pentagon building,
9 11\09\2001 189
design of structures to resist blast loads are all come to gather Washington D.C, USA
is a chance to the people who actually succeeded in blasting 10 14\10\2017 Mogadishu, Somalia 300
the social and public buildings. These days’ terrorist Table 1:
activities are going pretty well. We can easily get trained
B. Impact of Accidental Explosions over a Structure
through Internet on how to prepare blasting materials. We
must have to think about it as a human being. Such an Now a day’s most of the structures will face the problem due
intellectually stupid technology!!! to blast. The structural engineer will gives the more priority
While looking back into the major terrorist activities in the design how to make the structure with earthquake proof
in history, the attack on The World Trade Centre in New York but they are not giving the equal importance to the blast.
City in February 1993 and on September 11, 2001 which Because of this the structures will collapse completely when
resulted in thousands of death cases and considerable the structure is subjected to blast load which may leads to the
property loss. Another notable explosion activity is TRUCK loss of lives and pollution.
Blasting of Alfred Murrah Building. Which resulted hundreds Let us consider Oklahoma City Alfred [Link]
of death cases and includes property loss. There are several federal building bombing. This structure is designed in the
notable explosions which resulted in huge structural damages early 1970’s based on ACI 318-71 and it is earthquake
and loss of lives. resistant structure. In april 1995 murrah building is attacked
With the recent increase in public awareness of by terrorists with 1800kgs high explosives. Because of these
possible terrorist attacks around worldwide, many explosives 42% of structure is collapsed by blast and
organizations and agencies are currently trying to secure progressive collapse.
methods of constructing facilities that will survive blast loads Therefore it is clear that if the structure is designed
due to explosions. A majority of the early academic research for dead loads, live loads and earthquake loads that is not
in the field of blast design was done at the University of sufficient to resist the accidental explosions. So as a structural
Illionois at Urbana and at the Massachusetts institute of

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 Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosions
(IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 12/2018/078)

designer we have to consider the blast load for the design of shock wave starts travelling from the source it expands in the
premium structures. air and induces sudden increase in the pressure as well as heat.

II. TYPES OF BLASTING MATERIALS AND THEIR EQUIVALENT III. CODAL PROVISIONS
WEIGHT 1) IS 4991-1968
Usually the size the bomb is given in terms of weight of 2) US NAVAY CODE
Trinitrotoluene (TNT). When the high explosive is other than
A. Design Considerations
TNT, the equivalent energy is obtained by using the charge
factor (C.F). The CF of cyclonite (RDX) is the ratio of actual Structures to resist effects of accidental loads (or) explosive
mass of the RDX (5320Kj/kg) and mass of the TNT (4520 loads (or) blast loads the design consideration s should be
Kj/Kg) i.e., 5320/4520=1.185. It means 100 kg of RDX is taken into the account by structural designer
converted into 118.5 Kg of TNT. 1) Elastic property
MASS TNT 2) Material strength consideration
EXPLOSIVES 3) Direction of the wave propagation
SPECIFIC EQUIVALENT
TNT 4560 1 4) Inertia force
GDN(Glycol 5) Temperature changes
7232 1.6 6) Possible standoff distance
dinitrate)
Pyroxilene 4746 1.05 7) Angle of incident
8) Peak reflected pressure
Dynamite 5876 1.3
9) Time period
Schneiderite 3164 0.7
Dinitrotoluene(DNT) 3164 0.7
IV. DYNAMIC LOADING ON STRUCTURE
Ethylenedinitramine 5650 1.25
Compound B (0.6 The project work includes the effects of loads resulting from
5190 1.148 blasting activity takes place outside of the structure.
RDX)
RDX(cyclonite) 5360 1.185 Calculating the design blast load values and assigning them
HMX 5650 1.256 to the structure is considered from US NAVAL CODE
SENTEX 5660 1.25 We are designing blast load resistible G+5 residential
Table 2: building with charge weight considered is 1000 lbs acting at
a distance of 230ft. From US NAVAL CODE the highest
A. Blast Wave Parameters equivalent charge weight of 1000 lbs is considered for design.
1) Dynamic pressure Charge weight = 1000 lbs
It is the pressure effect of air mass movement called blast RG = 70m RG = 230 feet
wind ZG = RG/W1/3
2) Impulse ZG = 230/(1000)1/3
Impulse per unit of projected area is the pressure-time product ZG = 23.06 Ft/lb1/3
given by the area under the pressure-time curve considered A. Blat Wave Parameters
for the positive phase only unless otherwise specified.
3) Over pressure Pso = 3.5 psi
It is the rise in pressure above atmospheric pressure due to tA/ w1/3 = 6 ms/lb1/3
1/3
shock wave from an air blast Lw/w = 2.2 Ft/lb1/3
1/3
4) Reflected overpressure is/w = 7 psi-ms/lb1/3
It is the over pressure resulting due to reflection of a shock U = 1.2 Ft/ms
wave front striking any surface. If the shock front is parallel i/w1/3 = 12 psi-ms/ lb1/3
to the surface, the reflection is normal. Pr = 15 psi
5) Shock wave front to/w1/3 = 12 ms/ lb1/3
It is the discontinuity between the blast wave and surrounding Conversion from F.P.S system to S.I system of units
atmosphere. It propagates away from the point of explosion Pso= 3.5 psi
in all directions at a speed greater than the speed of sound in Pso= 3.5* 6.839
the undisturbed atmosphere. Pso= 23.787 KN/m2
Now consider the G+5 building having the plan area of 20*21
B. Blast Phenomena m2
The structures whenever opted for explosion majorly the B. Panel Load Calculation
structure will be influenced by the peak pressure, peak
reflected pressure, duration of shock wave, impulse, high Peak positive incident pressure, Pso = 23.787 KN/ m2
temperature. Due to this detonation velocity range will be Area of the panel = 20*21 m2
reaching the structure in the form of pressure immediately The total blast load over the structure = 23.787*420
after detonation will be from 9000m/sec to 12000m/sec. = 9990.54 KN
Whenever the wave that is generated from blast hits the The blast load acting at each and every joint = 60 KN
structure then the structure starts dissipating the energy by
means of reflection, dissipation,vibration …etc. when the

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 Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosions
(IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 12/2018/078)

V. STRUCTURAL RESPONSE TO BLAST LOADING

Consider the model having 5 bays of 4m length each and each
bay height is 3.5m. The total no of stories are 6 (G+5). This
model is same for all the cases.
This project deals with 3 cases they are given below
1) Structure without blast load
2) Structure with blast load of magnitude 60KN
(Calculated)
3) Structure with blast load of magnitude 120 KN
(Selected)

Fig. 4:
CASE - 3 (Structure with Blast Load of Magnitude 120KN)

Fig. 1:

Fig. 5:

Case 2:
CASE - 2 (Structure with Blast Load of Magnitude 60 KN)

Fig. 6:

VI. CONCLUSION
 Behavior of structure subjected to blast loads is being
evaluated
 Three case studies are made to determine the difference.
 Mainly observed that reinforcement has been increased
about 45% when compared with conventional structures.
 Sacrificial wall is good governance towards the safety of
the structure. Which effectively minimizes the damage.
 Based on research worked carried out by eminent
professors being we dealt with majorly focused on the
Fig. 3: columns

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 Structures to Resist the Effects of the Accidental Explosions
(IJSRD/Vol. 5/Issue 12/2018/078)

 The current research has been focusing towards the

safety of human beings against blast. As it is essential as
long as terrorist activites continuous
 The designers should have a sound knowledge regarding
blast loads which will enhance the safety of the mankind

REFERENCES
[1] 1)Explosion resistant of buildings by M.Y.H Bangash
[2] Blast resistant design of structures by Manmohan das
goel and vasant A matsagar fromASCE (2014)
[3] Architectural and structural design by blast resistant
buildings by Zeynepkoccaz ,Fatihsutcu,
NecedttorunbalciThe 14th world conference on
earthquake engineering ,2008
[4] The formation of blast wave by a very intense explosion
by Sir GeoffryTaylor , [Link] 10 November
1949
[5] Koccaz Z. (2004) Blast Resistant Building Design, MSc
Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
[6] US Navay code (TM 5-1300)
[7] IS 4991:1968

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