BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1-5 REVIEWER

INTEGRATION COURSE FOR ARCHITECTURE 2

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BATHTUB: A plumbing fixture designed for bathing, typically a long container to hold water in which a person
can sit or lie down to bathe. In architectural drawings and specifications, it's a key element in bathroom design,
considering dimensions, materials, and installation.
DOWEL: A cylindrical pin, usually made of wood, used to join two pieces together. In construction and
woodworking related to architecture, dowels can be used for joining timber elements, furniture, or even in some
types of structural connections.
FURNISHING: The furniture, fixtures, and other decorative items in a room or building. In architectural design,

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the selection and arrangement of furnishings are crucial for the functionality, comfort, and aesthetics of interior
spaces.
SLOPE: An inclined surface or the degree of inclination. In architecture and site design, slope is a critical factor
for drainage, accessibility (ramps), roof design, and landscape architecture. It can refer to the gradient of land,
roofs, or even interior ramps.
EARTHFILL: Natural earth materials used to raise the level of the ground or to fill in excavations. In construction,
earthfill is essential for creating foundations, landscaping, and achieving desired site grades. Proper compaction
and material selection are important considerations.

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SEWAGE: Wastewater containing human waste and other household or industrial wastes, transported through a
system of pipes called sewers. In building technology, the design and management of sewage systems are vital
for sanitation and public health. Architects need to consider the layout and connection of plumbing fixtures to the
main sewage lines.
EQUIPMENT: The necessary tools, machinery, or apparatus used for a particular purpose. In architectural

laboratory buildings.
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contexts, this can refer to various systems within a building, such as HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) equipment, kitchen equipment in commercial spaces, or specialized equipment in industrial or

WATER CLOSET: A room or compartment containing a toilet bowl. This is a fundamental element in bathroom
design and plumbing, requiring consideration of space planning, fixture selection, and connection to water supply
and drainage. It is often abbreviated as WC.
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CONSTRUCTION: The process of building or creating structures. This encompasses all stages from planning
and design to the actual assembly and erection of a building or infrastructure. Building Technology subjects
heavily focus on construction methods, materials, and processes.
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GIRDERS BEAM: A girder is a primary horizontal beam that supports smaller beams or joists. It is a main
structural element. A beam is a general term for a horizontal structural member that carries loads. Girders are
essentially large, heavy-duty beams.
LUGS: Projecting pieces, often of metal or plastic, used for fixing or gripping. In construction, they can be found
on various components to facilitate connection or anchoring.
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RIBS: In a structural context, ribs are linear, projecting elements that add stiffness or support to a surface or
framework. They can be found in concrete slabs, domes, or other structural forms.
WALL SYSTEM: Refers to the complete assembly of components that form a wall, including framing, insulation,
sheathing, and finishes (interior and exterior). It defines the wall's structural, thermal, and aesthetic properties.
FOUNDATION SYSTEM: The part of a building that transfers its weight to the ground. It includes various types
like shallow foundations (e.g., footings, slabs) and deep foundations (e.g., piles, caissons), chosen based on soil
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conditions and building loads.

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Types of Foundation:

1.​ Shallow Foundations:

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●​ These foundations are located close to the ground surface. The depth of the
foundation is generally less than or equal to its width. They transfer the building load
to a relatively shallow layer of the soil.​

●​ Shallow foundations are typically more economical and easier to construct when the
soil near the surface has sufficient bearing capacity.​
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Types of Shallow Foundations:​

○​ Individual Footing (Isolated Footing or Pad Foundation): A single footing

supporting an individual column. Typically square or rectangular.

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 ○​ Wall Footing (Strip Footing or Continuous Footing): A continuous strip of
concrete that supports a load-bearing wall.
○​ Combined Footing: A single footing that supports two or more columns in a
row. These can be rectangular, trapezoidal, or T-shaped.
○​ Cantilever or Strap Footing: Consists of two or more individual footings
connected by a beam (strap beam). Used when columns are close to a
property line.
○​ Raft or Mat Foundation: A large continuous concrete slab that covers the
entire building area and supports all the columns and walls. Used when the
soil has low bearing capacity or when loads are very heavy.
○​ Slab-on-Grade Foundation: A concrete slab poured directly onto the
ground, often used for warmer climates without significant frost heave.
○​ Grillage Foundation: A foundation system using one or more tiers of beams

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(usually steel or timber) laid on a layer of concrete to distribute heavy loads
over a large area, typically used on soft soils.

2. Deep Foundations:

●​ These foundations extend far below the ground surface, transferring the building load to a
deeper, stronger soil or rock layer. The depth of the foundation is significantly greater than its
width (typically more than 4 to 5 times).​

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●​ Deep foundations are used when the soil at shallow depths is weak or compressible, or when
the structural loads are very heavy.​
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Types of Deep Foundations:​

○​
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Pile Foundations: Long, slender structural members (piles) made of materials like
concrete, steel, or timber that are driven, drilled, or jacked deep into the ground. They
transfer load through end bearing (resting on a strong layer) or skin friction (resistance
along the pile's surface).
■​ End-Bearing Piles: Transfer most of their load to a strong stratum at the
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bottom.
■​ Friction Piles (Floating Piles): Transfer most of their load through friction
developed along the pile's surface.
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○​ Pier Foundations (Drilled Shafts or Caissons): Large-diameter columns that are

constructed by drilling a hole into the ground and then filling it with concrete, often with
reinforcement. They can carry very heavy loads.
○​ Caisson Foundations (Well Foundations): Watertight retaining structures, often
box-shaped or cylindrical, that are sunk into the ground to the desired depth by
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excavating material from within. Different types include open caissons, box caissons,
and pneumatic caissons.
○​ Basement Foundations: Can act as deep foundations if they extend significantly
below grade and transfer load to deeper soil.
○​ Buoyancy Rafts (Hollow Box Foundations): Used on very soft soils where the
weight of the excavated soil is approximately equal to the weight of the structure,
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allowing the foundation to "float."

○​ Micropiles (Mini Piles): Small-diameter (typically less than 300mm) drilled and
grouted piles, often heavily reinforced, used in restricted access areas or for
underpinning existing structures.
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The choice of foundation type depends on several factors, including:

●​ Soil conditions: Type, strength, compressibility, and groundwater level.

●​ Structural loads: Weight of the building and its contents, wind loads, seismic loads, etc.
●​ Building characteristics: Size, height, and intended use.
●​ Economic considerations: Cost of materials, labor, and equipment.
●​ Construction methods: Availability of equipment and skilled labor.
●​ Environmental factors: Potential for settlement, frost heave, or seismic activity.
●​ Local building codes and regulations.

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 CHALKING: A paint defect where the paint film degrades, leaving a powdery residue on the surface. This is often
caused by weathering and UV exposure.
ADMIXTURE: A natural or manufactured chemical or additive incorporated into concrete during mixing to modify
its properties, such as workability, setting time, or durability.
POZZOLANIC: Refers to a siliceous or aluminum siliceous material that, in finely divided form and in the
presence of moisture, chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide released by the hydration of Portland cement to
form compounds possessing cementitious properties. Pozzolans can enhance the strength and durability of
concrete.
LINTEL BEAM: A horizontal beam placed over an opening (like a door or window) to support the weight of the
wall or structure above it.
HONEYCOMB: Voids or cavities left in hardened concrete due to incomplete filling of formwork or improper
compaction. It weakens the concrete structure.
PLASTERING: The process of applying a thin layer of plaster (a mixture of cement or lime, sand, and water) over

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rough surfaces of walls, ceilings, or partitions to create a smooth finish.
BOLT: A threaded metal fastener used to join two or more components together, typically with the use of a nut. In
construction, bolts are crucial for structural connections in steel and timber framing.
CEMENT BRICK: A brick made from a mixture of cement and aggregate (usually sand), formed in molds and
cured. It can be manufactured to resemble clay bricks.
GABION: A cage, cylinder, or box filled with rocks, concrete, or other materials, used in civil engineering,
landscaping, and erosion control to create retaining walls, slope stabilization, and other structures.
FINE: In the context of aggregates for concrete or mortar, fine aggregate refers to small particles, typically sand

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or crushed stone particles smaller than 1/4 inch (6.35 mm).
COURSE: In the context of aggregates, coarse aggregate refers to larger particles, such as gravel or crushed
stone, typically larger than 1/4 inch (6.35 mm). It forms the bulk of the concrete mix.
DEEP FOUNDATION: A type of foundation that transfers building loads to a stronger, more stable soil layer
located significantly below the ground surface. Examples include piles and caissons.
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SHALLOW FOUNDATION: A type of foundation that transfers building loads to the soil layer directly beneath the
structure. Examples include footings and slabs-on-grade.
POST AND LINTEL: A basic structural system consisting of horizontal beams (lintels) supported by vertical
columns or posts. It is one of the earliest forms of construction.
CEMENT, SAND, AND GRAVEL: The primary ingredients of conventional concrete. Cement acts as the binder,
sand (fine aggregate) and gravel (coarse aggregate) provide bulk and strength.
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MASONRY: The craft of building structures from individual units laid and bound together by mortar. Common
masonry units include bricks, stones, and concrete blocks.
METAL: A broad category of materials used in construction for structural framing (steel), cladding, roofing,
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fasteners, and various other components due to its strength, durability, and other properties.
PUTTY: A soft, pliable material used to fill holes, cracks, or imperfections in surfaces before painting or finishing.
DIVISION 04: In the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) MasterFormat, Division 04 specifically covers
Masonry. This includes all aspects of brickwork, stonework, concrete masonry units, and related materials and
installation.
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DIVISION 02: In the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) MasterFormat, Division 02 historically covered
Existing Conditions. This included site demolition, earthwork, site remediation, and similar pre-construction
activities. However, in newer versions of MasterFormat, much of this content has been moved to other divisions,
particularly Division 31 (Earthwork) and Division 32 (Exterior Improvements).
HARDWOOD: Wood from dicot trees (angiosperms), which are typically broad-leaved. Hardwoods are generally
denser and harder than softwoods, and are often used for flooring, furniture, and decorative finishes due to their
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durability and aesthetic qualities. Examples include oak, maple, and cherry.
SAPWOOD: The outer, younger layers of wood between the heartwood and the bark. It is typically lighter in color
and less durable than heartwood because it contains living cells and conducts water and nutrients in the tree.
TOUGHNESS: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing. In construction
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materials like steel and some types of wood, toughness is a desirable property as it indicates resistance to
sudden failure.
FLAT SWING: Refers to a type of door or window operation where the operable part pivots on hinges along one
of its vertical edges, swinging open in a single plane. This is the most common type of door and many window
types.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: The process of erecting or assembling buildings or infrastructure. This
encompasses all the methods, techniques, and materials used to create a physical structure. It's a broad term
that the subject "Building Technology" falls under.
SHOTCRETE: Concrete or mortar pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface. It is often used for
vertical and overhead applications, slope stabilization, tunnel linings, and creating curved or complex shapes.
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE (ACI): A non-profit technical and educational society organized to further
engineering and technical education, scientific investigation and research, and the development of standards for

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 design and construction utilizing concrete. ACI codes and standards are widely referenced in building codes and
construction practices in North America and internationally.
HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC): The systems used to control the temperature,
humidity, and air quality within a building to provide comfort and healthy indoor environments. HVAC design is a
critical aspect of building technology.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA): A US government agency responsible
for ensuring safe and healthful working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and by
providing training, outreach, education, and assistance. OSHA regulations are crucial in the building construction
industry to prevent accidents and injuries.​
TOP CHORD: The uppermost member of a truss. It is typically subjected to compression forces from the loads
applied to the truss.
WEB MEMBERS: The diagonal or vertical members within a truss that connect the top and bottom chords and
transfer shear forces.

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JOISTS: Horizontal structural members, typically made of wood or steel, that support floors or ceilings. They are
usually spaced closely together and transfer the load to beams or load-bearing walls.
CEMENT: A binder material that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together. The most common type
used in construction is Portland cement, which is a key ingredient in concrete and mortar.
FLEMISH BOND: A pattern of brickwork in which each course consists of alternating headers (short face visible)
and stretchers (long face visible). This bond creates a distinctive and often aesthetically pleasing appearance and
provides good structural integrity.
DIVISION 02 - SITE PREPARATION: This is a more specific description of what Division 02 in the CSI

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MasterFormat historically covered. It includes activities necessary to prepare a site for construction, such as
demolition, clearing, grubbing, and earthwork.
CRUSHING - CRUSHING OF CONCRETE: The process of breaking down hardened concrete into smaller
pieces or aggregate. This is often done for demolition purposes, recycling concrete materials, or preparing
aggregate for new construction.
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HEARTWOOD - LESS PERMEABLE: The central, older layers of wood in a tree. It is generally darker, denser,
and more resistant to decay and insect attack than sapwood because its cells are no longer actively conducting
water and may contain extractives that inhibit deterioration. Less permeable means it is more difficult for liquids
to pass through it.
SAPWOOD: The outer, younger layers of wood between the heartwood and the bark.
BASTARD SAWING: Also known as plain sawing or tangential sawing, this is the most common method of
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sawing logs into lumber. The cuts are made tangent to the growth rings, resulting in boards with a varied grain
pattern.
ASTM - AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS: Now known as ASTM International, this is
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an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for
a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. ASTM standards are widely used in the construction
industry to ensure quality and safety.
BIM - BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING: A digital representation of the physical and functional
characteristics of a building or other built asset. BIM involves creating and managing information throughout the
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project lifecycle, from conceptualization and design to construction and operation. It allows for better
collaboration, visualization, and analysis of building projects.
SEWAGE - ALKANTARILYA (Tagalog): Wastewater containing human waste and other household or industrial
wastes, transported through a system of pipes called sewers. Alkantarilya is the Tagalog word for sewer or
sewage system.
DOWEL - ABANG (Tagalog): A cylindrical pin, usually made of wood, used to join two pieces together. Abang
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can refer to something that is waiting or in place, and in this context, it can be understood as a connecting piece
that is "waiting" to join other elements.
SLOPE - BAHADA (Tagalog): An inclined surface or the degree of inclination. Bahada in Tagalog means slope
or descent.
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EARTHFILL - ESCOMBRO (Tagalog): Natural earth materials used to raise the level of the ground or to fill in
excavations. While escombro in Spanish (and sometimes used in the Philippines) primarily means rubble or
debris from demolition, in some contexts, it can refer to fill material, especially if it includes broken earth and
other similar materials. However, a more direct Tagalog term for earthfill might be tambak (fill) or lupa na
itinambak (earth that was filled).
BATHTUB - BANYERA (Tagalog): A plumbing fixture designed for bathing. Banyera is the Tagalog word for
bathtub.

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 CSI MasterFormat

●​ A widely used organizational system for specifications in the construction industry in North America.
●​ Provides a standardized structure for organizing information about construction materials and methods.
●​ Facilitates clear communication among all parties involved in a construction project (architects,
engineers, contractors, suppliers).

CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATION INFORMATION (CSI)

●​ Refers to the detailed written documents that describe the quality of materials and workmanship
required for a construction project.
●​ Complements the drawings by providing the "what," "how," and "quality" aspects of the project, while
drawings primarily show the "where" and "how much."

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●​ ACCEPTED INTERNATIONALLY: While CSI MasterFormat originated in North America, its principles of
organized and clear specification writing are valuable and have influenced practices in other parts of the
world. However, it's not universally adopted as the primary format globally. Other countries and regions
may have their own standard specification formats.

4 TYPES OF SPECIFICATION:

●​ DESCRIPTIVE: Specifies the required properties and characteristics of a product or material in detail

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(e.g., "The concrete shall have a minimum compressive strength of 3000 psi at 28 days").
●​ REFERENCE: Specifies products or materials by citing accepted industry standards or test methods
(e.g., "All steel shall conform to ASTM A36").
●​ PROPRIETARY: Specifies a particular manufacturer's product by name and model number (e.g.,
"Lighting fixtures shall be Lithonia Lighting, Model #XYZ"). This can be restrictive but ensures a specific

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PERFORMANCE: Specifies the required functional performance of a system or assembly, rather than
the specific materials or methods (e.g., "The roofing system shall have a minimum thermal resistance
(R-value) of 30"). This allows contractors more flexibility in selecting materials and methods.

2 PRINCIPLES (of writing good specifications):

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●​ UNDERSTAND CLEARLY: The specifier must have a thorough understanding of the project
requirements, materials, and construction processes.
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●​ LOGICAL AND ORDERLY SEQUENCE: Specifications should be organized in a clear and consistent
manner, making it easy for users to find the information they need. CSI MasterFormat helps achieve
this.

SPECIFICATIONS:
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●​ COMPONENT OF DOCUMENT FOR BIDDING: Along with drawings and other contract documents,
specifications form a crucial part of the bidding package, providing contractors with the information
needed to accurately estimate the cost of the project.
●​ MUST BE PREPARED BY KNOWLEDGEABLE PEOPLE: Writing effective specifications requires
expertise in materials, construction methods, and relevant standards. Errors or ambiguities in
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specifications can lead to disputes, delays, and cost overruns.

SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWING:

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●​ SHOULD BE IN HARMONY: The information presented in the specifications and drawings must be
consistent and aligned.
●​ NO CONFLICT BUT COMPLEMENTARY: Specifications provide the written details about quality and
performance, while drawings provide the visual and dimensional information. They work together to
create a complete and unambiguous set of construction documents.

AMERICAN STANDARD SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIAL (Should be AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
TESTING AND MATERIALS - ASTM International):

●​ Globally recognized standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical
standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services. (corrected name and
description).
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 ●​ ASTM develops and publishes technical standards for materials, products, systems, and services,
aiming to improve safety, quality, and performance. (reinforces the purpose of astm standards).

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI)

●​ Coordinate and administer the u.s. voluntary standards and conformity assessment system, ensuring
that standards are developed through a fair and open process.
●​ ANSI does not directly develop most standards. Instead, it accredits standards-developing organizations
(like ASTM) and approves American National Standards. It ensures that these standards are developed
through a consensus-based process.

TILT-UP CONSTRUCTION: A construction method in which concrete elements (walls, columns, structural
supports, etc.) are cast horizontally on a concrete slab-on-grade (often the building's floor slab). Once

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cured, these elements are tilted up into their final vertical position using cranes and braced until the
remaining building components (roof, intermediate floors, etc.) are secured. This method is known for its
speed and cost-effectiveness, particularly for large, low-rise buildings like warehouses and industrial
facilities.​

PRECAST PANELS: Concrete elements (walls, floors, beams, columns, etc.) that are cast in a controlled
factory environment (off-site) and then transported to the construction site for erection. Precasting offers
advantages such as higher quality control, faster on-site assembly, and the ability to build in adverse

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weather conditions.​

PRE-TENSIONING: A method of prestressing concrete in which high-strength steel tendons (wires or

strands) are stressed (pulled taut) before the concrete is poured. The concrete is then cast around the
stressed tendons. Once the concrete has cured and reached sufficient strength, the tension in the
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tendons is gradually released, transferring compressive stress to the concrete. This pre-compression
increases the load-carrying capacity and reduces cracking in the concrete member. Pre-tensioning is
typically done in precasting plants.​

POST-TENSIONING: A method of prestressing concrete in which high-strength steel tendons are placed in
ducts or sleeves within the concrete formwork before the concrete is poured. After the concrete has
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cured and reached sufficient strength, the tendons are stressed (pulled taut) using hydraulic jacks and
then anchored at their ends, permanently applying compressive stress to the concrete member.
Post-tensioning can be done on-site and is often used for larger structures, bridges, and slabs with
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longer spans.​

WAFFLE SLAB: A type of concrete floor or roof slab that is reinforced by a grid of deep, narrow joists
running in two directions, creating a pattern resembling a waffle. This design allows for longer spans
with less concrete compared to a solid flat slab, making it efficient for structures with moderate to heavy
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loads and column-free spaces.​

FLAT PLATES: A type of concrete floor or roof slab that is supported directly by columns without the use of
beams or girders. Load transfer occurs directly from the slab to the columns. This system offers
simplicity in formwork and can reduce floor-to-floor height, but it may require drop panels (thickenings of
the slab around the columns) or column capitals (flared tops of columns) to handle shear stresses at the
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slab-column connections, especially for heavier loads and longer spans.​

LIFT SLAB: A construction method in which concrete floor and roof slabs are cast at ground level, one on
top of the other. Once cured, these slabs are then lifted into their final positions using hydraulic jacks
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mounted on the columns. This method can speed up construction and reduce the amount of formwork
required at elevated levels.

COMPOSITE STRUCTURES: Structures that utilize two or more different materials with significantly
different physical properties, bonded together to act as a single structural unit. Common examples
include:

●​ Steel-concrete composite beams and slabs: Where the high tensile strength of steel and the
high compressive strength of concrete are combined to create efficient structural members.
Shear connectors are used to ensure the steel and concrete act together.
●​ Timber-concrete composite floors: Combining the lightness and sustainability of timber with
the mass and stiffness of concrete for improved acoustics and fire resistance.

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 PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS (PEBs): Building systems where the structural components (frames,
columns, beams, roof, and wall panels) are designed, fabricated, and often painted in a factory
according to predetermined specifications. These components are then shipped to the construction site
for assembly. PEBs offer advantages such as faster construction, lower costs, and design flexibility for
various building types, particularly industrial, commercial, and agricultural structures.

General Building Parts & Materials:

●​ Sawali: (Philippines) Woven split bamboo mats used for walls, ceilings, and partitions.
●​ Tisa: (Philippines) Roof tile (can refer to clay or concrete).
●​ Yero: (Philippines) Corrugated galvanized iron (CGI) sheets used for roofing and walls.

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●​ Semento: (Philippines) Cement.
●​ Buhangin: (Philippines) Sand.
●​ Gravel: (Philippines) Gravel (often used as is).
●​ Ladrilyo: (Philippines) Brick.
●​ Hollow Blocks (HB): (Philippines - localized English) Concrete masonry units.
●​ Tabla: (Philippines) Plank or wooden board.
●​ Plywood: (Philippines - localized English) Plywood.
●​ Pintura: (Philippines) Paint.

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●​ Barnis: (Philippines) Varnish.
●​ Pako: (Philippines) Nail.
●​ Alambre: (Philippines) Wire.
●​ Suelo: (Philippines) Floor.
●​ Pader: (Philippines) Wall.
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Bubong: (Philippines) Roof.
Bintana: (Philippines) Window.
Pinto: (Philippines) Door.
Hagdan: (Philippines) Stairs.
Balkonahe: (Philippines) Balcony.
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●​ Silong: (Philippines) The space underneath a traditional stilt house.
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●​ Atip: (Philippines - another term for roof, sometimes specifically the gable roof).
●​ Dingding: (Philippines - another term for wall).
●​ Sahig: (Philippines - another term for floor).
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●​ Haligi: (Philippines) Post or column (especially a main support).

●​ Bigâ: (Philippines) Main beam or girder.
●​ Pangalawang Bigâ: (Philippines) Secondary beam or joist.
●​ Trabe: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Beam.
●​ Balangkas: (Philippines) Framework or skeleton of a building.
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Construction Techniques & Features:

●​ Tapakan: (Philippines) Foundation or footing.

●​ Palitada: (Philippines) Plastering.
●​ Kustura: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Seam or joint (e.g., between planks).
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●​ Estopa: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Oakum or filler used to seal gaps.

●​ Rebocada: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Rough plastering.
●​ Media Agua: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Awning or small extension of the roof for shade or
protection.
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●​ Sobre Sala: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Mezzanine or upper floor overlooking the main living area.
●​ Azotea: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Flat roof or terrace.
●​ Ventiluz: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Small window, often high up for ventilation.
●​ Esquina: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Corner.
●​ Plantilla: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Template or guide.
●​ Pilarete: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Small pillar or post.
●​ Suelo Falso: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Suspended floor or false floor.
●​ Andamyo: (Philippines - Spanish origin) Scaffolding.
●​ Kalburo: (Philippines - localized term) Acetylene gas used for welding.

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 PROCUREMENT AND CONTRACTING REQUIREMENTS GROUP:

●​ Division 00 — Procurement and Contracting Requirements

SPECIFICATIONS GROUP:

General Requirements Subgroup:

●​ Division 01 — General Requirements

Facility Construction Subgroup:

●​ Division 02 — Existing Conditions

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●​ Division 03 — Concrete
●​ Division 04 — Masonry
●​ Division 05 — Metals
●​ Division 06 — Wood, Plastics, and Composites
●​ Division 07 — Thermal and Moisture Protection
●​ Division 08 — Openings
●​ Division 09 — Finishes
●​ Division 10 — Specialties

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●​ Division 11 — Equipment
●​ Division 12 — Furnishings
●​ Division 13 — Special Construction
●​ Division 14 — Conveying Equipment
●​ Division 15 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
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Division 16 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 17 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 18 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Division 19 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

Facility Services Subgroup:

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●​ Division 20 — Mechanical Support
●​ Division 21 — Fire Suppression
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●​ Division 22 — Plumbing
●​ Division 23 — Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
●​ Division 24 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
●​ Division 25 — Integrated Automation
●​ Division 26 — Electrical
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●​ Division 27 — Communications
●​ Division 28 — Electronic Safety and Security
●​ Division 29 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

Site and Infrastructure Subgroup:

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●​ Division 30 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

●​ Division 31 — Earthwork
●​ Division 32 — Exterior Improvements
●​ Division 33 — Utilities
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●​ Division 34 — Transportation
●​ Division 35 — Waterway and Marine Construction
●​ Division 36 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
●​ Division 37 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
●​ Division 38 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
●​ Division 39 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

Process Equipment Subgroup:

●​ Division 40 — Process Interconnections

●​ Division 41 — Material Processing and Handling Equipment
●​ Division 42 — Process Heating, Cooling, and Drying Equipment
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 ●​ Division 43 — Process Gas and Liquid Handling, Purification and Storage Equipment
●​ Division 44 — Pollution and Waste Control Equipment
●​ Division 45 — Industry-Specific Manufacturing Equipment
●​ Division 46 — Water and Wastewater Equipment
●​ Division 47 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
●​ Division 48 — Electrical Power Generation
●​ Division 49 — RESERVED FOR FUTURE EXPANSION

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SERNAT, JD R. | 9