▶ Scalar and Vector

▶ Vector Operations
⃗ B
▶ Dot Product/ Scalar Product A. ⃗ = ABcosθ
⃗ B
▶ A. ⃗ = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz
⃗ B
▶ Commutative: A. ⃗ = B.
⃗ A
⃗
⃗ B
▶ Geometrically, A. ⃗ = |A|× Projection of B⃗ along A⃗
▶ Cross Product/ Vector Product A ⃗ ×B⃗ = ABsinθn̂
⃗ B
▶ A× ⃗ = x̂ (Ay Bz −Az By )+ ŷ (Az Bx −Ax Bz )+ẑ(Ax By −Ay Bx )
▶ Not commutative: A⃗ ×B ⃗ = −B ⃗ ×A⃗
⃗ ×B
▶ Geometrically, A ⃗ is the area of the parallelogram
generated by A and B
Triple Product

⃗ B
▶ Scalar Triple Product A.( ⃗ ×C⃗)
▶ alphabetical order is preserved
▶ dot and cross can be interchanged
▶

Ax Ay Az
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
A.(B × C ) = Bx By Bz (1)
Cx Cy Cz

▶ Vector Triple Product

⃗ × (B
▶ A ⃗ ×C ⃗)
⃗ × (B
▶ A ⃗ ×C
⃗ ) = (A.
⃗ C⃗ )B
⃗ − (A.
⃗ B)
⃗ C
⃗
⃗ × B)
▶ (A ⃗ ×C⃗ =?
Spherical Polar Coordinate

▶ x = rcos(ϕ)sin(θ), y = rsin(ϕ)sin(θ), z = rcos(θ)

1
▶ ⃗r = x x̂ + y ŷ + zẑ, r = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
1
(x 2 +y 2 ) 2 y
▶ tan(θ) = z , tan(ϕ) = x
∂⃗r ∂⃗r ∂⃗r
▶ r̂ = ∂r
, θ̂ = ∂θ
, ϕ̂ = ∂ϕ
| ∂⃗
∂r
r
| ∂⃗r
| ∂θ | ∂⃗r
| ∂ϕ |
Relation among unit vectors
Cartesian and spherical polar coordinate

⃗
▶ Any vector A:
⃗ = x̂ Ax + ŷ Ay + ẑAz
In cartesian: A
⃗ = r̂ Ar + θ̂Aθ + ϕ̂Aϕ
In spherical polar: A
Differential Calculus

df
▶ f (x ), df = ( dx )dx
▶ T (x , y , z), dT = ( ∂T ∂T ∂T
∂x )dx + ( ∂y )dy + ( ∂z )dz
▶ Gradient of a scalar − − − > vector
▶ Geometrical Interpretation of the Gradient
dT = ▽ ⃗ = (▽T )dlcosθ
⃗ T .dl
▶ For a fixed distance dl, dT is greatest when moving in the
same direction as ▽⃗T
▶ The gradient ▽ ⃗ T points in the direction of maximum increase
of the function T
▶ The magnitude ▽T gives the slope along this maximal
direction.
Gradient

▶ stationary point
▶ Maximum, minimum, saddle point
▶ Gradient of r = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2
⃗ r = r̂
▶ ▽
▶ Distance from the origin increases most rapidly in the radial
direction
Gradient in spherical polar coordinate

⃗ T = x̂ ∂T
▶ ▽ ∂T ∂T
∂x + ŷ ∂y + ẑ ∂z

▶ ∂T ∂T ∂r ∂T ∂θ ∂T ∂ϕ
∂x = ∂r ( ∂x ) + ∂θ ( ∂x ) + ∂ϕ ( ∂x )

⃗ T = r̂ ∂T
▶ ▽ 1 ∂T 1 ∂T
∂r + θ̂ r ∂θ + ϕ̂ rsinθ ∂ϕ
Del operator

∂
⃗ = x̂ ∂x
▶ Del operator, ▽ ∂ ∂
+ ŷ ∂y + ẑ ∂z
⃗ is a vector operator that acts upon T, not a vector that
▶ ▽
multiplies T.
⃗ mimics ordinary vector behavior
▶ ▽
▶ Ordinary vector multiplication
▶ multiplied by a scalar
▶ dot product
▶ cross product
⃗ can act as:
▶ ▽
▶ ▽
⃗T
▶ ▽ ⃗
⃗ .A
▶ ▽
⃗ ×A ⃗
Divergence
⃗ = ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
⃗ .A
▽ ∂x + ∂y + ∂z

How much the vector v spreads out (or in) from the point in
question
Divergence

⃗ = ∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az

▶ ▽⃗ .A ∂x + ∂y + ∂z
▶ ⃗r
▶ ẑ

▶ zẑ
Divergence spherical polar coordinate
⃗ = ∂Ax + ∂Ay + ∂Az
⃗ .A
▶ ▽ ∂x ∂y ∂z
▶ x, y, z interms of r , θ, ϕ, Ax , Ay , Az interms of Ar , Aθ , Aϕ
▶ ∂ ∂r ∂ ∂θ ∂ ∂ϕ ∂
∂x = ( ∂x ) ∂r + ( ∂x ) ∂θ + ( ∂x ) ∂ϕ
Cartesian and spherical polar coordinate

⃗
▶ Any vector A:
⃗ = x̂ Ax + ŷ Ay + ẑAz
In cartesian: A
⃗ = r̂ Ar + θ̂Aθ + ϕ̂Aϕ
In spherical polar: A
Curl
∂
⃗ = x̂ ∂x
▶ ▽ ∂ ∂
+ ŷ ∂y + ẑ ∂z
▶

x̂ ŷ ẑ
⃗ =
⃗ ×A
▽ ∂ ∂ ∂
(2)
∂x ∂y ∂z
Ax Ay Az

▶ How much the vector v curls around the point in question

▶ Curl of (1) ⃗r , (2) ẑ, (3) zẑ (4) −y x̂ + x ŷ

Vector Derivative Relataions

⃗ (f + g) = ▽
▶ Grad: ▽ ⃗f +▽⃗g
▶ Divergence:▽ ⃗ + B)
⃗ .(A ⃗ = (▽ ⃗ + (▽
⃗ .A) ⃗
⃗ .B)
⃗ × (A
▶ Curl ▽ ⃗ + B)
⃗ = (▽ ⃗ + (▽
⃗ × A) ⃗
⃗ × B)

⃗ (kf ) = k ▽
▶ Grad: ▽ ⃗f
▶ k a constant
▶ Divergence:▽ ⃗ = k(▽
⃗ .(k A) ⃗
⃗ .A))
⃗ = k(▽
⃗ × (k A)
▶ Curl ▽ ⃗
⃗ × A)
Product Rule
 ⃗ B
⃗ .A)
▶ (▽ ⃗

⃗ ▽
▶ (A. ⃗
⃗ )B
▶ What are the components?
Second Derivatives

⃗ .(▽
▶ Divergence of gradient: ▽ ⃗ T)
⃗ × (▽
▶ Curl of gradient: ▽ ⃗ T)
⃗ (▽
▶ Gradient of divergence: ▽ ⃗
⃗ .A)
⃗ .(▽
▶ Divergence of curl: ▽ ⃗
⃗ × A)
⃗ × (▽
▶ Curl of curl: ▽ ⃗
⃗ × A)
Line Integrals
▶ Z b
⃗ dl
A. ⃗
a
along a prescribed path from a to b
▶ close loop
▶ Workdone by a force
▶ Usually this is path dependent
▶ Specially class of vectors — end points

⃗ = y 2 x̂ + 2x (y + 1)ŷ
▶ A
Surface Integrals
▶ Z
⃗ da
A. ⃗
S
▶ Flux
⃗ = 2xz x̂ + (x + 2)ŷ + y (z2 − 3)ẑ
▶ A

⃗ over surface (v)

▶ Surface integral of A
▶ z = 2, da = dxdy ẑ
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

▶ Z b
∂f
( )dx = f (b) − f (a)
a ∂x
▶ Fundamental theorem: the integral of a derivative over some
region is given by the value of the function at the end points
(boundaries).
▶ three species of derivative: gradient, divergence, and curl
The Fundamental Theorem for Gradients

▶
▶ Fundamental theorem: the integral of a derivative over some
region is given by the value of the function at the end points
(boundaries).
The Fundamental Theorem for Gradients
The Fundamental Theorem for Divergence

▶ Fundamental theorem: the integral of a derivative (here

divergence) over a region (here a volume, V) is equal to the
value of the function at the boundary (here surface S that
bounds the volume).
▶ Net flow through the boundary of the volume per unit time =
total amount of (sources − sinks) in the volume.
The Fundamental Theorem for Curl, Stoke’s theorem

▶ Fundamental theorem: the integral of a derivative (here curl)

over a region (here a surface S) is equal to the value of the
function at the boundary (perimeter of the surface).
▶ Integral of the curl over S (i.e. flux of the curl through S):
total amount of swirl
▶ Right side: how much the flow is following the
boundary—circulation of v