University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila

Department of Electrical Engineering

(Control Systems)

High Power Electronics

Project Report

Submitted By:

Rabia Taseen 20-MS-EE-19

Abdul Haseeb 20-MS-EE-13
Mumtaz Majeed 20-MS-EE-22

Submitted To:

Professor Tahir Mehmood

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ 2

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. 3

Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 4

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5

Buck Boost Converter ............................................................................................................ 5

PID ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Circuit Configuration ................................................................................................................. 7

Unidirectional BBC ............................................................................................................... 7

Mode 1: When Controlled Switch is ON ........................................................................... 7

Mode 2: When Controlled Switch is OFF ......................................................................... 8

Bidirectional BBC.................................................................................................................. 8

Forward-Mode or Boost Mode .......................................................................................... 9

Backward Mode or Buck ................................................................................................... 9

METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................. 11

Unidirectional BBC ............................................................................................................. 11

Uncompensated Unidirectional BBC ............................................................................... 11

Compensated Unidirectional BBC................................................................................... 14

Bidirectional BBC................................................................................................................ 17

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 22
List of Figures

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Block Diagram of PID ............................................................................................... 6
Figure 2: Circuit Diagram of UBBC ......................................................................................... 7
Figure 3: Mode 1 MOSFET is ON ............................................................................................. 7
Figure 4: Mode 2 MOSFET is OFF .......................................................................................... 8
Figure 5: Circuit Diagram of BBBC ......................................................................................... 9
Figure 6: Forward or Boost Mode ............................................................................................ 9
Figure 7: Backward or Buck Mode ......................................................................................... 10
Figure 8: Circuit Diagram of UBBC in Boost Mode............................................................... 11
Figure 9: Output & Input Waveforms ...................................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Step Response of Boost Mode ................................................................................ 12
Figure 11: Circuit Diagram of UBBC in Buck Mode .............................................................. 13
Figure 12: Output & Input Waveforms .................................................................................... 13
Figure 13: Step Response of Buck Mode ................................................................................. 14
Figure 14: Circuit Diagram of UBBC in Boost Mode with PID ............................................. 14
Figure 15: Output & Input Waveforms (along Pulse) ............................................................. 15
Figure 16: Compensated Plant Step Response of UBBC Boost .............................................. 15
Figure 17: Circuit Diagram of UBBC in Buck Mode with PID .............................................. 16
Figure 18: Output & Input Waveforms .................................................................................... 16
Figure 19: Compensated Plant Step Response of UBBC Buck ............................................... 17
Figure 20: Block Diagram of BBBC ........................................................................................ 17
Figure 21: Pole-Zero and Step Response ................................................................................ 18
Figure 22: Bode Diagram ........................................................................................................ 18
Figure 23: Pole-Zero and Step Response ................................................................................ 19
Figure 24: Bode Plot of Compensated Plant ........................................................................... 19
Figure 25: Pole-Zero and Step Response ................................................................................ 19
Figure 26: Bode Plot ............................................................................................................... 20
Figure 27: Pole-Zero and Step Response ................................................................................ 20
Figure 28: Bode Plot of Uncompensated Plant ....................................................................... 21
Figure 29: Pole-Zero and Step Response ................................................................................ 21
Figure 30: Bode Plot of Compensated Plant ........................................................................... 21

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List of Tables

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 : PID Parameters .......................................................................................................... 6
Table 2: Comparison of Stability State of Boost UBBC .......................................................... 22
Table 3: Comparison of Stability State of Buck UBBC ........................................................... 22
Table 4: Comparison of Stability State of Boost BBBC ........................................................... 22
Table 5: Comparison of Stability State of Buck BBBC ............................................................ 22

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Abstract

ABSTRACT
The aim of our project is to examine the dynamic response, performance, behavior of
unidirectional and bidirectional buck-boost converters for both buck and boost modes. We
implement the transaction research paper of IEEE, “Performance Analysis of Unidirectional
and Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter uses PID Controller” in MATLAB. PID controller is
configuring to attain the admirable output response with less percentage overshoot. We
differentiate the results with given paper, which almost approaches the given dynamic
response and performance of a system.

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Introduction

Performance Analysis of Unidirectional and Bidirectional Buck-Boost

Converter using PID Controller

INTRODUCTION
Normally, in our daily life we observe that all power transmission lines are AC. To step-up or
step-down the device we use transformers. But for Power Electronics all components operate
in DC supplies. Most ordinary converters we used in our daily life are Buck and Boost
converters. In our report we used two terms unidirectional and bidirectional buck boost
converter (UBBC & BBBC). To control the dynamic response and performance we used PID
controller. A snubber circuit is added parallel to the switch that leads to reducing the turnoff
losses which appeared because of peak current belong to it.

If we want to use power electronics converters in isolated AC-AC. In this case buck-boost
converters are synchronized by using isolated transformer. For this we used AC components
(e.g. inductors) instead of DC components. For soft switching small AC capacitor is added.

Buck Boost Converter

Buck Boost converter is widely used in the various applications as a photovoltaic system, fuel
cell, electric vehicle and sustained power supply.

Buck-boost converters recommend a more efficient solution with fewer, smaller external
components. They are accomplished to both step-up and step-down voltages using this
minimal number of components while also offering a lower operating duty cycle and higher
efficiency across a wide range of input and output voltages.

They are not perfect solutions, because in switching the peaks are occurred in controlled
systems these are known as overshoots, our project report has main objective is to overcome
these peaks (overshoots). By this our circuit has run in safe mode.

PID
PID control stands for proportional–integral–derivative control. PID control is a feedback
mechanism used in a control system. This type of control is also termed as three-term control,
and is implemented by a PID Controller. By calculating and controlling three parameters –
the proportional, integral and derivative of how much a process variable deviates from the
desired set point value. We can achieve different control actions for specific work.

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Introduction

Block Diagram

Figure 1: Block Diagram of PID

Parameters
( )

( )

General Equation

( ) ( ) ∫ ( ) (1)

Parameters Effect
Table 1 : PID Parameters

Control Response Rise time Settling time Overshoot Steady state error
Kp decrease small change increase decrease
Kd small change decrease decrease no change
Ki decrease increase increase eliminate

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Circuit Configuration

CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION

Unidirectional BBC
This model is used to step up or step down according to the input voltages depending upon
the duty cycle according given equation. The operation of this given circuit based on the
pulse applied to the gate of MOSFET. The circuit is worked on the single direction so it is
known as UBBC. This model is widely used in the application of photovoltaic (PV) cell,
micro grid.

Figure 2: Circuit Diagram of UBBC

Duty Ratio

(2)

Mode 1: When Controlled Switch is ON

Inductor Voltages

(3)

Figure 3: Mode 1 MOSFET is ON

When MOSFET is ON, then diode is work on reverse bias mode and all the input voltage
(VIN) appears across the inductor so inductor is stored charge in the form of the magnetic
field.

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Circuit Configuration

Mode 2: When Controlled Switch is OFF

Inductor Voltages

( ) (4)
Total voltages appears across the inductor at time TS.

(5)
( ) (6)

(7)

Figure 4: Mode 2 MOSFET is OFF

When MOSFET is OFF, the diode is work in a forward bias mode because inductor restricts
the sudden change of current direction. Inductor L dissipates their energy or discharge
through the external load RL.

Bidirectional BBC
Bidirectional DC-DC converters are used in applications where bidirectional power flow may
be required in hybrid electric vehicles. Bidirectional dc to dc converter is used as a key
device for interfacing the storage devices between source and load in renewable energy
system for continuous flow of power because the output of the renewable energy system
fluctuates due to change in weather conditions. Large value of inductor causes the slow
transient response. For fast transient response inductor is mounted on the same core.

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Circuit Configuration

Figure 5: Circuit Diagram of BBBC

Forward-Mode or Boost Mode

During mode 1 (switch S1 is ON and S2 is OFF) inductor L1 store the energy in the form of
magnetic field. During mode 2 (switch S1 is OFF and S2 is ON) inductor L2 dissipate energy
so a boost voltage (Vboost) appeared at the load terminal.

Figure 6: Forward or Boost Mode

Equation of Boost Converter

(8)

Backward Mode or Buck

During mode 1 (switch S2 is ON and S1 is OFF) current through inductor L1 is increased and
during mode 2 (switch S2 is OFF and S1 is ON) current through inductor L2 is decreased so a
buck voltage (Vbuck) appeared at the load terminal.

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Circuit Configuration

Figure 7: Backward or Buck Mode

Equation for Buck Voltages is

(9)

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METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

Unidirectional BBC
In the unidirectional BBC the input and output terminal is fixed we provide the power supply
along a fixed input terminal and acquire the required output voltage along the fixed output
terminal. It means power flow is unidirectional.

Uncompensated Unidirectional BBC

In this section we simply run our simulation without use any external controller. Overshoot
takes place due to switching. Output voltages depend on duty cycle, which is connected to the
gate terminal of a MOSFET. The PWM generator applied frequency is 5 kHz. So the
response of our Plant without any controller is given below.

 Uncompensated UBBC Boost Mode

By change in pulse width about above than 50%, we take converter as a Boost.

Figure 8: Circuit Diagram of UBBC in Boost Mode

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METHODOLOGY

 Waveform

Figure 9: Output & Input Waveforms

 System Response

Figure 10: Step Response of Boost Mode

 Uncompensated UBBC Buck Mode

We derive Buck-Boost Converter in a Buck Mode by applying pulse width less than 50%.

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METHODOLOGY

Figure 11: Circuit Diagram of UBBC in Buck Mode

 Waveform

Figure 12: Output & Input Waveforms

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METHODOLOGY

 System Response

Figure 13: Step Response of Buck Mode

Compensated Unidirectional BBC

In uncompensated UBBC, we notice from step a response characteristic which in discrete
form overshoot is almost 12% but our requirement to overcome this about 5% and rise time is
80% we approach about 90% using PID controller. Main integral controller is used to reduce
rise time, settling time and overshoot.

 Compensated UBBC Boost Mode

Figure 14: Circuit Diagram of UBBC in Boost Mode with PID

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 Waveform

Figure 15: Output & Input Waveforms (along Pulse)

 System Response

Figure 16: Compensated Plant Step Response of UBBC Boost

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METHODOLOGY

 Compensated UBBC Buck Mode

Figure 17: Circuit Diagram of UBBC in Buck Mode with PID

 Waveform

Figure 18: Output & Input Waveforms

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METHODOLOGY

 System Response

Figure 19: Compensated Plant Step Response of UBBC Buck

Bidirectional BBC
In bidirectional BBC, the current flow in both directions. According to block diagram we
write the code and run the simulation to see the response. In general block diagram we
observed that both switch are not ON at the same time to preserve the circuit.

Figure 20: Block Diagram of BBBC

Not gate is used because we already discuss that both switches are not ON at the same time.

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METHODOLOGY

As a Boost Converter
In this mode, we applied 12V input voltage and got output voltage is approximately 24V i.e.
output voltage more than the input voltage. It means converter is worked in boost mode. This
mode is forward mode which discuss in above section.

Uncompensated Bidirectional BBC

We see by run the codes that overshoot occur and poles are places in left half plane. System
is stable but rapid change cause hazard.

Figure 21: Bode Plot of Uncompensated Plant

Figure 21: Pole-Zero and Step Response

Figure 22: Bode Diagram

Compensated Bidirectional BBC

To overcome this problem we use the PID controller. By adding the pole-zeros the system
overshoot is decrease but after some time undershoots occur. We change the parameters to
achieve the required response of plant.

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Figure 23: Pole-Zero and Step Response

Figure 24: Bode Plot of Compensated Plant

By changing the value of PID parameters

Figure 25: Pole-Zero and Step Response

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Figure 26: Bode Plot

As a Buck Converter
In this mode, we applied 24V input voltage and output voltage is approximately 12V i.e.
output voltage less than the input voltage. It means converter is worked in buck mode or in
reverse mode.

Without PID Controller Plant Response

Without PID controller there is no overshoot but the system is under damped. It means that
plant doesn’t achieve its required value.

Figure 27: Pole-Zero and Step Response

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Figure 28: Bode Plot of Uncompensated Plant

With PID controller

By placing the controller we see the effect system is stable but small overshoot occur. So
response is somehow not achieve the best but system is capable to work in safe mode.

Figure 29: Pole-Zero and Step Response

Figure 30: Bode Plot of Compensated Plant

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Conclusion

CONCLUSION
In our project we implement the Unidirectional BBC and Bidirectional BBC. According to
our requirement where we need single energy flow we used UBBC. But in hybrid system we
need BBBC. We design the PID controller to overcome the overshoot; in UBBC we achieve
our objective. But in BBBC we almost accomplished our requirement.

Results of UBBC
Table 2: Comparison of Stability State of Boost UBBC

System Overshoot Settling Time Rise Time

Open Loop 12% 7% 80%
PID Control 5% 2% 90%

Table 3: Comparison of Stability State of Buck UBBC

System Overshoot Settling Time Rise Time

Open Loop 10% 7% 80%
PID Control 5% 3% 90%

Results of BBBC

Boost Mode
Table 4: Comparison of Stability State of Boost BBBC

System Phase Margin Gain Margin Stability State

Stable with poor
Open Loop Infinity
dynamic response
Stable with good
PID Control Infinity
dynamic response

Buck Mode
Table 5: Comparison of Stability State of Buck BBBC

System Phase Margin Gain Margin Stability State

Stable with poor
Open Loop Infinity Infinity
dynamic response
Stable with good
PID Control 4.81
dynamic response

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