Chapter 8

What is an integrated judiciary?

Solution

Integrated judicial system means that decisions made by higher courts are binding on the lower
courts. All the lower courts from the Gram Panchayat to the High Courts are integrated into the
Supreme Court of India. At the top there is the Supreme Court. Below it, there are high courts at
the state level.

Chapter 9

Employing child labour is punishable offence. Give reason

Answer:

1. Under the Constitution, the State has got the right to make special arrangements for
children.

2. Under this right, forcing children to work and forcing them into begging are considered
punishable offence.

3. Similarly, making children below the age of 14 years work beyond their capacity and
employing them in factories, mines, or other hazardous places is also considered
exploitation.

4. To save children below 14 years of age from exploitation, the Constitution has made specific
provisions of not allowing them to be employed for any hazardous work.

5. If the employer fails to follow this provision, it becomes a criminal offence under Abolition of
Child Labour.

Write in brief about fundamental right being incorporated in the constitution

The Constitution confirms six fundamental rights to every citizen of India which are as follows:

(i) right to equality,

(ii) right to freedom,

(iii) right against exploitation,

(iv) right to freedom of religion,

(v) cultural and educational rights,

(vi) right to constitutional remedies.

Fundamental rights are an accumulation of rights that have been sanctioned by the Supreme Court.
It demands a great degree of security from government infringement. These rights are explicitly
classified in the Constitution primarily in the Bill of Rights or have been determined under Due
Process.

Chapter 14

State the soil formation process.

2. The rock surface is eroded due to factors like temperature, rain, snow, air, vegetation and
insects and it turns into powdery form. Thus, it forms the land layer.

3. In this land layer, there are gravels, smaller stones, pebbles, soil particles etc. which are
known as ‘Regolith’.

4. It contains only mineral contents. Then the biotic matter, air and water are mixed with it.
Finally, soil is formed out of it.

5. The process of soil formation is a long term process.

2. Write the difference between with two points each:

(1) Metallic minerals and Non-metallic minerals

(2) Deccan Plateau and Malwa Plateau

(3) Rocks and Minerals

(4) Igneous rocks and Stratified rocks

(5) Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats

(1) Metallic Minerals: Precious metallic minerals: Platinum, Gold and Silver, etc.

• Light metallic minerals: Magnesium, Bauxite, Titanium, etc.

• Minerals of general use: Iron, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Tin, Nickel, etc.

• Minerals used in mixed form or as an alloy: Chromium, Manganese, Tungsten, Vanadium etc.

(b) Non-Metallic Minerals: Limestone, Chalk, Asbestos, Mica, Fluorspar, Gypsum, Sulphur, Diamond,
etc.

(2) Here is a concise comparison between the Deccan Plateau and the Malwa Plateau:

Deccan Plateau:
1. Location: Situated to the south of the Satpuda, Mahadev, and Maikal ranges. It
primarily covers southern India, forming a triangular shape.
2. Geographical Features: It has an average height of 900 to 1000 meters, with some
isolated hills exceeding that height. It is bordered by the Western Ghats on the
west, and most rivers flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal.
Malwa Plateau:
1. Location: Located in central India, bounded by the Aravalli Range in the northwest.
It extends to the south of the Vindhyachal Range.
2. Geographical Features: The region slopes towards the north and northeast, as seen
by the flow of rivers like Chambal and Son. It is lower in elevation compared to the
Deccan Plateau, with an average height of 600 to 900 meters.
 Rocks:
Definition: Rocks are naturally occurring solid substances composed of one or more
minerals. They form the Earth's crust and vary in composition, texture, and origin.
Types: Rocks can be classified into three major categories: igneous (formed from
cooling magma or lava), sedimentary (formed by the deposition of materials), and
metamorphic (formed by the transformation of existing rocks due to heat and
pressure).
Minerals:
Definition: Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances with a definite
chemical composition and crystalline structure. They are the building blocks of rocks.
Economic Importance: Minerals are crucial for various industries and manufacturing
processes. India is rich in minerals like iron ore, coal, mica, bauxite, and manganese,
which are vital for economic development.
Here is the difference between Igneous Rocks and Stratified (Sedimentary) Rocks in two
points each:
1. Formation:
o Igneous Rocks: Formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
o Stratified Rocks (Sedimentary): Formed from the disintegration of other
rocks, which then get deposited in layers and solidify over time.
2. Structure:
o Igneous Rocks: Typically solid and crystalline, without distinct layers.
o Stratified Rocks (Sedimentary): Have visible layers (strata) formed by the
accumulation of sediment.
Western Ghats
• Location: Marks the western edge of the Deccan Plateau.
• Continuity: Continuous range, can only be crossed through passes.
• Elevation: Higher elevation, ranging from 900 to 1,600 meters.
• Rainfall: Experiences orographic rain mostly in summer due to southwest
monsoons; climate is hot and moist.
• Soil Fertility: Highly fertile soil; supports the growth of rice, spices, rubber, and
fruits like coconuts and cashew nuts.
Eastern Ghats
• Location: Marks the eastern edge of the Deccan Plateau.
 • Continuity: Discontinuous and irregular; dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of
Bengal.
• Elevation: Lower elevation, generally around 300 to 600 meters.
• Rainfall: Receives rain mostly in winter through the northeastern monsoon; rainfall
is lesser than that of the Western Ghats.
• Soil Fertility: Less fertile soil compared to the Western Ghats; supports crops like
rice, groundnuts, cotton, tobacco, and coconuts.
Bhangar
1. Location: Found in areas above the flood levels.
2. Composition: Often mixed with small lime nodules.
3. Age: Represents the older alluvial plain, indicating an upland alluvial tract.
4. Agricultural Suitability: Suitable for agriculture, providing a rich yield.
5. Yield: Generally gives a richer yield compared to Khadar soil.
Khadar
1. Location: Found in areas below the flood levels.
2. Composition: Contains only clay and fine silt.
3. Age: Comprises new plains formed due to alluvial deposition along the river’s
course.
4. Agricultural Suitability: Suitable for cultivating crops such as sugarcane, maize,
wheat, rice, and oilseeds.
5. Yield: Typically gives less yield than Bhangar soil.

• Igneous:

The igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of molten magma. Also called Primary or Parent
Rocks. Types:

1. Extrusive Igneous Rocks:

Molten magma which comes out from the interior of the earth's surface gets solidified and forms
such rocks. Fine- grained and glassy in nature. Eg., Basalt, found in north western peninsular India.

2. Intrusive Igneous rocks:

Molten magma cools down deep inside the earth's crust, becomes solid, and forms such rocks. Form
large grains. Deep- seated rocks are plutonic rock and ones at shallow depths - Hypabysal rocks.
Example Granite, Diorite.

• Sedimentary:

Formed by the sediments derived and deposited by various agents. Also called stratified rocks. Types:
1. Organic sedimentary rocks:

Formed due to decomposition of dead Plants and Animals. Contains fossils. Example Chalk, Talc

2. Mechanical sedimentary rocks:

Formed from the disintegration of Igneous and metamorphic rocks. Get deposited due to erosion by
natural agents. Get cemented after a long time to form rocks. Example Sandstone, Shale.

3. Chemical sedimentary rocks:

Formed by precipitating of minerals from water. Formed due to evaporation of the chemical-rich
solution. Example Rock Salt.

• Metamorphic:

Formed when Igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to high temperature and pressure.
Types:

1. Thermal Metamorphic:

If the change in rocks is caused by high temperature.

2. Dynamic Metamorphic:

If the change in rock is caused by high pressure. Formed from Igneous rocks. Eg., Granite into gneiss
Formed from Sedimentary rocks. Eg., Shale into Slate

(5) Deccan plateau is made of which mountains why they have prospered.

• The plateau's northwestern portion consists of lava flows or igneous rocks recognized as
the Deccan Traps. The Deccan Plateau in western and southern India is the largest plateau.

• This falls to 100 meters in the north and over 1,000 meters in the south, creating
an elevated region within the coasts of the Indian subcontinent's south-pointing arc.

• It is a broad plateau comprising most of South India. It is rectangular, with three mountain
ranges circling this. It includes eight Indian states such as Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Karnataka.

Chapter 15

Why do Himalayan rivers have abundant water?

Solution

Himalayan rivers have abundant water because rivers rising in this area are perennial in nature.
They are either fed by the glaciers from the mountains or by the heavy rainfall.

Why are rivers important for the country’s economy?

Solution

The rivers are important in country’s economy because human civilizations, were born in the river
valleys, flourished and developed.

They carry sediments and minerals which are very useful for us.
Rivers provide cheap and efficient inland transport for trade and commerce.

They help cities and towns to carry their wastes.

Their water is extensively used in irrigation and in developing hydroelectricity.

The rivers contain natural fresh (sweet) water which is required for the survival of most of the
animals including man.

1) If the United Nations (UN) had not been established after the Second World War, the world
might have lacked a centralized organization for international cooperation and conflict resolution.
This could have resulted in continued tensions and a higher likelihood of conflicts among nations.

2) If a communist government had not been established in China, the country might have followed
a different political and economic path, possibly impacting the balance of power in the Cold War
era and the development of China's economy and society.

3) Veto power was given to five members of the Security Council (the P5) because they were the
major Allied powers in World War II and were considered the most influential and powerful
nations at that time. This arrangement aimed to ensure that these nations had a central role in
maintaining international peace and security.

4) If the Wall Street Crisis of 2008 had not happened, the global financial system might have
followed a different trajectory, potentially avoiding the severe economic recession that followed.
Economic policies and regulations might have been different in the absence of this crisis.

5) If Hitler's Nazi Party had not attacked peaceful Poland on September 1, 1939, the outbreak of
World War II might have been delayed or avoided. The course of history in Europe would have
been significantly altered, potentially preventing the widespread devastation and suffering of the
war.

6) If France had not signed the treaties of friendship after the First World War, the post-war
political landscape in Europe might have been different. The absence of such treaties could have
influenced alliances, territorial arrangements, and diplomatic relations in the aftermath of the war.

Child Labor

Definition:
Child labor refers to the practice of employing children under the age of 14 in various sectors,
including factories, mines, and other dangerous professions, which is illegal and punishable under
the law.
Explain the following terms: paramveer chakra

The Paramveer Chakra is India's highest military decoration, awarded for displaying distinguished
acts of valour during wartime. Paramveer Chakra translates as the "Wheel of the Ultimate Brave",
and the award is granted for "most conspicuous bravery in the presence of the enemy".

Minority

Definition:

A minority refers to a group of people within a larger population that holds different cultural,
religious, or ethnic characteristics from the majority. In the context of India, minorities often include
religious and linguistic groups that are smaller in number compared to the dominant population.

Slavery

Definition:
Slavery is a condition in which individuals are owned by others and are forced to work without
compensation or the freedom to make personal choices. Slaves are treated as property, and their
rights and liberties are severely restricted.

Padma Shri

Definition:
Padma Shri is one of the highest civilian awards in India, conferred by the Government of India. It is
awarded to individuals for their exceptional and distinguished service in various fields, including art,
literature, education, sports, medicine, social work, and public affairs.

Economic Democracy

Definition:
Economic democracy refers to a socio-economic system that aims to ensure equal opportunities and
fair distribution of resources and wealth among all members of society. It emphasizes the
importance of economic rights and the participation of all individuals in economic decision-making
processes.

Right to Freedom of Religion:

1. India does not have any national religion. Also it does not follow the ideals or principles of
any particular religion.

2. The right to freedom against religion says that every person is equally permitted to enjoy the
freedom his conscience permits and has the right to acknowledge, practice and spread his
religion.

3. There are certain restrictions put on this right to maintain public law and order,
morality and peace in the country.

4. People are free to conduct and run religious affairs. This included the freedom to establish
and maintain charitable institutions to manage religious affairs and acquire and manage
movable and immovable property for religious proposes without going against the law.
CHAPTER 13

give a detailed account of the structure of the earth

Answer:

1. The structure of the Earth is divided into layers. These layers are both physically and
chemically different. There are three such layers.

2. The earth has an outer solid layer called the Crust, a highly viscous layer called the Mantle, a
liquid layer that is called Core. The outer part of core, is liquid and the inner core is solid.

3. The Crust is made of solid rocks. It is made of the lighter elements, silicon, oxygen,
aluminium. Because of this, its is known as sial (silicon + aluminium).

4. The Mantle is second the layer of the earth right below the crust. It is made mostly of
oxygen, silicon and the heavier element magnisium. It is known as Sima (Silicon +
Magnesium).

5. The Core is made of solid iron and nickel and is at about 5000-6000°C. It is known as Nife
[Nickel + Iron (ferrous)].

(2) The physiography of India's diversified.

Answer:

1. India has lofty Himalayan mountain ranges in the North. Many plateaus, summits and passes
are also seen within them.

2. It has several rivers. Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Narmada, Godavari, Krishna, etc. are
some of the largest rivers.

3. These rivers have brought alluvial deposits with them and form fertile plains.

4. India also has a very long coastline. Moreover, India is a peninsula. Arabian Sea lies to west of
India, Bay of Bengal to the east and Indian Ocean to the south.

5. Western Ghats are spread near the west coastline and Eastern Ghats on the east coastline.

6. India also has islands of Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. Thus, It has a very large
and diversified physiography.