MATERIAL
SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING
TOPIC 1.0: INTRODUCTION TO MATERIAL SCIENCE
Synopsis:
This topic introduces to material science which explains
further about material classification such as metals,
polymers, ceramics, composites and advanced materials
Investigating the relationship that exist between
the structures and properties of materials
Four component
-Structure
-Processing
-Properties
-Performance
Material scientist role-to develop/synthesize new
materials
Materials engineer role-to create new
products/systems using existingmaterials and/or
to develop techniques for processing materials.
Structure of a material
- Atomic arrangement
Properties
- Mechanical
- Electrical
- Thermal
- Magnetic
- Optical
- Corrosion resistance
Why?
To be able to select material for a given
application(cost and performance)
To understand the limits of materials and
the change of the properties with use
To be able to create a new material that
will have some advantageous properties.
CLASSIFICATION OF
MATERIALS
Advanced
Metal Polymers Ceramics Composites
Materials
Biomaterials
Semiconductors
Nano-
engineered
materials
Smart materials
Composed of one/more metallic elements (copper,
iron, titanium, gold)
Atoms are arranged in an orderly manner
Mechanical characteristics are:
- stiff and strong
- ductile
- good heat and electrical conductors
- not transparent to visible light
- shiny (metallic appearance)
- magnetic
Plastic and rubber (PE, PS, PVC, PC, nylon)
Organic compound that are chemically based on
carbon, hydrogen and others non-metallic elements (
Si, Cl )
Have large molecular structures (chain-like)
Mechanical characteristics:
- low density
- high plasticity
- easily decomposed/soften
- low melting temperature
CERAMICS
A compound consists of metallic and non-metallic
elements (oxides, nitrides, carbides)
Traditional ceramics – clay, cement, glass
Mechanical behaviour:
- high hardness
- high melting temperature
- brittle
- good insulator (heat and electrical)
- maybe transparent/translucent/opaque
- some have magnetic behaviour
Composed of two/more group of materials
Purpose of composite materials is to achieve a combination
properties of the material group combined.
Common composites – small glass fibers embedded in polymeric
material (epoxy/polyester) = fiberglass
Fiberglass properties
- low density
- stiff and strong
High technology applications
High-tech = a device/product
operates/functions using intricate and
sophisticated principles ( spacecraft,
military, aircraft, medical devices)
These materials are classified based on its
applications:
- biomaterials
- semiconductor
- nano-engineered materials
- smart materials
Components implanted into the human
body for replacement/diseases/damaged
body parts
Must not produce toxic substances and
compatible with body tissues
Examples:
artificial hip replacement
dental implant
stent
fracture plates
Intermediate properties between electrical
conductor and insulators
Electrical characteristics can be controlled by
impurities concentrations
Pioneer of integrated circuitry that revolutionized
the electronics and computer industries
Fascinating properties and tremendous technology
Maybe any one of the four basic types – metals, ceramics, polymers and
composites
Distinguished for the size - “nano” is a prefix for unit in nanometer (x10-9
m)
Anything less than 100 nanometers
Study the properties of these materials is termed nanotechnology
Physical and chemical characteristics may exhibits dramatic changes as
particle size approaches atomic dimensions
Niche area in electronic, biomedical, sports, energy production and
other industrial applications
Example: carbon nanotubes
graphene
Intelligent materials
Are able to sense changes in environment and respond to the
changes in predetermined manners
Usually sensor and actuator
Actuator maybe called upon to change shape, position, natural
frequency or mechanical characteristics in response to changes
in temperature, electric field, magnetic field
Four types of materials commonly used for actuator are shape
memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials
and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids
Materials/devices employed as sensors are optical fibers,
piezoelectric materials, microelectromechanical system (MEMS)
A type of smart system is used in helicopter to
reduce aerodynamic cockpit noise that is created
by the rotating rotor blade. Piezoelectric sensors
inserted into the blades to monitor blade stresses
and deformations; feedback signals from these
sensors are fed into computers-controlled adaptive
device, which generates noise cancelling antinoise.
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