Chapter 9
Outbreak of war 1939
World war 2 started . The British offended
congress by declaring war against germany.
Indians rejected the nazism .
Indians did not want to take part in a
European war.
The British wanted support from Indians and
they knew that they had to accept some
demands of Indians in order to gain their
support to help the British in the war .
Jinnah was a proactive leader who put
forward some demands of muslim in return for
support from the British .
He demanded an end to the anti muslim
policies by hindus. As it was an oppressing
issue for the muslims .
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Congress must agree to form coalition with
muslim in provincial government
No law affecting muslim should be passed
unless two third muslims accept it
Pakistan resolution 1940
It was passed on 23 march 1940 at the annual
session of muslim league in lahore
It was put forward by maulvi fazl ul haq nad
was called lahore resolution
IT demanded that the regions which have
muslim majority should become a separate
independent states
Hindu press began to refer it as pakistan
resolution
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Importance of pakistan resolution
clear cut demand of a separate
homeland to the muslim.
It was for the first time that Jinnah demanded
a separate homeland before Jinnah wanted a
coalition government but when he saw the
tyranny of congress he changed his opinion .
He changed his opinion and decided to work
for independence. He knew muslim can
practise their religion and culture only when
they have their own separate country .
Impact
Jinnah demanded a separate homeland was
accepted by the muslims as they did not want
to live under congress rule because they faced
oppression under congress rule
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Jinnah declared it as the one and only
demand
It united the muslims
This division was between shafi league and
jinnah league which caused muslim league to
lose . The division ended when Jinnah
changed his opinion from coalition government
to separate government . a separate homeland
was behind the unity of the subcontinent .
muslims stayed firm with muslim League . It
also created a sense of nationhood among the
muslims . muslims who were searching for a
solution due to tyranny of congress and
oppression of the muslim league were now
relieved by the firm stand of jinnah
Impact
Pakistan resolution played an important role
towards the goal for the freedom of muslims
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and it proved to be successful political move for
the creation of pakistan
Cripps mission 1942
British sent sir stafford cripps to convince
indians to join the war with british
He proposed that an indian union would be set
up with dominance status after war
Within this union if any individual province
want to stay out of this union so they can
negotiate their independence
A constituent assembly would frame a new
constitution after wAar
Elections for the constituent assembly would be
held after the war
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Rejection of cripps mission
Muslim league reject it as it did not
mention establishment of pakistan
All India had made it clear in the Pakistan
resolution that their main demand is the
creation of a separate homeland for the
muslims. They had already demanded that the
only solution for the muslims of the
subcontinent is the creation of a country where
they could practise their religion freely.
Muslims didn't want to live under the rule of
congress
Impact
Muslims rejected the cripps mission as it
neglected the major demand of muslim league
although j9nnah was pleased to see the right to
opt out of future union
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Congress wanted immediate
independent which was not proposed
They wanted removal of british completely in
[Link] wanted independence of india.
Congress was not even ready to accept
dominion status for india. They Would reject
any proposal that would not have
independence in it . Gandhi was bitter about
British control . He wanted immediate control
of Indian affairs . Congress didn't want to
cooperate with the British government
especially after the rejection of the Nehru
report.
impact
Congress was formed to from a independent
government in india and to break the british
control over india
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Congress did not trust british
Every time british proposed reform for india it
gave more power to the british and less power
to [Link] took advantage of india both
politically and economically which frustrated
the [Link] never kept their promises
that's why india didn't want to trust them
anymore . Congress knew that the British
would never give them the complete right over
India that's why they did not accept any
proposal after the war. Indians knew that the
British would never give them complete rights
over India that's why they did not accept any
proposal.
Impact
The British did not accept the demand of
congress for any decision before the end of war
which led to the collapse of negotiations.
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Gandhi rejected it
He was of the point of view that the British
wanted to save either rule in the subcontinent.
If the British win or lose the war then what is
the guarantee that the British would fulfil their
promises? Gandhi called it a post dated check
of a failing bank it meant that british did not
have the resources but still wanted to keep their
control over india
Quit India resolution
Muslim league did not take part in it
Gandhi said due to the British there is a threat
of Japanese invasion in India. Ww 2 was
going on there were allies and axis. Allies
include the USSR, Britain,France and the
USA . Axis were. The British were invading
lands. Japan was capturing the colonies of the
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British and they had come as far as Burma.
So there was a threat .
Therefore congress passed a resolution to quit
India. They demanded the withdrawal of
british. Gandhi during this time declared that
it was due to the British that India would be
attacked by the Japanese. He told people the
only way Japan won't attack India is if the
British leave.
The British got furious. They arrested Gandhi ,
Nehru and banned the Congress party. First
they were not ready to help the British , now
they demanded them to leave.
In reaction to the arrest the people of India
started to protest and it became violent . It
became a law and order situation. The British
bought warplanes in India and started Aerial
bombing where there were protests.
Impact
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British used an iron fist to crushed the protest
of the India so that their rule can continue over
India and outlawed Congress to stop quit
India resolution against British
Gandhi jinnah talks
British could not sustain their rule over india
anymore and it was eminent that they would
leave india. Congress wanted to take control
after the British left .
That's why gandhi proposed to go to meet
jinnah so that they can solve their difference
and make a push for british to leave.
After being released on medical ground ganshi
wnt to meet jinnah .
Gandhi wanted muslim league support
congress for removal of british
Gandhi wanted unconditional support
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Gandhi wanted muslim not to ask form seprate
home land
He wanted a central government which would
have foreign and defence policy
Failure of gandhi jinnah talk
Gandhi considered himself as the of
india and did not support thebtwio
nation theory
There was official policy two nation theory of
mulim league while congress rejected it.
Muslims didnt want to live under the ccongress
rule . they had a very terrible tenure under
congress
Impact
Gandhi didnot consider the right of minorities
so jinnah didnot want to mke nay concession
with gandhi
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Jinnah did not trust congress
Jinnah knew there can only be artition in
subcontinent in the presence of british . once
they leave congress wont keep their promise.
They already saw oppressive rule of congress.
He cant trust them anymore and he wanted to
work for the partition of india. Gandhi wanted
united india while jinnah wanted divided
india.
Impact
British withdrawal could leave subcontinent in
communal tension therefore jinnah wanted
partition immediately.
Jinnah wanted complete provincial
autonomy
Gandhi proposed a strong central government
where the defence and foreign would be control
by the central government. Jinnah wanted
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provincial autonomy. He didnt want dthe
interference of central government therefore
jinnah argue with gandhi and didnot accept
his proposals. Jinnah wanted strong provincial
goevrment which cna protect the right of
muslim
Impact
Jinnah knew that congress could take all the
power and suppress muslims in their province
so he didnot accept the proposal of gandhi
Jinnah reminded gandhi that he only the
spokesman of congress
Jinnah was behaving like theres only one
party in india and tehre is no other party . he
didnot consider muslim league a steh
representative of infda muslim and jinnah
reminded him that now mulsim league have
the support of all the muslims of subcontinent.
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Gandhi behaved as if hes the representative of
muslims as well as if hes the leader of india but
jinnah rejected this clai a
Simla conference
Organised after the failure of gandhi jinnah
talks
Lord waveel wanted to solev the issue
He called a conference in simal and prepared a
solution for india
In this eh preparedan executive council to
govern the contrywith equal number of muslim
and hinsu .
Ww2 was coming to an end so british wanted
to leave india peacefully
Organised a conference to solve the problem
peacefully
Ll the communities attended the conference
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Rejection
Gandhi bough a person to represent muslim of
the subcontinet but jinnah rejected that only
muslim league is representing muslims
Jinnah objected and said mulsim league had
won all the electionwhich shows that muslim
league is represnting the muslims of india
No agreement could be recheaceh and lord
wavellcalled of the conference altogether
Jinnah also protested that sole and schedule
candidate would only vote for hindu this would
make muslim monopoly over indina
Election 1945
Labour party wanted to provide slf government
to indian
Indians were also determine to have their own
government
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Labour party prime minister asked lord wavell
to organise election for both rpovincial and
central giverment.
Cong4ess campaign for undivide independent
india
Muslim league campaign on a policy of sperate
homeland .
Elctions reuslt was that muslim league took
about 446 out of 495seats that signifies that
muslim majority areas are completely
dependant on muslim league
Congress wo 91%of non muslim league
\nwfp favoured more in favor of congress
Elections were a great success for lal india
muslim league
Jinnah had campaign and convinced muslim
that their say, right , freedom ca only be
attained if they vote for muslim league.
It was actualaly a vote for separation.
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The election result showed how divided india
has became.
Cabinet mission plan
Three man delegation was sent by british to
india tos olve the political deadlock of india
Congress refused to work with muslim and
mulsim league refused tow ork with congress
Jinnah insisted to british for the formation of
pakistan
It included 6 provinces which included
kashmir , east pakistan, sindh , balochistan,
pun jab, nwfp
Congress fidnt wnat partition the three men
were sir stafford cripps(presined of broad of
trae),lord pethick lawrence(secretary of
state)and av alexander(First Lord of the
Admiralty)
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They proposed interim government rule in
india
Proposals
All india commission to be set up to decide about partition after British withdraw.
These politician, will be from Congress and AML from provincial and central assembly, will
come to decide the term for the partition
It I was rejected.
It rejected the establishment of Pakistan
It said that there will be three part of India.
after the withdrawal of British (Muslim majority, Hindu majority and Bengal ad asam together)
Each part to have autonomy and constitution
Indian union would manage Defense, Foreign affair and the communication
There would be all india commission
Member of provincial and central assmebelies
were to become the part of all india
commission an dthey were given the task to
decide the partition of subcontinent after the
withdrawal of british
Rejected the establishment of pakistan
India would be divided into three parts and
there would be a hindu majority territory,
western muslim provinces and bengal and
assam together
Each part would have their own autonomy
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It could also make their own constituent
Indian union would be set up which would
control the defence, foreign affair and the
communication
Reaction to cabinet mission plan
1. Muslim were ready to be part of the interim
government
Yet it said if there has to be partition it should
be done in the presence of british
Congress said they are not bound to any plan
once the congress leave they were of a pount o
view taht they will not let partitio occur after
british is gine
2. muslim legu didn not agree as
establishment of pakistanwas rejected
It was the prime demand od the muslim league
that tehre should be a seperate homeland for
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muslims . nbritish did not allow ot adn
congress didnt favor it
3. Brits didnt find any common ground
between muslim and hindu there fore they
dropped the abinet mision pln
British was trying to solve the problem but they
couldnt
Direct action day
Muslim feared taht british would leav without
any political solution
Muslim wanted to show their strength t hindu
nd british .
Muslim league passed a resolution in 1946
which was called direct action day .
It was peaceful demonstration was held in
many parts of india but it turned voilent in
calcutta
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Communal fight erupted and only in a death
2000 people were killed
It was known as the great calcutta killing
If british leave without partition it would leave
india into communal tension and british would
be blamed
British knew partition wa evitable and they
have to solve this problem before leaving
New viceroy was appointed lord mountbatten
He gave a solution
Two state should be set up
Each state to have dominion status
British determine t leave before their is a civil
war
He announced third june plan whih sted
partition for india
Muslim majority area would vote whether to
go in pakistan
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Sindh and balochistan immediately voted to
join pakistan
Punjab and bengal decided to join pakistan
British wre in such a hurry that briths would
withdraw in august
Problem
1 boundaries needed to be made in punjab and
bengal
Issue of Princely state to be solved as it's head
will make their own decision, people of the
states want to join another country,while the
head wants to join the other one, then it would
lead to conflict Division of financial and
military assets were to be decided between both
States.
Jinnah was to become the governor general of
Pakistan, this meant that jinnah had to solve
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There were no design boundary. Punjab and
bengali had to be divided between india and
pakistan . there wan an agreement that the
head of th eprincely state would decided
whether he want to join pakistan or inidia.
Problem arised whter the people wnat to join
pakistan or indian.
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