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Solar Powered Automatic Water Surface Garbage Cleaner

Technical Report · December 2021

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SOLAR POWERED AUTOMATIC WATER
SURFACE GARBAGE CLEANER

Submitted by

Student Name Student ID

MONIBABU BISWAS 32180301708

MOHAMMAD SAEED 32180301697

SOHRAB HOSSAIN 32180301680

MD. JAHIRUL AZAM 32180301702

MD. INDER MAHMUD JOWEL 32180301696

Supervised by

ASHRAFUL AREFIN
Assistant Professor & Head
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Northern University Bangladesh

December 2021

Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering

Northern University Bangladesh

i
 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the project titled “Solar Powered Automatic Water
Surface Garbage Cleaner” is the result of my study in partial fulfillment of the
[Link]. Engineering degree under the supervision of Ashraful Arefin, Assistant
Professor & Head, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Northern
University Bangladesh and it has not been submitted elsewhere for any other
degree or diploma

……………………………………………..
MONIABU BISWAS
ID no. 32180301708

……………………………………………..
MOHAMMAD SAEED
ID no. 32180301697

……………………………………………..
SOHRAB HOSSAIN
ID no. 32180301680

……………………………………………..
MD. JAHIRUL AZAM
ID no. 32180301702

……………………………………………..
MD. INDER MAHMUD JOWEL
ID no. 32180301696
 Board of Examiners

1. ASHRAFUL AREFIN
(Supervisor)
Assistant Professor Dept. of EEE
Northern University Bangladesh

2. SOHELI NOSHIN PROTTASHA

(Examiner)
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE
Northern University Bangladesh

3. MALIHA MALIAT
(Examiner)
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE
Northern University Bangladesh

…………………………..

ASHRAFUL AREFIN
Assistant Professor & Head, Department, EEE
Northern University Bangladesh

iii
 Abstract

This project is based on cleaning of water surface using renewable energy. The work has
been done looking at the current situation of our national problem of rivers, drain, pond etc.
which are dumped with crore liters of sewage and loaded with pollutants, toxic materials,
debris etc. The government of Bangladesh has taken charge to clean rivers and invest huge
capital in many rivers cleaning projects like “Saving Dhaka River” medium projects in
various cities. It has been designed for garbage cleaning of water surface. Nowadays almost
all the manufacturing process is being automatically order to deliver the products at a faster
rate. Automation plays an important role in mass production. In this project we have
fabricated the water surface garbage cleaner machine. The main aim of the project is to
reduce the man power, time consumption for cleaning the water surface using renewable
energy. In this project we have automated the operation of water surface cleaning with help
of a motor and chain drive arrangement.

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to convey heartiest gratitude to our most venerable and respectable teacher
Ashraful Arefin, Head of The Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Faculty of
Science, Engineering & Technology, Northern University of Bangladesh of Electrical &
Electronic Engineering, for his continuous guideline, cordial help, valuable advices and
encouraging us for the design and implementation of the project successfully. We are really
owed to her forever for her frankly aid.

Finally, we are grateful to Almighty for giving the strength and courage to this project.

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page No.

ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Working Process of Water Surface Garbage Cleaner 4
1.3 Need to clean the garbage disposal 5
1.4 Thesis Objective 5
1.5 Cost Analysis 6

CHAPTER 02: RELATED RESEARCH 7

2.1 Environmental Legislation in Bangladesh 8
2.2 Design and fabrication of solar powered cleaning machine 9
2.3 Design and Fabrication of automatic Drainage Cleaning system 10
2.4 Design and Fabrication of river cleaning Machine 11
CHAPTER 03: METHLDOLOGY & SYSTEM MODELING 13
3.1 System Block Diagram 14
3.2 Flow Chart 15
3.3 Solar Panel 16
3.3.1 Theory and construction 17
3.3.2 History 18
3.3.3 Efficiencies 19
3.3.4 Performance and degradation 22

vi
3.3.5 Maintenance 24
3.3.6 Mounting and tracking 26
3.4 Battery 28
3.4.1 Solid State Batteries 30
3.4.2 Homemade Cells 31
3.5 DC Gear Motor 32
3.5.1 Electromagnetic Motors 32
3.5.2 Brushed DC electric motor 34
3.5.3 Brushless 35
3.6 Conveyor Belt 35
3.6.1 Application 37
3.7 Voltage Regulator 38
3.8 Motor Driven IC LN293D 39
3.8.1 Motor Driven IC L298N 40
3.9 RF 315 MHz Wireless Remote Controller 40

CHAPTER 04: RESULTS 41

4.1 Circuit Diagram 42
4.2 Hardware Calculation 42
4.3 Hardware Picture 44

CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK 45

5.1 Discussion 46
5.2 Advantage 46
5.3 Application 46
5.4 Future Work 47
5.5 Conclusion 47
5.6 References 48

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

Fig. 3.1 System Block Diagram 14

Fig. 3.2 Flow Chart 15

Fig. 3.3 Solar PV Module 16

Fig. 3.4 From a solar cell to a PV system 17

Fig. 3.5 Efficiencies 19

Fig. 3.6 Market Share of PV Technology 21

Fig. 3.7 Performance and degradation 22

Fig. 3.8 Workers install rooftop solar panels 26

Fig. 3.9 DC Gear Motor 32

Fig. 3.10 Conveyor Belt 36

Fig: 3.11 Voltage Regulator 39

Fig: 3.12 Motor Driven IC LN293D 39

Fig: 3.13 Motor Driven IC L298N 40

Fig: 4.1 Circuit Diagram 42

Fig: 4.2 Total System 44

Fig: 4.3 Solar cell and total system 44

viii
 Chapter 01

Introduction & Objectives

1
1.1 Introduction

Industrial pollutants are the major cause of surface water pollution in the urban region in
Bangladesh. According to an industrial survey conducted by Bangladesh Center for Advanced
Studies (BCAS) in 2009, only about 40% of industries had ETPs. In 10% of industries, ETPs
were under construction at that time, and about 50% of industries have no ETP establishment.
In terms of overall emission (indicated as BOD and TSS) into water, pulp and paper industry
is the major contributor (47%), followed by pharmaceuticals (16%), metal (14%) and food
industries (12%), fertilizers/pesticides (7%), industrial chemicals (1%) and other industries
(3%) which includes the cumulative contribution of cement and clay, textile, wood and
furniture, tanneries and leather and petroleum industries. Dhaka and it's adjacent districts like
Gazipur, Narayanganj are the worst victim of unplanned industrialization; hence, exhibit
drastic pollution in water sources. Although Dhaka City is surrounded by some peripheral
rivers, the water of these rivers is too contaminated to use as potable water. There are 19
primary and at least 41 secondary discharge points to the rivers within the city Improper
discharge of untreated wastewater from various industries neighboring these rivers adulterates
the water quality. A World Bank study reported that peripheral rivers of Dhaka took 1.5
million cubic meters of wastewater every day from 7,000 industrial units in surrounding areas
and another 0.5 million cubic meters from other sources. Before relocating to Savar Upazila,
Dhaka, tanneries located in Hazaribagh and Rayer Bazar in Dhaka city were responsible for
discharging 15,000 cubic meters of liquid wastes, 19,000 kilograms of solid wastes and
17,600 kilograms of BOD into Buriganga river daily. Kaliakoir Upazila of Gazipur is only 25
km northeast of the capital city where an unplanned industrial cluster has been developed in
the past 20 years. These industries are discharging 30 billion liters of effluent water annually
in the nearby waterbodies such as Mokosh Beel, Turag river and Ratanpur Khal. Large
numbers of textile dyeing industries along with other industries situated surrounding D.N.D
embankment discharge a large amount of effluents and solid wastes into different water
bodies which eventually enter into the Shitalakshya River. Almost 80% of the total industries
does not have any treatment plant and hence discharge toxic untreated industrial effluent into
those water bodies [1].

2
A vast amount of untreated effluents from industries such as spinning mills, dying, cotton,
textile, steel mills, oil refineries, and others industries is discharged regularly into the
Karnaphuli river, Chittagong. Ship Breaking industry is one of the fastest growing industries
in Bangladesh which is a significant contributor of trace metal pollution in seawater and
groundwater in the coastal region of Bangladesh.

Pollution of closed water bodies caused by human waste is a major problem in Bangladesh.
According to previous statistics, it is estimated that 16,380 tons of waste were produced in
Bangladesh every day. Urban cities are the worst victim of this kind of water pollution. The
wastewater discharge from Dhaka city dwellers is about 1.22 million m3/day, whereas the
only sewage treatment plant in Dhaka, namely “Pagla Sewage Treatment Plant” can treat 0.12
million m3 wastewater per day. The surface water quality in the two river systems and other
surface water bodies, e.g. khals (small waterbody) and ponds in Dhaka have very high BOD,
COD, and E-coli content which indicates discharge of untreated industrial effluents and
domestic sewage. Moreover, only 50% of the municipal solid waste being collected by the
two city corporations of Dhaka results in most of the wastes dumped into water bodies, low
lying areas and khals. Among the total habitat of Dhaka, 15% use pit latrines and 30% use
open latrines; the sewage generated from these latrines are mostly released without any
treatment into low-lying areas and river water [2].

The agriculture sector is the economic backbone of Bangladesh which represents 15.33% of
the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and contributes almost half of the country's economic
output. Different types of organ phosphorus and carbamate pesticides are used extensively by
the local farmers, but due to the lack of proper knowledge and instruction, they overuse these
pesticides. Haphazard use of pesticides leads to both surface and groundwater pollution,
chiefly caused by rain or runoff water from the agricultural land. A World Bank survey
reported that 6% of the total pesticides applied to crops are extremely hazardous. Nitrate,
phosphate, potassium, aldrin, dieldrin, chlardane, indrin, cadmium, arsenic, chromium and
other toxins extracted from different kinds of agrochemical eventually get mixed with the
water of various waterbodies. Furthermore, pesticide leaching into groundwater can
contaminate the water.

3
Arsenic contamination in groundwater is a major threat to public health in Bangladesh.
Groundwater pollution is very alarming for Bangladesh as 95% of drinking water is derived
from groundwater sources. Although the sources of higher concentration of arsenic present
in the groundwater in Bangladesh is ambiguous, different theories have been developed.
Initially, various anthropogenic sources such as pesticides, industrial waste, tube well filters,
etc. were considered as the leading sources of arsenic in groundwater, but field observations
reported that the source of this trace metal was in geological deposits. Even though there is
three arsenic ore in the world, stated that Arsenopyrite or ferrous arsenic sulfide (FeAsS) is
the main source of arsenic pollution in Bangladesh. Pyrite Oxidation and Oxy-hydroxide
Reduction are the two hypotheses developed to explain the mobilization of arsenic [2].

Other minor sources also contribute to the contamination of water bodies. Showed that
Barapukuria coal mine is responsible for heavy metal and thermal pollution in nearby water
systems. Accidental oil spill also can cause severe damage to the water quality and aquatic
life forms of large water bodies. A recent ‘oil spill from a crashed tanker’ incident resulted in
an estimated 350,000 liters of the oil spill; spreading over a 60 km-long area in the Shela and
Passur rivers inside Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest of the country (AFP, 2014).

1.2 Working Process of Water Surface Garbage Cleaner

We live in a time where the Earth and the society are faced with some of the greatest pollution
problems ever. Even though there have been some initiatives done over the years, nothing
significantly has changed. However, all of that might come to an end hence we introduce you
the water garbage cleaner. The only machine that the authorities will ever need to put an end
to this never-ending and ever-growing problem of water pollution. This machine is so simple
in functionality, yet it can do so much more.

The process of how this water garbage cleaner works is pretty simple. There is a big metal
rotating belt which one end is submerged in the water. This enables for it to grab and push
the garbage from the water onto the ship, garbage such as plastic bottles, cans, plastic bags
and more. It means that you can clean large areas of water without even doing any manual
labor. You only have to steer the ship to the right direction.

4
1.3 Need to Clean the Garbage Disposal

The garbage disposal is just like any other appliance that you must maintain. Without cleaning
it you risk damaging it sooner. The cleaning is part of its maintenance.

It Will Smell
The reason why we use the disposer is that we dislike the smell produced by food waste. Also,
it reduces the weight we carry to the trash can keeping the environment clean. However, if
you won’t clean the garbage disposal, it will begin to smell, making you unable to stay in the
kitchen.

It Can Cause Health Hazards

Bacteria love anywhere they can breed and feed. But some bacteria cause hygiene-related
hazards to us. If you leave the garbage disposal uncleaned for too long, the bacteria will form
a breeding ground. Ultimately this will affect the humans in the house.

The Seals

If you leave the dirt on for too long, the dirt damages the disposer seal. When the seal is
damaged, your garbage disposal begins to leak, and this is a whole other maintenance issue
to deal with. Instead of waiting to damage it, clean the garbage disposal.

Build-Up Can Lead to Clogs

This is still a machine like any other, and if you don’t get rid of the dirt, they will soon clog
the drainage pipes. When this happens, you end up spending a lot more than you should.
Cleaning the disposer makes everything flow down with ease.

1.4 Thesis Objective

• To Reduce the Pollution of Water Surface

• To Increase the Uses of Renewable Energy
• To Maintain Automation During Working towards Cleaning River
• To Reduce the man power and Time Consumption
• To Record the Amount of Garbage Remove from Waterway and Give Solution and
Provide Better Environment
5
1.5 Cost Analysis

Table 1.1 Cost Analysis

Equipment Name Quantity Price

DC Gear Motor (5v, 04 800

125rpm)
Lithium-ion Battery (5v, 01 500
2000mAh)
Solar Cell 01 200
Conveyor Belt 01 100
Hardware Structure 01 500
Voltage Regulator 01 20
Motor Driven IC LN293D 01 600
Motor Driven IC L298N 01 600
RF 315 MHz Wireless 01 500
Remote Controller
Diode 04 20
Cable 3m 100
Total = 3940/-

6
 Chapter 02

Related Research

7
2.1 Environmental Legislation in Bangladesh

Water Pollution Control Ordinance 1973 was the first legislation in Bangladesh about water
pollution. Then in 1977, Environment Pollution Control Ordinance was declared. Department
of Pollution Control Ordinance was organized in 1985 which was renamed as Department of
Environment (DoE) afterward. In 1992 another Environmental Policy was declared and The
Government of Bangladesh has additionally organized various supplementary arrangements
such as the Forest Policy (1994), the Fisheries Policy (1998), the Water Policy (1998), the
New Agriculture Extension Policy (1995), the Energy Policy (1995) [3].
Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act (ECA), 1995 was passed for the protection of
environment models and moderating environmental contamination but the main impediments
of the Act are its hushes on the benchmarks, parameters, discharge levels and administration
components in view of which the ecological clearance ought to have been connected and
gotten.
The Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997, were proclaimed in promotion of the
destinations of the ECA, 1995. As to of poisonous and hazardous substances, the Principles
have extensively characterized rules for transfer of waste from various classes of ventures,
but it has not indicated the admissible degree of outflows or the commitments of restorative
activities.
Ministry of Water Resources formulated National Water Policy in 1999 to guarantee effective
and impartial administration of water assets, appropriate outfitting, and advancement of
surface and groundwater, accessibility of water to all concerned, and institutional limit
working for water resource administration. The Bangladesh Water Act, 2013 is for the most
part given the National Water Policy of 1999, and it is intended for coordinated improvement,
administration, appropriation, utilization, security and preservation of water assets in
Bangladesh. The demonstration proclaims all type of water inside the region of Bangladesh
as the property of the government. Notwithstanding, the surface water in private property can
be utilized by the proprietor for all the required reason. The demonstration requires permit for
pulling back expansive size of surface or groundwater; notwithstanding, the most significant
measure of water that can be pulled back isn't said in the law.

8
Ministry of Environment and Forest formulated the National Environmental Policy 2013
which depends on 17 essential issues and 12 goals pertinent to economic advancement,
valuation of environment administrations, sustenance wellbeing, polluter's compensation
standard, and adjustment and alleviation to combat environmental change. The activity
designs incorporate some new instrument or activities like environmental auditing,
agriculture, nearby and national contingency for keeping pollution from sea/water car crash,
EIA for lodging and urban advancement ventures, squander heat Recovery activities and so
on.

Though the defined environment policy genuinely rich in content, it isn't bolstered by
essential activities of execution. Several studies reported that the execution of the
environmental arrangement and the Environmental Protection Act had been hindered because
of some institutional and utilitarian impediments. Different operational guidelines for
successful execution of the policy and act would require corresponding and nitty-gritty
operational guidelines, a considerable lot of which have not yet been figured. Besides, surges
and typhoons are real worries for ecological administration in Bangladesh. However, the
Environmental Protection Act still have restricted concern and intercession for such
catastrophes. Other problems for a successful execution of environmental policy are
insufficient funding, skilled human, lack of inter-agency relation, irregularity with different
policies, absence of inter-sectoral arrangement, lack of administrative and institutional
capacity, impediments of the environment laws, Outdated environmental laws as well as
ignorance about these laws, non-punitive approach of laws, political corruption and so on.

2.2 Design and Fabrication of Solar Powered Cleaning Machine

Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy for all the forms of life on the planet
Earth. It is also the basic source for all the sources of energy except Nuclear Energy. But the
solar technology has not matured to the extent of the conventional sources of energy. It faces
lots of challenges such as high cost, erratic and unpredictable in nature, need for storage and
low efficiency. This project aims at increasing the efficiency of solar power plants by solving
the problem of accumulation of dust on the surface of solar panel which leads to reduction in
plant output and overall plant efficiency. It proposes to develop a Solar Panel Cleaning
System

9
 which could remove the accumulated dust on its surface on a regular basis and maintain the
solar power plant output. The system is a robotic system which could move autonomously on
the surface of solar panels by using pneumatic suction cups and use dry methods for cleaning
such as rotating cylindrical brush and vacuum cleaning system keeping in mind the limited
availability of water in areas where such plants are mainly located. This project also aims to
reduce the human involvement in the process of solar panel cleaning as it is a very hazardous
environment for them in scorching sun [4].

An autonomous robot has the ability to carry out tasks and commands with high degree of
accuracy autonomously according to the following rules.

 Has the ability to gain tangible inputs from the environment.

 Has the ability to perform task for long intervals without human interferences.
 Has the ability to move in its workspace without human help.
 Has the ability to avoid situations that are harmful to itself or humans unless it is
programmed to do so.

2.3 Design and Fabrication of Automatic Drainage Cleaning System

sing Solar Panel

Water is the basic need for the existence of life on earth. In spite of 70% water on earth
majority of water is not suitable for drinking purpose. There is a huge demand of clean water
as it is used for a variety of purpose such as drinking, bathing, cleaning, cooking etc.
Impurities present in water can cause serious health issues that can damage the life of human
beings. The chief function of the automatic drainage system is to collect, transport, as well as
dispose the solid waste in the waste bucket by the help of claws.. Solid waste in drainage
water includes empty bottles, polythene bags, papers etc. Impurities in drainage water can
lead to blockage of the drainage system. In order to avoid such situation these impurities are
needed to be taken out time to time for the continuous flow of drainage water. Drain can be
cleaned continuously by the help of model using the drive system to remove the solid waste
and threw it into waste bucket. This project is designed with the objective to initiate the
efficient working of system.

10
This project automatically cleans the water in the drainage system each time any impurity
appears, and claws which are driven by chain sprocket grasp the solid waste and threw it into
the waste bucket to avoid blockage. It even reduces the cost of manual labor as well as reduces
the threat to human life. Automatic Drainage Water Cleaning overcomes all sorts of drainage
problems and promotes blockage free drains promoting continuous flow of drain water. In
the modern era there have been adequate sewage problems where sewage water needs to be
segregated to clean our surrounding environment. The waste and gases produced from the
industries are very harmful to human beings and to the environment. Our proposed system is
used to clean and control the drainage level using auto mechanism technique.

2.4 Design and Fabrication of River Cleaning Machine

This project emphasis on design and fabrication of the river waste cleaning machine. The
work has done looking at the current situation of our national rivers which are dump with
crore liters of sewage and loaded with pollutants, toxic materials, debris etc. The government
of Bangladesh has taken charge to clean rivers and invest huge capital in many rivers cleaning
projects like “Save The River, Save The Country’’ and many major and medium projects in
various cities like Dhaka, Chattogram etc. By taking this into consideration, this machine has
designed to clean river water surface.

Due to increase in water pollution in the form to waste debris; it is hampering the life of
aquatic animal and make their life in danger. Similarly, sometimes the aquatic animal tends
to eats surface waste debris considering it as a food; which ultimately cause the death of
animals. Due to polluted water many skin diseases to human kind are observed. So that to
reduce the water pollution we are trying to make river cleanup machine. “River cleanup
machine” a machine which involves the removing the waste debris from water surface and
safely dispose from the water body. The work has done looking at the current situation of our
national rivers which are dump with crore liters of sewage and loaded with pollutants, toxic
materials, debris etc. The government of Bangladesh has taken charge to clean rivers and
invest huge capital in many rivers cleaning projects like “River Embankment Protection &
Development Project” and many major and medium projects in various cities like Dhaka,
Chattogram etc. By taking this into consideration, this machine has designed to clean river
water surface.

11
Conventional methods used for collection of floating waste are manual basis or by means of
boat, thrash skimmers etc. and deposited near the shore of rivers. These methods are risky,
costly and time consuming. By considering all the parameters of river surface cleaning
systems and eliminating the drawback of the methods used earlier, the remote operated river
cleaning machine has designed which helps in river surface cleaning effectively, efficiently
and eco-friendly. The “River waste cleaning machine” is used where there is waste debris in
the water body which are to be removed. This machine consists of DC motors, RF transmitter
and receiver, propeller, PVC pipes and chain drive with the conveyor attached to it for
collecting wastage, garbage & plastic wastages from water bodies [5].

We made this project to clean the river. After implementing this project, we can control the
pollution of river it is very beneficial for our society. In this project turbine rotates by flow of
river water and through the mechanical gear arrangement we arrange two conveyor belts. The
first conveyor belt is used to pick solid waste from river and the second conveyor belt is used
to draw solid waste out of river for solid waste management. Water is the source of life. It
covers 70% of the Earth. But only a small portion of this precious natural resource is fit for
human consumption. Out of the earth’s total water 97% is stored in oceans which are not fit
for human consumption. The further 3% is stored in various sources like glaciers, rivers,
lakes and under-ground aquifers. Rivers have a special place in the lives of the Bangladesh.
They consider rivers to be sacred, take holy dip during Amavasya (new moon), Purnamasi
(full moon) and on other religious occasions. River water is used for irrigation which in return
gives food to the people. They also maintain the ecology of the region and bring prosperity.
An area without a river is considered to be poor. Unfortunately, during the past two decades
water quality has deteriorated at a rapid pace. One of the major reasons for this is the solid
waste being thrown to the rivers, turning them to be a dirty drain.

12
 Chapter 03
Methodology &
System Modeling

13
3.1 System Block Diagram

Fig 3.1 System Block Diagram

14
3.2 Flow Chart

Start
System Power On

Sun
Light
Battery

Remote Ckt

Motor Driver Circuit

DC Gear Motor

Conveyor Balt

Collect The Garbage

END

15
System Modeling

3.3 Solar panel

Fig 3.3 Solar PV modules (top)

A PV module is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation.

Photo-voltaic cells use sunlight as a source of energy and generate direct current electricity.
A collection of PV modules is called a PV Panel, and a system of Panels is an Array. Arrays
of a photovoltaic system supply solar electricity to electrical equipment. The most common
application of solar energy collection outside agriculture is solar water heating systems [6].

16
3.3.1 Theory and construction

Fig 3.4 From a solar cell to a PV system

Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through
the photovoltaic effect. Most modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film
cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a module can be either the top layer or the
back layer. Cells must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are
rigid, but semi-flexible ones based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells are
connected electrically in series, one to another to the desired voltage, and then in parallel to
increase amperage. The wattage of the module is the mathematical product of the voltage and
the amperage of the module. The manufacture specifications on solar panels are obtained
under standard condition which is not the real operating condition the solar panels are exposed
to on the installation site [7].

A PV junction box is attached to the back of the solar panel and functions as its output
interface. External connections for most photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors to
facilitate easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. A USB power interface can
also be used. Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output
voltage or in parallel to provide a desired current capability (amperes) of the solar panel or
the PV system. The conducting wires that take the current off the modules are sized
according to the ampacity and
17
may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes
may be incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize the
output of module sections still illuminated.

Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by lenses or
mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per unit area (such as
gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way. Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of
racking components, brackets, reflector shapes, and troughs to better support the panel
structure.

3.3.2 History

In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light exposure was
first observed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel. Though the premiere solar panels were too
inefficient for even simple electric devices they were used as an instrument to measure light.
The observation by Becquerel was not replicated again until 1873, when Willoughby Smith
discovered that the charge could be caused by light hitting selenium. After this discovery,
William Grylls Adams and Richard Evans Day published "The action of light on selenium"
in 1876, describing the experiment they used to replicate Smith's results. In 1881, Charles
Fritts created the first commercial solar panel, which was reported by Fritts as "continuous,
constant and of considerable force not only by exposure to sunlight but also to dim, diffused
daylight. However, these solar panels were very inefficient, especially compared to coal-fired
power plants. In 1939, Russell Ohl created the solar cell design that is used in many modern
solar panels. He patented his design in 1941. In 1954, this design was first used by Bell Labs
to create the first commercially viable silicon solar cell. In 1957, Mohamed M. Atalla
developed the process of silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation at Bell Labs. The
surface passivation process has since been critical to solar cell efficiency [8].

18
3.3.3 Efficiencies

Fig 3.5 Reported timeline of champion solar module energy conversion efficiencies

Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC). Power
typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module determines the area of a
module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the area of
a 16% efficient 230 W module. Some commercially available solar modules exceed 24%
efficiency. Depending on construction, photovoltaic modules can produce electricity from a range
of frequencies of light, but usually cannot cover the entire solar range (specifically, ultraviolet,
infrared and low or diffused light). Hence, much of the incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar
modules, and they can give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light.
Therefore, another design concept is to split the light into six to eight different wavelength ranges
that will produce a different color of light, and direct the beams onto different cells tuned to those
ranges. This has been projected to be capable of raising efficiency by 50%. A single solar module
can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations contain multiple modules adding
voltages or current to the wiring and PV system. A photovoltaic system typically includes an
array of photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a battery pack for energy storage, charge controller,
interconnection wiring,

19
circuit breakers, fuses, disconnect switches, voltage meters, and optionally a solar tracking
mechanism. Equipment is carefully selected to optimize output, energy storage, reduce power
loss during power transmission, and conversion from direct current to alternating current.
Scientists from Spectrolab, a subsidiary of Boeing, have reported development of multi- junction
solar cells with an efficiency of more than 40%, a new world record for solar photovoltaic cells.
The Spectrolab scientists also predict that concentrator solar cells could achieve efficiencies of
more than 45% or even 50% in the future, with theoretical efficiencies being about 58% in cells
with more than three junctions. Currently, the best achieved sunlight conversion rate (solar
module efficiency) is around 21.5% in new commercial products typically lower than the
efficiencies of their cells in isolation. The most efficient mass-produced solar modules have
power density values of up to 175 W/m2 (16.22 W/ft2) [9].

Research by Imperial College, London has shown that solar panel efficiency is improved by
studding the light-receiving semiconductor surface with aluminum nanocylinders, similar to
the ridges on Lego blocks. The scattered light then travels along a longer path in the
semiconductor, absorbing more photons to be converted into current. Although these
nanocylinders have been used previously (aluminum was preceded by gold and silver), the
light scattering occurred in the near-infrared region and visible light was absorbed strongly.
Aluminum was found to have absorbed the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, while the visible
and near-infrared parts of the spectrum were found to be scattered by the aluminum surface.
This, the research argued, could bring down the cost significantly and improve the efficiency
as aluminum is more abundant and less costly than gold and silver. The research also noted
that the increase in current makes thinner film solar panels technically feasible without
"compromising power conversion efficiencies, thus reducing material consumption".

 Solar panel efficiency can be calculated by MPP (maximum power point) value of solar
panels.
 Solar inverters convert the DC power to AC power by performing the process of maximum
power point tracking (MPPT): solar inverter samples the output Power (I-V curve) from the
solar cell and applies the proper resistance (load) to solar cells to obtain maximum power.

 MPP (Maximum power point) of the solar panel consists of MPP voltage (V mpp) and MPP

current (I mpp): it is a capacity of the solar panel and the higher value can make higher MPP.

20
Micro-inverted solar panels are wired in parallel, which produces more output than normal
panels wired in series, with the output of the series determined by the lowest performing
panel. This is known as the "Christmas light effect". Micro-inverters work independently to
enable each panel to contribute its maximum possible output for a given amount of sunlight
[10].

Fig 3.6 Market-share of PV technologies since 1990

Most solar modules are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells made of
multi crystalline and monocrystalline silicon. In 2013, crystalline silicon accounted for more
than 90 percent of worldwide PV production, while the rest of the overall market is made up
of thin-film technologies using cadmium telluride, CIGS and amorphous silicon [11].

Emerging, third generation solar technologies use advanced thin-film cells. They produce a
relatively high-efficiency conversion for the low cost compared to other solar technologies.
Also, high-cost, high-efficiency, and close-packed rectangular multi-junction (MJ) cells are
preferably used in solar panels on spacecraft, as they offer the highest ratio of generated power
per kilogram lifted into space. MJ-cells are compound semiconductors and made of gallium
arsenide (GaAs) and other semiconductor materials. Another emerging PV technology using
MJ-cells is concentrator photovoltaics (CPV).

Thin Film
In rigid thin-film modules, the cell and the module are manufactured in the same production
line. The cell is created on a glass substrate or superstrate, and the electrical connections are
created in situ, a so-called "monolithic integration". The substrate or superstrate is laminated
with an encapsulant to a front or back sheet, usually another sheet of glass. The main cell

21
technologies in this category are CdTe, or a-Si, or a-Si+uc-Si tandem, or CIGS (or variant).
Amorphous silicon has a sunlight conversion rate of 6–12%

Flexible thin film cells and modules are created on the same production line by depositing the
photoactive layer and other necessary layers on a flexible substrate. If the substrate is an
insulator (e.g. polyester or polyimide film) then monolithic integration can be used. If it is a
conductor then another technique for electrical connection must be used. The cells are
assembled into modules by laminating them to a transparent colorless fluoropolymer on the
front side (typically ETFE or FEP) and a polymer suitable for bonding to the final substrate
on the other side.

Smart Solar Modules

Several companies have begun embedding electronics into PV modules. This enables
performing MPPT for each module individually, and the measurement of performance data
for monitoring and fault detection at module level. Some of these solutions make use of power
optimizers, a DC-to-DC converter technology developed to maximize the power harvest from
solar photovoltaic systems. As of about 2010, such electronics can also compensate for
shading effects, wherein a shadow falling across a section of a module causes the electrical
output of one or more strings of cells in the module to fall to zero, but not having the output
of the entire module fall to zero [12].

3.3.4 Performance And Degradation

Fig 3.7 Performance and degradation

22
Module performance is generally rated under standard test conditions (STC): irradiance of
1,000 W/m2, solar spectrum of AM 1.5 and module temperature at 25°C. The actual voltage
and current output of the module changes as lighting, temperature and load conditions change,
so there is never one specific voltage, current, or wattage at which the module operates.
Performance varies depending on the time of day, amount of solar insolation, direction and
tilt of modules, cloud cover, shading, state of charge, temperature, geographic location, and
day of the year. The fluctuations in voltage and current can be logged with a multimeter or
data logger. For optimum performance, a solar panel needs to be made of similar modules
oriented in the same direction perpendicular to direct sunlight. The path of the sun varies by
latitude and day of the year and can be studied using a sundial or a sun chart and tracked using
a solar tracker. Differences in voltage or current of modules may affect the overall
performance of a panel. Bypass diodes are used to circumvent broken or shaded panels to
optimize output. Open circuit (VOC), short circuit current (ISC, measured in amperes),
maximum power voltage (VMPP), maximum power current (IMPP), peak power, (watt-peak,
Wp), and module efficiency (%).

Nominal voltage is a category to let users know if two pieces of equipment will work together.
For example, a 14V solar panel is compatible with a 14V battery bank. Open circuit voltage
or VOC is the maximum voltage that the module can produce when not connected to an
electrical circuit or system. VOC can be measured with a voltmeter directly on an illuminated
module's terminals or on its disconnected cable. The peak power rating, Wp, is the maximum
output under standard test conditions (not the maximum possible output). Typical modules,
which could measure approximately 1 by 2 metres (3 ft × 7 ft), will be rated from as low as
75 W to as high as 350 W, depending on their efficiency. At the time of testing, the test
modules are binned according to their test results, and a typical manufacturer might rate their
modules in 5 W increments, and either rate them at +/- 3%, +/-5%, +3/-0% or +5/-0%. The
ability of solar modules to withstand damage by rain, hail, heavy snow load, and cycles of
heat and cold varies by manufacturer, although most solar panels on the U.S. market are UL
listed, meaning they have gone through testing to withstand hail. Many crystalline silicon
module manufacturers offer a limited warranty that guarantees electrical production for 10
years at 90% of rated power output and 25 years at 80%. Potential induced degradation (also
called PID) is a potential induced performance degradation in crystalline photovoltaic
modules, caused by so-called stray currents. This effect may cause power loss of up to 30%.

23
The largest challenge for photovoltaic technology is said to be the purchase price per watt of
electricity produced. New materials and manufacturing techniques continue to improve the
price to power performance. The problem resides in the enormous activation energy that must
be overcome for a photon to excite an electron for harvesting purposes. Advancements in
photovoltaic technologies have brought about the process of "doping" the silicon substrate to
lower the activation energy thereby making the panel more efficient in converting photons to
retrievable electrons. Chemicals such as boron (p-type) are applied into the semiconductor
crystal in order to create donor and acceptor energy levels substantially closer to the valence
and conductor bands. In doing so, the addition of boron impurity allows the activation energy
to decrease twenty-fold from 1.12 eV to 0.05 eV. Since the potential difference (EB) is so
low, the Boron is able to thermally ionize at room temperatures. This allows for free energy
carriers in the conduction and valence bands thereby allowing greater conversion of photons
to electrons [13].

3.3.5 Maintenance

Solar panel conversion efficiency, typically in the 20% range, is reduced by dust, grime, pollen,
and other particulates that accumulate on the solar panel. "A dirty solar panel can reduce its
power capabilities by up to 30% in high dust/pollen or desert areas", says Seamus Curran,
associate professor of physics at the University of Houston and director of the Institute for
Nano Energy, which specializes in the design, engineering, and assembly of nanostructures.
Paying to have solar panels cleaned is often not a good investment; researchers found panels
that had not been cleaned, or rained on, for 145 days during a summer drought in California,
lost only 7.4% of their efficiency. Overall, for a typical residential solar system of 5 kW,
washing panels halfway through the summer would translate into a mere $20 gain in electricity
production until the summer drought ends—in about 2 ½ months. For larger commercial
rooftop systems, the financial losses are bigger but still rarely enough to warrant the cost of
washing the panels. On average, panels lost a little less than 0.05% of their overall efficiency
per day. There may also be occupational hazards of solar panel installation and maintenance.
But birds nests and other debris that can get lodged under them that can cause disruption to the
system and potentially fire if there are any loose connections or just generally degrade over
time.

24
Recycling

Most parts of a solar module can be recycled including up to 95% of certain semiconductor
materials or the glass as well as large amounts of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Some private
companies and non-profit organizations are currently engaged in take-back and recycling
operations for end-of-life modules [14].

Recycling possibilities depend on the kind of technology used in the modules

Silicon based modules: aluminum frames and junction boxes are dismantled manually at the
beginning of the process. The module is then crushed in a mill and the different fractions are
separated - glass, plastics and metals. It is possible to recover more than 80% of the incoming
weight. This process can be performed by flat glass recyclers since morphology and
composition of a PV module is similar to those flat glasses used in the building and
automotive industry. The recovered glass, for example, is readily accepted by the glass foam
and glass insulation industry. Non-silicon-based modules: they require specific recycling
technologies such as the use of chemical baths in order to separate the different semiconductor
materials. For cadmium telluride modules, the recycling process begins by crushing the
module and subsequently separating the different fractions. This recycling process is designed
to recover up to 90% of the glass and 95% of the semiconductor materials contained. Some
commercial-scale recycling facilities have been created in recent years by private companies.
For aluminum flat plate reflector: the trendiness of the reflectors has been brought up by
fabricating them using a thin layer (around 0.016 mm to 0.024 mm) of Aluminum coating
present inside the non-recycled plastic food packages [15].Since 2010, there is an annual
European conference bringing together manufacturers, recyclers and researchers to look at the future
of PV module recycling. EU law requires manufacturers to ensure their solar panels are recycled
properly. Similar legislation is underway in Japan, India, and [16].

25
3.3.6 Mounting And Tracking

Solar modules mounted on solar trackers

Fig 3.8 Workers install residential rooftop solar panel

Ground-mounted photovoltaic systems are usually large, utility-scale solar power plants.
Their solar modules are held in place by racks or frames that are attached to ground-based
mounting supports. Ground based mounting supports include:

 Pole mounts, which are driven directly into the ground or embedded in concrete.
 Foundation mounts, such as concrete slabs or poured footings
 Ballasted footing mounts, such as concrete or steel bases that use weight to secure the solar
module system in position and do not require ground penetration. This type of mounting
system is well suited for sites where excavation is not possible such as capped landfills and
simplifies decommissioning or relocation of solar module systems [17].

Roof-mounted solar power systems consist of solar modules held in place by racks or frames
attached to roof-based mounting supports. Roof-based mounting supports include:

26
 Rail mounts, which are attached directly to the roof structure and may use additional rails
for attaching the module racking or frames.

 Ballasted footing mounts, such as concrete or steel bases that use weight to secure the panel

system in position and do not require through penetration. This mounting method allows for
decommissioning or relocation of solar panel systems with no adverse effect on the roof
structure.

 All wiring connecting adjacent solar modules to the energy harvesting equipment must be
installed according to local electrical codes and should be run in a conduit appropriate for the
climate conditions [18].

Solar trackers increase the energy produced per module at the cost of mechanical complexity
and increased need for maintenance. They sense the direction of the Sun and tilt or rotate the
modules as needed for maximum exposure to the light. Alternatively, fixed racks hold
modules stationary throughout the day at a given tilt (zenith angle) and facing a given
direction (azimuth angle). Tilt angles equivalent to an installation's latitude are common.
Some systems may also adjust the tilt angle based on the time of year. Similarly, to
maximize total energy output, modules are often oriented to face south (in the Northern
Hemisphere) or north (in the Southern Hemisphere). On the other hand, east- and west-
facing arrays (covering an east–west facing roof, for example) may also be useful. Even
though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power
output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak
demand.

27
Applications

There are many practical applications for the use of solar panels or photovoltaics. It can first
be used in agriculture as a power source for irrigation. In health care solar panels can be used
to refrigerate medical supplies. It can also be used for infrastructure. PV modules are used in
photovoltaic systems and include a large variety of electric devices:

 Photovoltaic power stations

 Rooftop solar PV systems
 Solar boat
 Solar hybrid power systems
 Concentrated photovoltaics
 Solar planes
 Solar-powered water purification
 Solar-pumped lasers
 Solar vehicles
 Solar panels on spacecrafts and space stations

3.4 Battery

A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections
for powering electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a
battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative
terminal is the anode. The terminal marked negative is the source of electrons that will flow
through an external electric circuit to the positive terminal. When a battery is connected to an
external electric load, a redox reaction converts high-energy reactants to lower-energy
products, and the free-energy difference is delivered to the external circuit as electrical
energy. Historically the term "battery" specifically referred to a device composed of multiple
cells, however the usage has evolved to include devices composed of a single cell [19].

28
Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded, as the electrode
materials are irreversibly changed during discharge; a common example is the alkaline battery
used for flashlights and a multitude of portable electronic devices. Secondary (rechargeable)
batteries can be discharged and recharged multiple times using an applied electric current; the
original composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples include the
lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics such as
laptops and mobile phones.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power hearing aids and
wristwatches to small, thin cells used in smartphones, to large lead acid batteries or lithium-ion
batteries in vehicles, and at the largest extreme, huge battery banks the size of rooms that provide
standby or emergency power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers. Batteries have
much lower specific energy (energy per unit mass) than common fuels such as gasoline. In
automobiles, this is somewhat offset by the higher efficiency of electric motors in converting
chemical energy to mechanical work, compared to combustion engines. Batteries convert
chemical energy directly to electrical energy. In many cases, the electrical energy released is the
difference in the cohesive or bond energies of the metals, oxides, or molecules undergoing the
electrochemical reaction. For instance, energy can be stored in Zn or Li, which are high-energy
metals because they are not stabilized by d-electron bonding, unlike transition metals. Batteries
are designed such that the energetically favorable redox reaction can occur only if electrons move
through the external part of the circuit.

A battery consists of some number of voltaic cells. Each cell consists of two half-cells
connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing metal cations. One half-cell
includes electrolyte and the negative electrode, the electrode to which anions (negatively
charged ions) migrate; the other half-cell includes electrolyte and the positive electrode, to
which cations (positively charged ions) migrate. Cations are reduced (electrons are added) at
the cathode while metal atoms are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. Some cells
use different electrolytes for each half-cell; then a separator is used to prevent mixing of the
electrolytes while allowing ions to flow between half-cells to complete the electrical circuit
[20].

29
Each half-cell has an electromotive force (emf, measured in volts) relative to a standard. The
net emf of the cell is the difference between the emfs of its half-cells. Thus, if the electrodes
have emfs and , then the net emf is ; in other words, the net emf is the difference between the
reduction potentials of the half-reactions. The electrical driving force or across the terminals
of a cell is known as the terminal voltage (difference) and is measured in volts. The terminal
voltage of a cell that is neither charging nor discharging is called the open-circuit voltage and
equals the emf of the cell. Because of internal resistance, the terminal voltage of a cell that is
discharging is smaller in magnitude than the open-circuit voltage and the terminal voltage of
a cell that is charging exceeds the open-circuit voltage. An ideal cell has negligible internal
resistance, so it would maintain a constant terminal voltage of until exhausted, then dropping
to zero. If such a cell maintained 1.5 volts and produce a charge of one coulomb then on
complete discharge it would have performed 1.5 joules of work. In actual cells, the internal
resistance increases under discharge and the open-circuit voltage also decreases under
discharge. If the voltage and resistance are plotted against time, the resulting graphs typically
are a curve; the shape of the curve varies according to the chemistry and internal arrangement
employed.
The voltage developed across a cell's terminals depends on the energy release of the chemical
reactions of its electrodes and electrolyte. Alkaline and zinc–carbon cells have different
chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.5 volts; likewise NiCd and NiMH cells have
different chemistries, but approximately the same emf of 1.2 volts. The high electrochemical
potential changes in the reactions of lithium compounds give lithium cells emfs of 3 volts or
more.

3.4.1 Solid-State Batteries

On 28 February 2017, the University of Texas at Austin issued a press release about a new type of solid-
state battery, developed by a team led by lithium-ion battery inventor John Goodenough, "that could lead
to safer, faster-charging, longer-lasting rechargeable batteries for handheld mobile devices, electric cars
and stationary energy storage".[68] More specifics about the new technology were published in the peer-
reviewed scientific journal Energy & Environmental Science. Independent reviews of the technology
discuss the risk of fire and explosion from lithium-ion batteries under certain conditions because they use
liquid electrolytes. The newly developed battery should be safer since it uses glass electrolytes that should
eliminate short circuits. The solid-state battery is also said to have "three times the energy density",
increasing its useful life in electric vehicles, for example. It should also be more ecologically sound since
the technology uses less expensive, earth-friendly

30
materials such as sodium extracted from seawater. They also have much longer life; "the cells
have demonstrated more than 1,200 cycles with low cell resistance". The research and prototypes
are not expected to lead to a commercially viable product in the near future, if ever, according to
Chris Robinson of LUX Research. "This will have no tangible effect on electric vehicle adoption
in the next 15 years, if it does at all. A key hurdle that many solid-state electrolytes face is lack of
a scalable and cost-effective manufacturing process," he told The American Energy News in an e-
mail [21].

3.4.2 Homemade cells

Almost any liquid or moist object that has enough ions to be electrically conductive can serve
as the electrolyte for a cell. As a novelty or science demonstration, it is possible to insert two
electrodes made of different metals into a lemon, potato, etc. and generate small amounts of
electricity. "Two-potato clocks" are also widely available in hobby and toy stores; they consist
of a pair of cells, each consisting of a potato (lemon, et cetera) with two electrodes inserted
into it, wired in series to form a battery with enough voltage to power a digital clock.
Homemade cells of this kind are of no practical use. A voltaic pile can be made from two
coins (such as a nickel and a penny) and a piece of paper towel dipped in salt water. Such a
pile generates a very low voltage but, when many are stacked in series, they can replace
normal batteries for a short time. Sony has developed a biological battery that generates
electricity from sugar in a way that is similar to the processes observed in living organisms.
The battery generates electricity through the use of enzymes that break down carbohydrates.
Lead acid cells can easily be manufactured at home, but a tedious charge/discharge cycle is
needed to 'form' the plates. This is a process in which lead sulfate forms on the plates and,
during charge, is converted to lead dioxide (positive plate) and pure lead (negative plate).
Repeating this process results in a microscopically rough surface, increasing the surface area,
increasing the current the cell can deliver [22].

Daniell cells are easy to make at home. Aluminum–air batteries can be produced with high-
purity aluminum. Aluminum foil batteries will produce some electricity, but are not efficient,
in part because a significant amount of (combustible) hydrogen gas is produced. The emission
of these photons occurs when the diode junction is forward biased by an external voltage
allowing current to flow across its junction, and in Electronics we call this process
electroluminescence.

31
3.5 DC Gear motor

A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current electrical
energy into mechanical energy. The most common types rely on the forces produced by
magnetic fields. Nearly all types of DC motors have some internal mechanism, either
electromechanical or electronic, to periodically change the direction of current in part of the
motor.

DC motors were the first form of motor widely used, as they could be powered from existing
direct-current lighting power distribution systems. A DC motor's speed can be controlled over
a wide range, using either a variable supply voltage or by changing the strength of current in
its field windings. Small DC motors are used in tools, toys, and appliances. The universal
motor can operate on direct current but is a lightweight brushed motor used for portable power
tools and appliances. Larger DC motors are currently used in propulsion of electric vehicles,
elevator and hoists, and in drives for steel rolling mills. The advent of power electronics has
made replacement of DC motors with AC motors possible in many applications.

Fig 3.9 DC Gear Motor

3.5.1 Electromagnetic motors

A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned
with the center of the coil. The direction and magnitude of the magnetic field produced by
the coil can be changed with the direction and magnitude of the current flowing through it.

32
A simple DC motor has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with one or
more windings of insulated wire wrapped around a soft iron core that concentrates the
magnetic field. The windings usually have multiple turns around the core, and in large motors
there can be several parallel current paths. The ends of the wire winding are connected to a
commutator. The commutator allows each armature coil to be energized in turn and connects
the rotating coils with the external power supply through brushes. (Brushless DC motors have
electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no brushes.)

The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate
the strength of the electromagnetic field created.

The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective
electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic
field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the
magnets (permanent or electromagnets) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a
torque on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields
use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor.
At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air.

Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide
different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be
controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The introduction of variable
resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors
are often controlled by power electronics systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the
DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage.

Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is often used in
traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. The DC motor was the mainstay
of electric traction drives on both electric and diesel-electric locomotives, street-cars/trams
and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The introduction of DC motors and an
electrical grid system to run machinery starting in the 1870s started a new second Industrial
Revolution. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive
power for the first electric vehicles and today's hybrid cars and electric cars as well as driving
a host of cordless tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and
disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC
33
motors with separately excited fields were generally used with winder drives for mine hoists,
for high torque as well as smooth speed control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced
with large AC motors with variable frequency drives. If external mechanical power is applied
to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a dynamo. This feature is used to slow down and
recharge batteries on hybrid and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid
used on a street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This process is
called regenerative braking on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they
also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks.
Newer designs are adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy.

3.5.2 Brushed DC Electric Motor

The brushed DC electric motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the
motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (permanent or electromagnets), and
rotating electromagnets [21].
Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple
control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high
intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon brushes and springs
which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These
components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the
spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor.

Brushes are usually made of graphite or carbon, sometimes with added dispersed copper to
improve conductivity. In use, the soft brush material wears to fit the diameter of the
commutator, and continues to wear. A brush holder has a spring to maintain pressure on the
brush as it shortens. For brushes intended to carry more than an ampere or two, a flying lead
will be molded into the brush and connected to the motor terminals. Very small brushes may
rely on sliding contact with a metal brush holder to carry current into the brush, or may rely
on a contact spring pressing on the end of the brush. The brushes in very small, short-lived
motors, such as are used in toys, may be made of a folded strip of metal that contacts the
commutator

34
3.5.2 Brushless

Typical brushless DC motors use one or more permanent magnets in the rotor and
electromagnets on the motor housing for the stator. A motor controller converts DC to AC.
This design is mechanically simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the
complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor. The motor
controller can sense the rotor's position via Hall effect sensors or similar devices and can
precisely control the timing, phase, etc., of the current in the rotor coils to optimize torque,
conserve power, regulate speed, and even apply some braking. Advantages of brushless
motors include long life span, little or no maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages
include high initial cost, and more complicated motor speed controllers. Some such brushless
motors are sometimes referred to as "synchronous motors" although they have no external
power supply to be synchronized with, as would be the case with normal AC synchronous
motors.

3.6 Conveyor Belt

A conveyor belt is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system (often shortened to belt
conveyor). A belt conveyor system is one of many types of conveyor systems. A belt
conveyor system consists of two or more pulleys (sometimes referred to as drums), with a
closed loop of carrying medium the conveyor belt that rotates about them. One or both of the
pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered
pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler pulley. There
are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such
as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used
to transport large volumes of resources and agricultural materials, such as grain, salt,
coal, ore, sand, overburden and more.

Overview
Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and
warehousing, as well as manufacturing and production facilities. In combination with
computer-controlled pallet handling equipment this allows for more efficient retail,
wholesale, and manufacturing distribution. It is considered a labor-saving system that allows
large volumes to move rapidly through a process, allowing companies to ship or receive
higher volumes with smaller storage space and with less labor expense.
35
Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most
versatile and the least expensive. Products are conveyed directly on the belt so both regular
and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully.
Belt conveyors are also manufactured with curved sections that use tapered rollers and curved
belting to convey products around a corner. These conveyor systems are commonly used in
postal sorting offices and airport baggage handling systems.

Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with
rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to convey
items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers (e.g. a
sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag between rollers. The belt is looped
around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the
belting slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications,
the beds in which the belting is pulled over are replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight
to be conveyed as they reduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on
the belting. The exception to the standard belt conveyor construction is the Sandwich Belt
conveyor. The Sandwich Belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, instead of one. These two
conventional conveyor belts are positioned face to face, to firmly contain the items being
carried in a "sandwich-like" hold.

Fig 3.10 Conveyor Belt

36
Belt conveyors can be used to transport products in a straight line or through changes in
elevation or direction. For conveying Bulk Materials like Grains, Ore, Coal, Sand etc., over
gentle slopes or gentle curvatures, a troughed belt conveyor is used. The trough of the belt
ensures that the flowable material is contained within the edges of the belt. The trough is
achieved by keeping the idler rollers in an angle to the horizontal at the sides of the idler
frame. A Pipe Conveyor is used for material travel paths that require sharper bends and
inclines up to 35 degrees. A pipe conveyor features the edges of the belt being rolled together
to form a circular section like a pipe. Like a Troughed Belt Conveyor, a Pipe Conveyor also
uses idler rollers. However, in this case, the idler frame completely surrounds the conveyor
belt helping it to retain the pipe section while pushing it forward. In the case of travel paths
requiring high angles and snake-like curvatures, a Sandwich Belt is used. The sandwich belt
design enables materials carried to travel along a path of high inclines up to 90-degree angles,
enabling a vertical path as opposed to a horizontal one. This transport option is also powered
by idlers.

Other important components of the Belt Conveying System apart from the Pulleys and Idler
rollers include the Drive Arrangement of reducer Gear Boxes, Drive motors, and associated
couplings. Scrapers to clean the belt, Chutes for controlling the discharge direction, Skirts for
containing the discharge on the receiving belt, Take Up assembly for "tensioning" the belt
and Technological Structures like Stringer, Short Post, Drive Frames, Pulley Frames make
up the balance items to complete the Belt Conveying system. In certain applications, Belt
conveyors can also be used for static accumulation or cartons.

3.6.1 Applications
Today there are different types of conveyor belts that have been created for conveying
different kinds of material available in PVC and rubber materials. Material flowing over the
belt may be weighed in transit using a belt weigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions,
known as elevator belts, are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt
Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks. Belt conveyor
technology is also used in conveyor transport such as moving sidewalks or escalators, as well
as on many manufacturing assembly lines. Stores often have conveyor belts at the check-out
counter to move shopping items, and may use checkout dividers in this process. Ski areas also
use conveyor belts to transport skiers up the hill. Industrial and manufacturing applications
for belt conveyors include package handling, trough belt conveyors, trash handling, bag
handling, coding conveyors, and more. Integration of Human-Machine Interface (HMI) to
37
operate the conveyor system is in the developing stages and will prove to be an efficient
innovation. Some of the major global conveyor belt manufacturers and service providers are
Bergdorf AG Continental AG, Fener plc, Kale Conveyor, Terra Nova Technologies,
ThyssenKrupp, HESE Maschinenfabrik GmbH and Tenova Takraf.

Friction

Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efficiency, to reduce wear and to facilitate
extended use at high speeds and to avoid overheating and premature failure of the bearing.
Essentially, a bearing can reduce friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by
introducing and containing a fluid between surfaces or by separating the surfaces with an
electromagnetic field.

 By shape, gains advantage usually by using spheres or rollers, or by forming flexure

bearings.
 By material, exploits the nature of the bearing material used. (An example would be using
plastics that have low surface friction.)
 By fluid, exploits the low viscosity of a layer of fluid, such as a lubricant or as a pressurized

medium to keep the two solid parts from touching, or by reducing the normal force between
them.
 By fields, exploits electromagnetic fields, such as magnetic fields, to keep solid parts from
touching.
 Air pressure exploits air pressure to keep solid parts from touching.

Combinations of these can even be employed within the same bearing. An example of this is
where the cage is made of plastic, and it separates the rollers/balls, which reduce friction by
their shape and finish

3.7 Voltage Regulator

The 7805 is a voltage regulator that outputs +5 volts. Like most other regulators in the market, it
is a three-pin IC; input pin for accepting incoming DC voltage, ground pin for establishing ground
for the regulator, and output pin that supplies the positive 5 volts.

38
 Fig 3.11 Voltage Regulator

3.8 Motor Driven IC LN293D

Motor Driver’s IC is use to control the speed and direction of two motors simultaneously with
help of command from microcontroller or any other logical inputs. A motor driver usually takes
low current inputs from microcontroller (MCU) and amplify the current to drive the motor
connected to it. Here transistor is act as a switch and control the direction of motor. H bridge circuit
allows the voltage to be applied in any direction and thus allow to control the direction of the
motor L293D is a 16 pin IC with two half-H bridge driver, which allow us to control two motor
simultaneously

Fig3.12 Motor Driver’s IC LN293D

39
3.8.1 Motor Driven IC L298N
The L298N is a dual H-Bridge motor driver which allows speed and direction control of two DC
motors at the same time. The module can drive DC motors that have voltages between 5 and 35V,
with a peak current up to 2A. ... This depends on the voltage used at the motors VCC

Fig3.13 Motor Driven IC L298N

3.9 RF 315 MHz Wireless Remote

Controller

An RF module (short for radio-frequency

module) is a (usually) small electronic device
used to transmit and/or receive radio signals
between two devices. ... RF communications
incorporate a transmitter and a receiver. They
are of various types and ranges. Some can
transmit up to 500 feet

40
Chapter 04
Results

41
4.1 Circuit Diagram

Fig 4.1 Circuit Diagram

4.2 Hardware

Calculation Base

Frame
Material : PVC sunsheet
Length : 400mm
Width :200mm
Thickness :5mm
42
Shaft
Material : Plastic
Length:200mm
Diameter:5mm

Garbage Collecting Tray

Length: 80mm
Width: 60mm
Depth: 10mm

Timing Belt
Timing Belt Number: T5-180

Conveyor Belt
Length: 145mm
Width:120mm
Thickness:3mm

Battery
 Lithium-ion Battery
 Voltage: 5V
 Capacity: 2000mAh

PV Cell
 Maximum Power (Pmp) : 8WP

 Voltage At Maximum Power : 5

43
4.3 Hardware Picture

Fig 4.2 Total System

Fig 4.3 Solar Cell and Total System

44
 Chapter 05
Conclusion & Future Work

45
5.1 Discussion

The project consists of a motor operated water wheel to run the project. It has four DC Motor
of 5V. The device which runs the project is chain drive coupled having collecting plate. The
project consists of two main shafts balancing and hoisting the sprocket of chain drive. The
components are rest on frame serve as main body of the project. The steel pipe with pressurize
air generates pressure head to run the project on water surface. The fabricated storage box is
used to store the waste fulfilling the purpose of the project.

5.2 Advantage

 It is a non-conventional river cleaning system.

 Its initial & maintenance cost is low.
 Skill Worker not required to drive the system.
 Environment friendly system.
 Easy in operation.

5.3 Application

 It is applicable to reduce water pollution in rivers & surface water area.

 It is useful to remove the sediments present in swimming pool to keep it clean.
 It is useful to remove the drain garbage.

46
 Suggestion for Future Work

In future this project can be improved to sort more categories of waste. In this system we can
use advance conveyor system and conveyor material for increasing the efficiency of
collection of garbage. We can use the solar panel for providing power to the boat instead of
battery operation. To modify the size of boat according to its waste collecting capacity can be
increased. This project makes only for small lake, by doing some modification in its size and
capacity it can be used in big lake and river like Buriganga river.

Conclusion

This project is fabricated on the basis of literature and research on different journal and paper
relevantly available and fabricated in accordance so it can provides flexibility in operation.
This innovation is easy and less costly and has lot of room to grow more economical. This
project “Solar Powered Automatic Water Surface Garbage Cleaner” is designed with the
hope that it is very much economical and helpful to water surface cleaning. On the basis of
its design and estimating cost and availability it is very cheap and very useful for the society.
On Calculating and Experimenting the result are very satisfactory. Given motor has a power
of 20 watt having 2 ampere/hour and providing battery of 2 ampere/ hour, it is estimated that
project can work up to 4 hour 10 min on its full capacity but on real time working as seen the
project can work up to 45 min, after that it is required to charge the battery again. This
drawback can be overcome easily by using high power battery. On the basis of these results
we can conclude that it is an innovative method of minimizing manual stress and thus very
much reliable.

47
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