PARUL UNIVERSITY

Faculty Of Engineering & Technology

Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities
1st year [Link] Programme (All branches)
Mathematics-II (Subject Code :303191151)
UNIT-6 Multivariable Calculus (Integration)

Double Integration as Iterated Integration:

Double integration is evaluated as iterated integration,
x =b y = g 2 ( x )
e.g. (i)  
x = a y = g1 ( x )
f ( x, y) dy dx ,
We first integrate it with respect to y and then we integrate with respect to x.
x =b y = g 2 ( x )

x =by= g2 ( x)
f ( x, y ) dy  dx
 
x = a y = g1 ( x )
f ( x, y ) dy dx =   
x = a  y = g1 ( x ) 
y =d x =h2 ( y )
(ii)  
y =c x= h 1( y )
f ( x, y) dx dy
We first integrate it with respect to x and then with respect to y
y = d x = h2 ( y ) y =d
 x = h2 ( y ) f ( x, y ) dy  dx
 
y =c x = h1 ( y )
f ( x, y ) dx dy = 
y =c  x = h1 ( y ) 
Evaluate the following double integrations:

2 2 1
Example: 1 Evaluate∫1 ∫1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
𝑥𝑦
21 21
= ∫1 𝑦 (∫1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥)𝑑𝑦

21
= ∫1 𝑦 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥]12 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2[𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦]12
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 × 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
= (𝑙𝑜𝑔2)2
𝜋⁄ 2
2
Example:2 Evaluate∫0 ∫1 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 .

𝜋⁄
=∫0 2 𝑦[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦]2 1 𝑑𝑦
1𝑦
𝜋⁄
=∫0 2[−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦]12 𝑑𝑦
𝜋⁄ 𝜋⁄
=− ∫0 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫0 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦
 1 𝜋⁄
2
=[− 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦]0

=1

Examples:
𝟐 𝟒
1) ∫𝟏 ∫𝟑 (𝒙𝒚 + 𝒆𝒚 )𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
2) ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 (𝒆𝒚/𝒙 )𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
3) ∫𝟎 ∫𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝟑 𝟏
4) ∫𝟏 ∫𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝝅⁄ 𝟐
𝟐
5) ∫𝟎 ∫𝟎 𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒚𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚

Example 1:
 (x )
+ y 2 dA , where R is the region bounded by the line y = 2 x and the
2
Evaluate the
R
parabola y = x 2 .
Ans: (
I=  x 2 + y 2 dA )
R
4 𝑦
= ∫0 ∫𝑦√ (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2
y
 x3 
=
4
 + xy 2  dy
0
 3 y
2

 3

y4 5
13 y 3 
2
= +y −
2
 dy
0 
3 24
 
4
 52 7

 2y 2 y 2 13 y 4  216
= + −  =
 15 7 96  35
 0

OR
 ( x + y dA )
2 2

R
2 𝑥2
= ∫0 ∫2𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
x2

2
y3 
=   x 2 y +  dx
0
3 2x
2
 x 6 14x 3 
=   x 4 + −  dx
0
3 3 
2
 x5 x7 7x4 
=  + −  = − 216.
 5 21 6  0 35

Example 2: Evaluate ∬𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴, where R is the region bounded by the lines y = x, y =  , x = 0.
 𝜋 𝑦
∫0 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

( )
=  y sin y 2 dy
0

Suppose y 2 = t
dt
 ydy =
2
𝜋2 𝑑𝑡
= ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 2
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 𝜋 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 2 )
= (− ) = .
2 0 2
Example 3: Compute the double integral of the function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 6 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦 over the region bounded
by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and y = 2 – x in the x-y plane.
1 2−𝑥
=∫0 ∫𝑥 2 (6 − 𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2− x

( )
1
=  6 y − xy + y 2
dx
0 2
x
1
=  (16 − 12𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
0
523
= 60

Example:4 Evaluate  xy dA , where R is the region bounded x-axis, the ordinates x=2a and the curve x2=4ay.
R
Limits of y are y = 0 to y = x2/4a and the limits of x
x2
2a 4a
are x=0 and x=2a  xy dA =   xydydx
R 0 0

2𝑎 𝑥 2⁄
=∫0 [𝑥𝑦 ]0 4𝑎 dx
2

2𝑎 𝑥 5
=∫0 2×16𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
2𝑎
1 𝑥6
= 32𝑎2 [ 6 ]
0
𝑎4
= 3

Examples:
sin x
Example: Evaluate  dA , where R is a triangle in the xy-plane bounded by the by x-axis, the lines y=x
R
x
and x=1.
3
Example: Evaluate  ( x + y)dA , where R is bounded by the by x=0, x=2, y = x, y = x+2.
R

( )
1 x
Example: Evaluate   x 2 + y 2 dA , where dA indicates small area in xy-plane.
0 0

Change of Order:
The change of order often makes the evaluation of double integration easier e.g. in example 2 in previous section,
 

  sin (y )dy dx will be evaluated on reversing the order of integration.

2

0 x

In double integral with constant limits, the order of integration is immaterial provided the limits of integration are
changed accordingly. But in case of double integral with variable limits, the limits of the integration changes with
the change of order of integration. The new limits are obtained by sketching the region of integration. Sometime
in changing the order of integration, it is required to split up the region of integration, and the given integral is
expressed as the sum of number of double integrals with the changed limits.

Example 1 a a
xdxdy
Change the order of integration in  x
0 y
2
+ y2
, and evaluate the same

From the limits of integration, it is

clear that the region of integration is
bounded by y=x, x=a and y= a.
Thus, the region of integration as
shown in figure. Draw vertical strip.
So new limits of integration are
Limits of x: from y=0to y=x
Limits of y: from x=0 to x=a

a x
xdydx
 x
0 0
2
+ y2
x
1  y 
a
=  x tan −1    dx
0 
x  x 0
a

= dx
0
4
 a
= (x )0
4
a
=
4

Example 2: 4 a 2 az
Change the order of integration in the following integral and evaluate   dy dx
0 x2
4a
 After changing the order, new limits
are
y2
From x = to x = 2 ax
4a
From y = 0 to y = 4a
4a 2 ay

  dx dy
0 y2
4a
4a
=  (x )
2 ay
y2
dy
0 4a

4a
y2 
=   2 ay − dy
0
4a 
4a
 3

 4 ay2 y3 
= − 
 3 12a 
 0
2
16a
=
3

Example 3 𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥
Change the order of integration ∫0 ∫𝑥2 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 and hence evaluate it .
𝑎
𝑥2
Sol: Given limits 𝑦 = to 𝑦 = 2𝑎 − 𝑥and 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎.
𝑎

Take horizontal strip to change of

integration .
Region is divided in to two sub
regions 𝑂𝐴𝐵&𝐴𝐵𝐶.
In Region OAB
X varies from 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜𝑥 = √𝑎𝑦 ,
𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜𝑦 = 𝑎.
In Region ABC
X varies from 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜𝑥 = 2𝑎 − 𝑦,
𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑦 = 2𝑎.

𝑎 2𝑎−𝑥 𝑎 √𝑎𝑦 2𝑎 2a−y

∫ ∫2 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + ∫ ∫ 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
0 𝑦=0 𝑥=0 𝑦=𝑎 𝑥=0
𝑎
𝑎𝑦 2𝑎−𝑦
𝑎 𝑥2 √ 2𝑎 𝑥2
= ∫𝑦=0 𝑦 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑦=𝑎 𝑦 [ 2 ] dy
0 0
𝑎 𝑦2 2𝑎 (2𝑎−𝑦)2
= ∫𝑦=0 𝑎 𝑑𝑦 + ∫𝑦=𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑎
𝑎 𝑦3 1 2𝑎
= 2 [ 3 ] + 2 ∫𝑦=0(4𝑎2 𝑦 − 4 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦
0
2𝑎
𝑎4 1 4 𝑦4
= + 2 [2𝑎2 𝑦 2 − 3 𝑎𝑦 3 + ]
6 4 𝑎

5
 3𝑎4
= 8

Examples:
2 4−x2 xe2y 1
1. Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 dydx by changing the order of integration. Ans: 4 e8 − 1.
4−y
2 1 2
2. Evaluate ∫0 ∫y ex dxdy by changing the order of integration. Ans: e − 1.
2

Evaluation of Double integral in Polar Co-ordinates (Applications)

To evaluate the double integral  f (r , )dr d over the region R bounded by the curves r = a , r = b and the
straight lines  =  and  =  . First integrate with respect to r and  .


Example 1: Evaluate r 3 dr d , over the area bounded between the circles r = 2 cos and r = 4 cos .
R

2 4 cos 

  r drd
3

− 2 cos
2

2 4 cos
= 2  r
3
dr d
0 2 cos

4 cos
 r4 
2
= 2    d
0
4  2 cos

2
= 120 cos 4  d
0

3 1 
= 120   
4 2 2
45
=
2
rdr d
Example 2: Evaluate  R a +r
2 2
over one loop of lemniscates r 2 = a 2 cos 2 .

rdr d

R a2 + r 2

4 a cos 2
rdr d
=  
− 0 a2 + r 2
4
 
4 a cos 2
rdr d
= 2 
0 0 a2 + r 2


( )a cos 2
4
= 2 2 a 2 + r 2 0
0


(a )
4
= 4 2
+ a 2 cos 2 − a d
0

4
= 4a  (2 cos − 1) d
0

= 4a(2 sin  −  ) 4
0

 
= 4a  2 − 
 4
Example 3: Find the area of the region that lies inside the cardioid r = 1+ cos and the circle r = 1.
 rdrd
R

2 1+ cos 
= 2  rdrd
0 1

1+ cos
 r2 
2
= 2    d
0
2 1


 
2
=  (1 + cos ) − 1 d
2

0


( )
2
=  1 + 2 cos + cos 2  − 1 d
0


( )
2
=  2 cos + cos 2  d
0



2
1 + cos 2 
=   2 cos + d
0 
2

  sin 2  2
=  2 sin  + + 
 2 4 0

 
= 2 + 
 4

7
Examples:
Example -1 Find the area lying inside the circle 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and outside the cardioids 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃).
Example -2 Evaluate  r a 2 − r 2 dr d , over the upper half of the circle 𝑟 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.
R

Change into Polar Form:

1 1− x 2

 e
−( x 2
+ y2 )
Example:1 Change the cartesian integral dy dx into an equivalent polar integral.
0 0

Polar equation of x2+y2=1 is r2=1 ∴ r = 1

r varies from r = 0 to r = 1
𝜋
𝜃 varies from 𝜃 = 0 to 𝜃 = 2
𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 , 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∴ x2+y2= r2


1 1− x 2 21

 e   e r dr d
−( x 2 + y 2 ) −( r )
2
dy dx =
0 0 0 0


e −t
21
=  dt d
0 0
2


 − e 
2
1
= −t 1
0 d
2 0


 − e 
2
1
d
−1 1
= + e0 0
2 0

− e −1 + 1  2
=  0
2
− e −1 + 1 
= 
2 2
 (e − 1)
=
4e

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2
EXAMPLE 2: Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 by changing into polar co-ordinates.
Solution :

𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 and 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ∴ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = r 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

Given limits are 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 and 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎.
𝑦 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
Then𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
Polar equation of given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 ∴ 𝑟 = 𝑎 ;
𝜋
Polar equation of the line 𝑥 = 0 is 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 then 𝜃 = 2 ,
Polar equation of the line 𝑦 = 0 is 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0 then 𝜃 = 0 ,
𝜋
New limits for 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎, then 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 2 .
𝜋
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎
∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 ∫0 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑 𝜃
𝜋 𝑎
𝑟4
= ∫02 [ 4 ] 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
𝑎4 𝜋𝑎4
= 4 [𝜃]0 = 2
.
8

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑦 2
Example 3: Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by changing into polar coordinate.
Solution: Given limits 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = √𝑎2 − 𝑦 2 and 𝑦 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑎.
Polar equation of given circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 ∴ 𝑟 = 𝑎 ;
𝜋
limits for 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎, then 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 2 .

9
 𝜋
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑦 2 𝑎
2
2 √𝑥 2
∫ ∫ 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑟. 𝑟. 𝑑𝑟 𝑑 𝜃
0 0 0 0

𝜋
𝑎
=∫02 ∫0 𝑟 4 sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝑟 𝑑 𝜃

𝜋 𝑎
𝑥5
= ∫02 [ 5 ] sin2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
𝑎5 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= ∫0 (2 )𝑑𝜃
5 2
𝜋
𝑎5 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 2
= 10 [𝜃 − ]
2 0

𝑎5 𝜋
= 10 ( 2 − 0)

𝜋𝑎5
= 20

Example:

2𝑎 √2𝑎𝑥−𝑥2
1) Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2𝑎 √2𝑥−𝑥 2 𝑥
2) Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 √𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
1 √1−𝑦2
3) Evaluate ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

Triple Integrations

Evaluate the following triple integrations:

2 3 1 2 3 1  
1.    xyzdxdydz =      xyzdz  dx  dy
1 2 0 1  2  0  


2 3
 z2 1 
=    xy  dx  dy
1 
2  2  0 

1  
2 3
=    xydxdy
2 1 2 
3 2
1  x2  5  y 2  15
2 2
5
=  y  dy =  ydy =   =
2 1  2 2 41 4  2 1 8

1 2− x x − y
2.    dzdydx
0 0 0
 2− x
1 2− x 1 2− x 1
 y2  1
 (2 − x) 2 
=  z  =  x − ydydx =   xy −  dx =   x(2 − x ) −
x− y
0 dydx dx
0
0 1 0 1
2 0 0 
2 

   
1
1 1 1

1
=− 3x 2 − 8 x + 4 dx = − x 3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x 0 = −
20 2 2

[Link] of triple integrals yields a volume instead of an area.

Parallelepipeds (boxes) are summed rather than rectangles

2 2x y − x 2 2x 2 2x 2
 y2 
  dz dy dx =   z 0dy dx =   ( y − x ) dy dx =   − xy 
y−x 2x
x dx
1  
1 x 0 1 x 1 x
2
2 
( 2x ) − x  2x  −  x 2 − x  x   dx = 2 x 2 dx
2

=   1 2
1 
 2   2 
 
 
x3 2 8 1 7
= 1 = − =
6 6 6 6

Examples.
1 2 x+2
1    6 xzdxdydz
0 0 0

1 2x y
2    2 xyzdxdydz
0 0 0

3 1 1− z 2
3  ze
y
dxdydz
0 0 0

1 z y
4    ze − y dxdydz
2

0 0 0

1 y x
5    cos(x + y + z)dxdydz
0 0 0

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