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Module 2: Understanding Waste Generation and

Composition in Tourism Destinations
ASEAN – German Cooperation Project: “ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management
Enhancement (AMUSE)”
Dr. Guilberto Borongan and Mr. Bishal Bhari, AIT [Link]
1 August 2024

In cooperation with:
Outline
Introduction to Waste Generation in Tourism Destinations

Types and Sources of Waste in Tourism Destinations

Waste Wise Cities Tool (WaCT)

Methodologies for Waste Composition Studies

Challenges in Waste Composition Studies

Data Interpretation and Analysis

Page 2 07.08.2024 ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
 Introduction to Waste Generation
in Tourism Destinations

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 Waste Generation Per Capita

Source:“Kaza, Silpa; Yao, Lisa C.; Bhada-Tata, Perinaz; Van Woerden, Frank. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste
Management to 2050. Urban Development;. © Washington, DC: World Bank. [Link]

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ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
Waste Generation by Region
a. Share of waste generated, by region percent

Source:“Kaza, Silpa; Yao, Lisa C.; Bhada-Tata, Perinaz; Van Woerden, Frank. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste
Management to 2050. Urban Development;. © Washington, DC: World Bank. [Link]
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ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
Projected Waste Generation by Income Group

Source:“Kaza, Silpa; Yao, Lisa C.; Bhada-Tata, Perinaz; Van Woerden, Frank. 2018. What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste
Management to 2050. Urban Development;. © Washington, DC: World Bank. [Link]
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ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
 Major Issues in Municipal Solid Waste Management in ASEAN Member States

Country Major Issues References

Rapid urbanization, insufficient infrastructure, weak strategic planning, Yukalang, Clarke, & Ross,
Thailand
lack of public participation, flood-prone areas affecting landfill sites. 2017

Rapid economic development, population growth, inadequate

Malaysia infrastructure, and expertise, lack of holistic waste management, high Manaf, Samah, & Zukki, 2009
domestic waste generation.
High population growth, reliance on landfilling, lack of effective waste
Gadaleta, Notarnicola, & De
Vietnam treatment technologies, environmental impact of current waste
Gisi, 2023
management practices.
High organic waste content, inadequate waste collection services,
Indonesia significant informal sector involvement, insufficient infrastructure for Aleluia & Ferrão, 2016
waste treatment.
High waste generation due to urbanization and industrial development,
Philippines insufficient implementation of waste management policies, Gamao & Caelian, 2023
administrative and procedural challenges.

ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste

8/7/2024 Management Enhancement Page 7
Urban Waste Streams
Urban waste generation primarily consists of waste generated from residential, commercial and
institutional entities.

It includes food and other organic waste (e.g., from lawns and parks), recyclables (paper, plastic, glass,
metals), and inert materials (ash, sand, and construction and demolition waste).

These wastes are collectively referred to as municipal solid waste (MSW) although the working
definitions vary across countries.

Municipal Solid Waste includes waste generated from: households, commerce and trade, small
businesses, office buildings and institutions (schools, hospitals, government buildings). It also
includes bulky waste (e.g., white goods, old furniture, mattresses) and waste from selected
municipal services, e.g., waste from park and garden maintenance, waste from street cleaning
services (street sweepings, the content of litter containers, market cleansing waste), if managed
as waste. The definition excludes waste from municipal sewage network and treatment, municipal
construction and demolition waste.

Total MSW Generated by the City is the total MSW generated by the population and their economic
activities within the defined system boundary.
Source: Asia Waste Management Outlook, UNEP 2017; UN-Habitat, 2020

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The Management of Solid Waste

Reduce

Reuse

Recycle

Resource Recovery

Treatment

Dumping / Land Filling

 Characteristics of Urban Waste & Non-urban Waste

10 8/7/2024
Characteristics of Urban Waste & Non-urban Waste

11 8/7/2024
Relative risks and quantities estimated for key waste streams in
Asia

Source:Asia Waste Management Outlook, UNEP, 2017

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 Waste composition in selected ASEAN Member States

13 8/7/2024
Waste Generation in Tourism Destinations

• Tourism overconsumption leads to excessive waste pollution.

• Tourism waste includes sewage, chemicals from tourists, hotels, and transport.
• Festivals generate over 8 kg daily waste per person.
• The MICE industry produces significant waste, including fliers, food, disposables.
Blockage for the
Sustainable Practices in Hotels and Restaurants

• Use sustainable food packaging

• Reduce delivery carbon
emissions
• Minimize food waste
Baseline Data Collection
and Analysis
 Importance of Data Collection
• Developing ISWM Plan
• Generating comprehensive information on the quantity and type of
recyclable and recoverable materials (to prioritize recovery
opportunities)
• Developing baseline for continued measurement of system performance
• Generating information on the different sub streams of waste to design,
implement and monitor
• Providing comparison of waste composition and diversion
 Important factors
• Resources
– Cost of sample collection and analysis
– Technical expertise
– Laboratory facilities
– Sample collection and sorting equipment
• Considerations
– Health and environmental risks
– Seasonal variations
– Number & timings of sample collection
 Define Geo-Administrative Boundaries

Define Waste Generation Sectors

Road Map I Residential, Commercial, Healthcare, Laboratories, Industrial and Construction and
Demolition

Define
Municipal and Non-Municipal waste
Hazardous and Non-hazardous waste

Collect Information / Maps

Zoning, Demographic, Socio-economic characteristics, Waste generation rates, Primary data
on solid waste
 Road Map I
Select procedures
for data collection,
Analysis and
Presentation

Municipal Solid Industrial Solid Construction & Hazardous Solid

Waste Waste Demolition Waste Waste

Overall Data on Solid Waste Generation

 Data Collection
• Maps
• Demographic and Socio-economic data
• Define Coverage
• Classification system
– List of material types in waste
– Size and number of industries and commercial establishments
– Hazardous solid waste
Generation, sources and types
of hazardous wastes
The need for information

Need to identify:
• generators
• hazardous waste quantities
• types
• current treatment and disposal methods
Hazardous waste generators

All industries generate some hazardous waste

The largest quantities come from five sectors:
• Chemical and pharmaceutical manufacture
• Metals refining
• Petroleum and coal products
• Metal working and fabrication
• Rubber and plastics manufacture
 Some common wastes & industrial sources
Figure co

• Flammable e.g., solvents - from chemical

manufacturers, laundries & dry cleaners, metal
plating, tanneries, print shops etc.

• Corrosive e.g., acids and alkalis - from cleaning

& maintenance, equipment repair, vehicle body
shops etc.

• Reactive e.g., bleaches and oxidisers - from

chemical manufacturers, laboratories etc.

• Toxic and eco-toxic e.g., heavy metals,

pesticides, cyanides from metals
manufacturing, photographic processing,
pesticide end users etc.
 Health care wastes
• Diverse mixture of sources and waste types
• doctors’ surgeries • nursing homes
• hospitals • dental surgeries Used Blood Samples

• clinics • veterinary practices

• Only a small fraction pose risk - this can be

minimised by:
• Classification of wastes into groups which can
be treated similarly
• Segregation of wastes - non-risk waste should Sharps

be disposed of with municipal waste

• Safe storage
• Treatment to reduce the pathogen content of
waste
Pharmaceuticals
General definition

Hazardous waste includes materials

harmful to health or environment,
requiring special disposal due to
toxicity, reactivity, corrosiveness, or
flammability (EPA, 2021).
Some typical household (hotels) hazardous wastes
• Vehicle maintenance items e.g., antifreeze, brake fluid
• Cleaning products e.g., drain cleaners, spot removers, toilet
cleaners, chlorine bleach, oven cleaners
• Cosmetics e.g., nail polish and remover
• Fire extinguishers
• Pet care products e.g., Flea collars and sprays
• Garden products e.g., herbicides, lawn chemicals, pesticides
• Insecticides and insect repellent
• Home care products e.g., paint and paint stripper, wood stains,
solvents, swimming pool chemicals
• Prescription drugs
Stockpiles of ‘old’ hazardous wastes

One major problem is the widespread

existence of stockpiles of old
hazardous waste materials such as:
• Obsolete pesticides
• PCB transformers
• Ozone depleting substances
Treatment residues

Municipal &
industrial
Incinerator ash
treatment
sludge

Solvent still
Tank bottoms
bottoms

Filter cakes Leachate

31
Quantifying waste generation by measurement
1. Factory visits/records

2. Interviews with contractors & suppliers

3. On - site inspections

4. Raw materials and product records

5. Waste disposal records at generating, treatment &

disposal sites

6. Industry associations

7. Local government staff/inspectors

8. Surveys

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Waste Wise Cities Tool
Diagnostic tool that cities apply to assess their municipal solid waste
management performance and use as basis for sustainable solid waste
management planning

Objective

Enhanced waste management & resource efficiency in world’s cities

Improved MSW collection Decreased generation Increased recycling of Enhanced management of

and controlled of waste Suitable materials hazardous waste

Source:UN-Habitat, 2020

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Waste Wise Cities Tool

Waste SDG Indicators

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ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
 Waste Wise Cities Tool (WaCT)

• An assessment and planning tool that cities

apply to evaluate their MSWM performance
and use the results for sustainable SWM
strategy and policy planning.

• Developed by UN-Habitat, based on SDG

indicator 11.6.1: “Proportion of municipal
solid waste collected and managed in
controlled facilities out of total municipal
solid waste generated, by the city”

Source:UN-Habitat, 2020

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Waste Wise Cities Tool (WaCT) Steps

Source:UN-Habitat, 2020

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 Source:UN-Habitat, 2020
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Page 46 07.08.2024 ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
How WaCT can help City
• Find out how much MSW is generated, collected and treated in
controlled facilities

• Establish better waste and resource management strategies that

create livelihood opportunities and foster circular economic
business models

• Provide data for larger waste management infrastructure

investment cases to municipal corporations, waste stakeholders
and investors
Project Preparation Stream
Participatory
Data Connection Impact on
Application Project
Analysis to Donors the ground
Design

Source:UN-Habitat, 2022

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ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
WaCT Data Collection Application (DCA)

Source:UN-Habitat, 2020

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ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
WaCT Menu Page

Source:UN-Habitat, 2020

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WaCT Menu Page

Source:UN-Habitat, 2020

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ASEAN-German Cooperation Project: ASEAN Municipal Solid Waste Management Enhancement
 Health Break (5 minutes)

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 Image: AI generated

Methodologies for Waste Sampling &

Composition Studies

52
What is Waste Sampling
• Waste sampling is the process
of collecting, sorting, and
analyzing waste materials to
determine their composition,
quantity, and characteristics.
• It plays a crucial role in
designing effective waste
management strategies,
policies, and technologies.
• Let’s try to understand waste
sampling first

53
 Importance of Waste Sampling
1. Accurate Waste Characterization: Accurate waste characterization helps in
understanding the composition of waste, which in turn aids in planning recycling,
composting, and disposal activities
2. Data for Policy and Decision Making: Essential for setting realistic recycling targets
and for the implementation of waste reduction initiatives
3. Resource Recovery Optimization: It ensures that valuable materials are correctly
sorted and sent for recycling minimizing waste routing to landfill
4. Environmental Impact Assessment: Minimize harmful materials going to landfill
5. Improvement of Waste Management Systems: Data →Analyze → Improve; Eg:
organic waste can lead to the implementation of composting programs
6. Economic Efficiency: Accurate sampling can lead to cost savings by optimizing waste
collection and disposal processes. Eg: Routes management, frequency, technology
adoption

54
Image: AI generated

Regulatory Requirements:
Importance of ▪ Compliance with local, national, and international environmental
regulations often requires regular waste sampling and reporting.
Waste ▪ Ensures transparency and accountability in waste management
Sampling practices.

55
 Sampling Methods Overview

Method Description Features

Useful for general waste
(Paul &
Random Collecting samples at random locations and characterization but may
Daniel,
Sampling times to ensure representativeness. require large sample sizes for
2008)
statistical accuracy.
Effective for samples less
Dividing a sample into four parts, mixing, than 50 kg. Precision
Quartering (Terashima
and reducing the sample size by repeatedly decreases with larger pieces;
Sampling et al., 1984)
quartering. cutting waste into smaller
pieces helps.
Reduces sampling error but
Cluster Dividing the population into clusters and (Terashima
requires proper cluster
Sampling sampling entire clusters. et al., 1984)
definition.
Terashima, Y., Urabe, S., & Yoshikawa, K. (1984). Optimum sampling of municipal solid wastes. Conservation & Recycling, 7,
295-308. [Link]
Paul, J., & Daniel, T. (2008). Standardization of Sampling Method for Physical Characterization of Municipal Solid
Waste. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 5, 95-98.
56
Quartering Sampling Method
Initial Collection: Collect a bulk sample of waste material ensuring the sample is representative
Mixing: Thoroughly mix the bulk sample to ensure homogeneity
Forming a Heap: Form the mixed sample into a conical heap on a clean, flat surface. The heap should
be uniform in shape and size.
Flattening: Flatten the conical heap into a circular, flat layer. Use a shovel or other tools to ensure the
layer is even and consistent in thickness.
Quartering:
▪ Divide the flattened layer into four equal parts (quarters) using two perpendicular lines that intersect at
the center of the heap.
▪ Remove two opposite quarters and retain the remaining two quarters. Ensure that the removed
portions are discarded properly or saved for other analyses if needed.
Repeat Process: Combine the two retained quarters and repeat until desired sample size is reached for
analysis

57
Quartering Sampling Method

Repeat until you get

desired sample size

58
 Case Study: Kyoto, Japan

• This is the waste sampling survey supported (for research)

by Kyoto University every year under the funding of Kyoto
City Government
• I was part of the survey team for 3 years
• The survey is annually conducted and has been running for
few decades now
• Sampling survey is very intense
• Many days of planning and sampling design
• More than 400 sub-categories of waste composition
• Sampling Type: Cluster (Representative to Kyoto)

59
Case Study: Site Planning

• Plan who sits

where
• Where will the
waste be
separated
• Wear safety
gears
• Be prepared to
get dirty

60
Case Study: Samples

These samples were collected from a community. These are burnable waste. Burnable waste in Kyoto
refers to waste that are not clean to be recycled or can’t be recycled
61
Case Study: Separation Process

62
Case Study: Waste Composition Analysis

63
Case Study: Waste Composition Analysis

64
Waste Composition Kyoto City

(a) Household
(b) Commercial

Yamada, T., Asari, M., Miura, T., Niijima, T., Yano, J., & Sakai, S. I. (2017). Municipal solid waste composition and food loss
reduction in Kyoto City. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19, 1351-1360.
65
Case Study: Untouched Food Waste

66
 Food Waste Composition Kyoto City
• Each waste type can be
divided into many sub-types

Yamada, T., Asari, M., Miura, T., Niijima, T., Yano, J., & Sakai, S. I.
(2017). Municipal solid waste composition and food loss reduction in
Kyoto City. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 19, 1351-
1360.
67
Waste Composition in Tourism Destination
Restaurant, Hotels, Household Floating Market 1) Phu, S., Fujiwara, T., Minh, G., & Van, D.
(2019). Solid waste management practice in a
Hanoi Vietnam 1 Taling Chan, FM, Thailand 3 tourism destination – The status and challenges:
A case study in Hoi An City, Vietnam. Waste
Organic Waste 46.8 Food Waste 53.95 Management & Research, 37, 1077 -
1088. [Link]
Tissue Paper 11.54 Plastic 19.2
2.
Recyclable 12.58 Paper 12.3 2) Septiariva, I., Suhardono, S., Sari, M., &
Suryawan, I. (2022). Preliminary Analysis of the
Materials Leaves 9.6 Utilization of PET Plastic Waste in Tourism
Others 29.08 Areas for Energy Recovery. IJCA (Indonesian
Foam 4.95 Journal of Chemical
Analysis). [Link]
art2
Tourist Area Hotels 3) Tuprakay, S., Suksabye, P., Menchai, P., &
Klungkung Regency, Bali Tuprakay, S. (2014). The physical and chemical
Hue City, Vietnam4 properties of solid waste from water tourism.
Province 2
Food Waste 40.9 – 57.4 Case study: Taling Chan Floating Market,
PET 43.5% of total Bangkok, Thailand. Waste Management, 180,
waste Paper 10.1 – 20.3 103-111. [Link]
4) Son, L., Matsui, Y., Trang, D., & Thanh, N.
generation Plastic 10.7 – 15.5 (2018). Estimation of the Solid Waste
Generation and Recycling Potential of the Hotel
Sector: A Case Study in Hue City, Vietnam.
Journal of Environmental Protection, 09, 751-
Unit:
68 % of Total Waste Generated 769. [Link]
 Sampling Key Consideration
Sample Size: Adequate sample size is critical for ensuring the
representativeness of the waste characterization.

Homogenization: Homogenization of samples are necessary to reduce

variability and improve accuracy.

Stratification: Using stratified sampling can improve precision by

accounting for variations within the waste stream.

Statistical Methods: Employing statistical analyses helps in determining

the required number of samples and ensuring confidence in the results.

69
 Key Variables: Physical
Characteristics

Variables Description Importance

Measurement of the mass of Determines space required for waste storage
Bulk Density
waste per unit volume. and disposal.
The amount of water present in the Affects the weight, decomposition rate, and
Moisture Content
waste. processing methods of the waste.
Distribution of different sized Influences processing, handling, and sorting
Particle Size
particles in the waste stream. methods.

70
 Key Variables: Chemical
Characteristics

Variables Description Importance

The amount of energy produced Important for waste-to-energy processes and
Calorific Value
when the waste is combusted. energy recovery.
Analysis of elements like carbon,
Chemical Critical for understanding environmental
hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and
Composition impact and compliance with regulations.
heavy metals.

71
 Key Variables: Biological
Characteristics

Variables Description Importance

The proportion of waste that can
Relevant for composting and anaerobic
Biodegradability be broken down by biological
digestion processes.
processes.
The presence of harmful Important for health and safety considerations
Pathogen Content
microorganisms. during waste handling and processing.

72
 Key Variables: Source
Characteristics

Variables Description Importance

Identifies the origin of the waste
Waste Generation Helps in designing targeted waste
(e.g., residential, commercial,
Source management strategies and policies.
industrial, institutional).
Variation in waste generation over
Affects planning and operation of waste
Temporal Variation time (e.g., daily, weekly,
collection and processing facilities.
seasonal).

73
 Key Variables: Others
• Environmental: Climatic Conditions;
Geographical Location
• Socio-economic Variables:
Population Density; Income level
• Specific for Hotel Waste:
Occupancy Rate; Type of service
provided

74
Image: AI generated
 Planning and Site Sample
Preparation Selection Collection

Flow for
Sample
waste Sample
Analysis
Sample
Preparation
Handling &
Transport

sampling
Data Record Review &
Reporting
& Processing Feedback

75
 Outline clear objectives, select the appropriate
sampling method (e.g., random, stratified), and
develop a detailed sampling plan that includes
sample size, frequency, and locations.

Identify sampling sites that reflect the

diversity of the waste stream, ensuring they
are accessible and safe for sampling
personnel

Prepare necessary equipment (e.g., gloves,

containers), follow safety protocols, collect
samples using the chosen method, and clearly
label each sample with relevant information
(e.g., date, location)

76
 Use appropriate containers to prevent contamination,
maintain required conditions (e.g., temperature), and
carefully transport samples to the analysis site

Homogenize samples to ensure uniformity, reduce

sample size if necessary (e.g., using quartering),
and segregate samples into different components
(e.g., organics, recyclables)

Conduct physical analysis (e.g., bulk density,

moisture content), chemical analysis (e.g., calorific
value, chemical composition), and biological
analysis (e.g., biodegradability, pathogen content)

77
 Record all measurements and observations,
analyze data using statistical methods to
ensure accuracy, and interpret results in the
context of the sampling objective

Prepare a comprehensive report detailing the

findings, include recommendations for waste
management improvements, and distribute
the report to relevant stakeholders

Review the entire sampling process, identify

areas for improvement, gather feedback from
stakeholders, and refine future sampling efforts
based on the feedback received

78
 Sampling Plan
Development:
Components
• Define Objectives: Clearly outline
the goals of the sampling program.
• Select Appropriate Methods:
Choose the right sampling methods
based on the objectives and
resources.
• Determine Sample Size and
Frequency: Decide on the sample
size and how often to collect
samples.

79
Image: AI generated
 Possible Sampling Objective

Primary Objectives:

• Identify Waste Types and Quantities: Determine the different types of waste and
their respective quantities.
• Determine Recyclable and Non-Recyclable Components: Identify materials that
can be recycled versus those that need disposal.
• Evaluate Seasonal and Locational Variations: Understand how waste generation
varies with seasons and locations.

Secondary Objectives:

• Support Policy and Decision-Making: Provide data to inform policies and decisions
related to waste management.
• Improve Waste Management Practices: Identify areas for improvement in existing
waste management systems.

80
 Setting Objective ( E.g. Hotels)
• ‘The 3R Hotel’ decided to purchase
food waste composting machine to turn
food waste to garden toping and at the
same time wants to improve recycling
rate of recyclables by opening a
storage unit where the recyclables can
be stored for the junk shop to come
and bid for its waste.
• Hotel wants more information on waste
type to make informed decision
• Let’s see how the objective will look
like
Image: AI generated

81
 Objectives Action Outcome
Determine the different types of Conduct detailed waste audits to Obtain accurate data to optimize
food waste generated measure and categorize food the use of a food waste
waste by type and quantity composting machine
Determine the types and Conduct waste characterization Provide data to support hiring a
quantities of recyclable studies to separate and waste management company
materials measure recyclable waste
Understand how waste Implement seasonal and event- Tailor waste management
generation varies with different specific waste sampling strategies to handle peak waste
seasons and hotel events
Provide report to inform hotel Compile and analyze waste Develop informed policies to
management policies on waste sampling data enhance overall waste
reduction management
Identify inefficiencies and Evaluate and refine existing Increase efficiency and
areas for improvement waste handling, storage, and effectiveness of waste
disposal practices management operations,
leading to cost savings and
environmental benefits

82
 Sampling Plan Development: Implementation

Training Conducting Adjusting

Training Personnel: Train Conducting Pilot Studies: Adjusting the Plan Based
staff on proper sampling Perform pilot studies to on Initial Results: Make
techniques and safety test and refine the necessary adjustments to
protocols. sampling plan. improve the accuracy
and efficiency of the
sampling process.

83
Data
Collection:
Consideration
• Recording Waste Quantities
and Types: Use standardized
forms and tools to record data
on waste quantities and
types.
• Using Standardized Forms
and Tools: Ensure
consistency in data collection
for accurate analysis.

84
 Challenges in Waste
Composition Studies

Image: AI85generated
Logistical Barriers

Sample Collection and Handling: Collecting representative samples from

diverse waste streams can be challenging due to variations in waste types
and generation rates. Ensuring that samples are not contaminated and are
handled properly during transport is crucial to maintain data
Storage and Preservation: Proper storage and preservation of waste
samples are necessary to prevent degradation or changes in composition.
This is particularly important for organic and biodegradable waste, which
can decompose quickly
Resource Intensive: Waste composition studies can be resource-intensive,
requiring significant manpower, equipment, and financial investment. The
cost of conducting comprehensive waste audits can be prohibitive,
especially for small municipalities

86
Image: AI generated

Public Participation and Cooperation: Engaging the

public and ensuring their cooperation in waste segregation
and sampling can be challenging
Behavioral Factors: Cultural habits and behaviors influence
Cultural Barriers waste generation and composition. For instance, dietary
habits, consumption patterns, and waste disposal practices
vary widely between regions and communities, complicating
the standardization of sampling methods
87
Financial
Barriers
High Costs: Conducting
comprehensive waste composition
studies requires significant
financial resources for equipment,
personnel, transportation, and
laboratory analysis
Budget Constraints:
Municipalities and waste
management organizations often
face budget constraints, limiting
their ability to conduct detailed and
frequent waste composition
analyses

88
Regulatory
Barriers
Lack of Standardization: The
absence of standardized
methodologies for waste
composition studies can lead to
inconsistencies in data collection
and analysis, making it difficult to
compare results across different
regions or over time

89
 Methodological Barriers

Heterogeneity of Waste: Waste streams are

inherently heterogeneous, making it difficult to obtain
representative samples and accurately characterize
the composition
Bias in Sampling: Sampling bias can occur due to
improper sample collection methods, leading to
inaccurate representations of the waste stream. This
can be particularly problematic when dealing with
large, mixed waste streams

90
Image: AI generated
 Environmental Barriers

Climate and Weather Conditions: Adverse weather

conditions can affect waste sampling, handling, and analysis.
For example, rain can increase the moisture content of waste,
while extreme temperatures can affect the preservation of
samples
Geographical Challenges: Remote or difficult-to-access
areas can pose significant challenges for waste sampling and
data collection.

91
Social and
Psychological
Barriers
Stakeholder Engagement:
Engaging stakeholders, including
local communities, businesses,
and waste management
authorities, can be challenging.
Lack of stakeholder buy-in can
hinder the implementation of
effective waste composition
studies

92
Image: AI generated
 Ensuring Gender Equity and
Representation in Waste
Sampling and Composition
Analysis

93
Image: AI generated
Ensuring Gender Equity. Why?

Ensuring gender equity and representation in waste sampling and

composition analysis is vital for understanding the diverse waste
generation behaviors and needs of different genders.

For creating inclusive and accurate datasets that reflect the diverse
experiences and needs of different genders.

94
 Strategies for Ensuring Gender
Equity
• Incorporate Gender Sensitivity in
Sampling/Survey Design
• Ensure Representative Sampling: Stratified
Sampling ensuring all gender participation,
Sometime oversampling
• Providing surveyor/data collector training on
gender sensitivity & inclusivity
• Inclusive data collection process: Gender
balance team
• Data Disaggregation by gender where
possible
• Engage Stakeholder: Also provide gender-
focus

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 Challenge & Consideration

• Cultural Sensitivity: Norms,

Confidentiality & Anonymity
• Bias & Stereotyping: Avoid Bias,
Train surveyor/data collector
• Access and Participation: Identify
barriers to participation, inclusive
strategies where possible

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 Examples
Sampling Type Aspects to How to be Gender Sensitive to get diverse data
consider
Household Gender Roles in Include questions that explore how different genders participate in
Waste Surveys Waste Management waste segregation, recycling, and disposal within households
Disaggregated Data Report waste composition data by gender to highlight any
differences in waste generation behaviors
Community Participation of Ensure equal participation of men and women in community waste
Waste Audits Women and Men audits to capture a comprehensive picture of waste practices
Gender-Sensitive Analyze data to understand how gender influences waste
Analysis generation and recycling behaviors
Focus Groups Gender-Specific Conduct focus groups and interviews with men and women
and Interviews Insights separately to gather gender-specific insights on waste
management challenges and preferences
Inclusive Questions Use questions that reflect the different experiences and
responsibilities of men and women in waste management

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 Digital Data
Management System
(DDMS)

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 Digital Data Management System
(DDMS)
Digital Data Management Systems (DDMS) refer to technologies and platforms
used for the electronic collection, storage, processing, and analysis of data.
In the context of waste management, these systems are used to collect, store,
process, and analyze data related to waste generation, composition, and
management practices.
DDMS are software solutions designed to handle large volumes of data efficiently
Importance:
▪ Facilitates accurate and real-time data collection and analysis.
▪ Enhances decision-making and operational efficiency.
▪ Improves transparency, accountability, and environmental impact.

99
 Components of
DDMS: Data
Collection
•Sensors and IoT Devices: Smart Bins:
Equipped with fill-level sensors to monitor
waste levels and notify collection services
when bins are full.
•GPS Trackers: Used on waste collection
vehicles to track routes and optimize
logistics.
•Mobile Applications: Used by field staff
to collect data on waste quantities and
types directly from the source.

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Image: AI generated

Components of
DDMS: Data
Collection
Mobile Applications:
▪ Citizen Reporting Apps: Allow residents to
report waste-related issues (e.g., overflowing
bins, illegal dumping).
▪ Worker Apps: Enable waste collection
personnel to log activities and report issues in
real-time.
Drones and Cameras:
▪ Aerial Surveys: Conducted using drones to
monitor large waste sites.
▪ Surveillance: Cameras installed in key
locations to prevent and detect illegal dumping.

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 Components of DDMS: Data Processing
and Analysis Tools
Analytics Platforms: Tools like Microsoft Power BI, Tableau, and custom analytics
platforms that process and visualize waste data.
Machine Learning Algorithms: Used to predict trends, optimize collection routes,
and improve waste sorting processes
Example
▪ TensorFlow: [Link]
▪ Tableau: [Link]
▪ ArcGIS: [Link]

102
 DDMS Application in Waste
Management
Real-Time Monitoring and Reporting
•Waste Collection Tracking: Monitor collection
schedules and vehicle routes to ensure timely and
efficient service.
•Bin Fill Levels: Track smart bin data to prevent
overflows and optimize collection frequency.
•Issue Detection: Real-time alerts for problems like
missed collections or equipment malfunctions.
Companies providing such services:
•Rubicon: [Link]
Image: AI generated
•Enevo: [Link]
•FleetMind: [Link]

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 Image: AI generated

DDMS: Optimization of Waste

Collection
•Route Optimization: Use real-time data to
adjust collection routes, minimizing fuel
consumption and travel time.
•Dynamic Routing: Adapt routes based on
current conditions, such as traffic or weather, to
enhance efficiency.
•Workload Balancing: Ensure even
distribution of tasks among collection teams to
improve productivity.
References:
•Sensoneo: [Link]
•Routeware: [Link]

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 [Link]
Otto Waste System Singapore m/[Link]

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 Otto Waste System Singapore

• The company claims that the collection cost will decrease by

80%
• Singapore has ageing population causing shrinking work
force thus the need of automation

[Link]

106
 Bigbelly Company:
Composting

Community scale composting plant

Mobile App allows users to locate and
unlock the bins
Cloud based management software for
remote monitoring
Big question is can we do it in ASEAN?

107
Loopbox

• Presented in Franchise &

Pub & Bar Expo in Bitec,
Bangkok, Thailand
• Compost food waste
(including bones)
• Crush and composts
• Temp of 80 degree is
maintained inside
• Compost can be used for
garden nourishing
• Available in 3 sizes: 30
kg, 100 kg, 200 kg
• Reduces waste by 80-
90%

108
 Legazpi City’s MSW Collection
Optimization (Phillipines)
•Implemented in Legazpi City, Philippines since June 2023
•Integrates waste collection with real-time tracking and data
analytics
•Optimizes routes, reducing travel time, fuel consumption, and
carbon footprint
•Uses IoT and GPS tracking to streamline waste collection
•Ensures efficient servicing of all Materials Recovery Facilities
(MRFs)

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

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 Should I go automation with the waste
management ???

Technological innovations such as AI (artificial intelligence) and machine learning are set
to enhance the accuracy of waste sorting and processing, recycling or even upcycling
more efficient.
The Internet of Things (IoT) could also play a crucial role, providing real-time data that
helps manage waste flows more dynamically, adapting to changes in waste production
without the need for human oversight.
Current level of capacity might be the challenge to adopt it, but the future lies in it. Digital
literacy should be developed by AMS in this field.
For hotels and tourism facilities, these technology can still be feasible as it is promising in
reducing the operational cost and adds value to environmentally aware customers

110
 Quiz
111
 Data Analysis in
Waste Management

112
Image: AI generated
 Data Analysis. Why?
Data analysis is a crucial tool in waste management, providing insights that drive informed
decision-making and policy development.

Waste Generation Pattern

Evidence Based
Policy Making
Enhancing Collection
& Segregation
Targeted
Resource Allocation Intervention
Data
Infrastructure Planning Regulatory
Compliance &
Monitoring & Evaluation Implementation

Predictive Analysis Public

Awareness &
Scenario Analysis Engagement

113
 Identifying Waste Generation Patterns

Volume and Types of Waste: Analyzing data on the volume and types of
waste generated helps in understanding the waste composition. This
information is critical for developing targeted waste management
strategies.

Source Identification: Data can pinpoint the major sources of waste,

whether residential, commercial, or industrial. This allows for customized
policies that address specific sources effectively.

114
Enhancing Waste Collection and Segregation

Optimal Collection Routes: Data on waste generation and collection

timings can be used to optimize waste collection routes, reducing fuel
consumption and operational costs.

Improving Segregation: Data analysis can identify areas with poor

waste segregation practices, enabling targeted educational campaigns
and resource allocation to improve segregation at the source.

115
Resource Allocation and Infrastructure Planning

Facility Placement: Data on waste generation helps in planning the location

of waste processing facilities such as recycling centers and landfills, ensuring
they are optimally placed to handle the waste load efficiently.

Budget Allocation: Insights from data analysis help in prioritizing budget

allocation for waste management projects, ensuring funds are used effectively
to address the most pressing issues.

Infrastructure Development: Understanding waste trends helps in designing

and developing necessary infrastructure such as waste transfer stations and
composting facilities.

116
 Monitoring and Evaluation
• Performance Tracking: Data analysis allows for continuous monitoring of waste
management programs, helping to track progress and measure the effectiveness
of different strategies.
• Policy Adjustment: Real-time data can indicate when policies need adjustment,
enabling a responsive approach to waste management challenges.
• Impact Assessment: Regular data collection and analysis help in assessing the
impact of waste management initiatives, facilitating iterative improvements.

117
Predictive Analysis and Future Planning

Trend Analysis: Analyzing historical data helps in identifying trends in

waste generation, allowing for predictive modeling and future planning.

Proactive Measures: Data-driven insights can lead to proactive

measures, such as anticipating waste generation spikes during certain
seasons or events and preparing accordingly.

Scenario Planning: Predictive analysis helps in developing various

scenarios and planning for different waste management outcomes.

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Evidence-Based Policy Making

Data-Driven Decisions: Policies based on solid data are more likely to

address the actual issues effectively. Waste analysis provides the
evidence needed to support specific policy measures.

Prioritization: Data helps in identifying the most significant waste

management challenges, ensuring that policies are focused on areas
with the greatest impact.

Transparency: Data-backed policies enhance transparency and

accountability in waste management, fostering public trust and
compliance.

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Targeted Interventions

Customized Policies: Waste analysis enables the development of

customized policies that address specific needs.

Behavioral Insights: Understanding waste generation patterns can reveal

behavioral trends, guiding policies that encourage waste reduction and
proper disposal practices

Localized Solutions: Data allows for the development of localized waste

management solutions

120
 Image: AI generated

Public
Awareness and
Engagement
Educational Campaigns: Data-
driven insights highlight areas
where public awareness is
lacking
Community Involvement: To
foster greater community
involvement and support for
waste management policies.

121
 Waste Flow Diagram

UNHABITAT (2021). Waste Wise Cities Tool. [Link]

%20EN%[Link]

122
Tools: Waste Flow Analysis
[Link]

Click Here

123
 Waste Flow
Household [496] Total MSW
Non Household [212] Total MSW
Total MSW [371] Disposal Facilities
Disposal Facilities [12] Recovery
Facilities
Total MSW [29] Recovery Facilities
Recovery Facilities [4] Disposed
Recovery Facilities [37] Recovered
Disposal Facilities [359] Disposed
Total MSW [308] Uncollected
Units: tons/day

124
 Exercise
GIZ in its report gave the following data for Vietnam:
Disposal: Municipal solid waste treatment typically involves landfill (71%
of the total waste processed), organic fertilizer (16% of the total waste
processed), and incineration (13% of all waste)
Task: Please create Sankey flow demonstrating flow of waste for per ton
of MSW generated in Vietnam.

[Link]

Technical Inputs to Support the Vietnam Government in Preparation for the Development
of the Global Agreement on Marine Debris Pollution.
[Link] (Pg 22)

125
Is it too much of effort ????
Usage of AI in your workflow: Diagram features in ChatGPT

126
Waste Flow Analysis

Fate of per ton of MSW collected in Vietnam

• Let’s learn to interpret the data

• Proper organic waste collection could help to increase the life span of the landfill
• Recyclables could be diverted with improve waste segregation
• What’s your interpretation?

127
 Material Flow Analysis (MFA)
Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is a systematic assessment of the flows and stocks of
materials within a defined system, typically used to analyze resource use and
environmental impacts.
Purpose:
▪ To understand the physical flow of materials in a system.
▪ To identify areas for improving resource efficiency and reducing environmental
impacts.
Applications: Waste management; Industrial ecology; Environmental policy-making

128
 MFA: Key Component

System Boundary: Defining the scope of the analysis (e.g., geographical area, time
period, specific materials).
Flows and Stocks:
▪ Flows: Quantities of materials moving into, through, and out of the system.
▪ Stocks: Accumulation of materials within the system (e.g., in buildings, vehicles).
Data Collection: Gathering quantitative data on material inputs, outputs, and stocks
from various sources (e.g., industrial data, national statistics).

129
 Material Flow (Example)
I now plan to
bring back only
I decided to estimate the MFA of paper coming and leaving my table for year 2024
needed
brocheurs and
Input: reports from
Major part of my papers in my Expos to
table came by visiting expos reduce my
System Boundary: consumption
I am only considering my table in my office.
Hence, my table is the system boundary, and
this MFA scope is limited to me only

Stock:
Input- Output + Stock from previous year
I already had some papers from previous year
Output:
I sent the unwanted paper for recycling
Unit: Kg
Year:1302024 Software Used (Free to use) : Stan2web ([Link]
 Detailed MFA
Eg: Detailed MFA of End-of-Life
Vehicle waste for year 2017 for
Japan
Creating such detail requires
time and resources

Bhari, Bishal, Junya Yano, and Shin-

ichi Sakai. "Comparison of end-of-life
vehicle material flows for reuse,
material recycling, and energy
recovery between Japan and the
European Union." Journal of Material
Cycles and Waste Management 23
(2021): 644-663.

131
 Thank You

132