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THREATS POSED BY TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES TO SRI LANKA AND

SOUTH ASIA: THE ROLE OF SPECIAL FORCES

CHAPTER 1: TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES AND ITS EFFECTS ON

NATIONAL SECURITY OF SRI LANKA AND SOUTH ASIA

INTRODUCTION

1. In today, we are living in VUCA world, meaning to say that it is more Volatile,
Uncertain, Complex, and Ambiguous world. Hence, the security landscape has evolved
into a complex and dynamic domain. Traditional security threats, such as conventional
warfare or clearly identifiable adversarial threats, are no longer the primary concerns
for Sri Lanka.

2. The rise of organized transnational criminal networks in the country. Most

significantly, emerging non-traditional threats, particularly transnational crimes, pose a
significant challenge to Sri Lanka National Security and human security. Given Sri
Lanka’s strategic geographic location in the Indian Ocean, the nation has become both
a transit point and/ a target for illicit activities. Further, power rivalry among the world
powers to dominate Indian Ocean also severely inflict the threats on national security
of the country.

AIM

3. To study the transnational crimes threats in the South Asian and Sri Lanka, and
analyse the strength and weakness of Special Forces countering the threats in order to
bring recommendations to build the capacity and capability for Special Forces.

WHAT ARE THE TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES?

4. To better understand the concept of transnational crimes, the following

definitions provide insights into its scope and characteristics:

a. Transnational crimes refer to criminal activities that have actual or

potential effects across national borders and involve more than one country in

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their planning, execution, or impact. These crimes include activities such as

drug trafficking, human trafficking, and money laundering (UNITED NATION,
2000).

b. Transnational crimes encompass offences whose inception, prevention,

or direct or indirect effects involve more than one country. These crimes often
exploit weaknesses in law enforcement systems and can include arms
smuggling, cybercrimes, and environmental crimes (Mueller, 2020)

5. Transnational crime threats encompass illegal activities that cross international

borders, posing significant challenges to global security and governance. These
activities exploit gaps in legal systems and enforcement, where deficiencies hinder
effective responses. A lack of comprehensive legislation fails to address issues like drug
trafficking, human trafficking, cybercrimes, and money laundering, leaving critical
loopholes for criminals to exploit. Weak enforcement mechanisms, coupled with
insufficient resources and moderate training for law enforcement, complicate inter-
agency collaboration. Although frameworks for international cooperation exist, their
implementation remains weak, resulting in delays that hinder the prosecution of cross-
border criminals. This slow judicial process undermines accountability and deterrence,
while corruption within law enforcement erodes public trust, allowing criminal
networks to operate with impunity.

KEY CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

6. Socio-Political Factors. The socio-political landscape of Sri Lanka is marked

by ethnic divisions, socio-economic differences, and political corruptions, all of which
exacerbate the challenges of addressing transnational crimes. Ethnic tensions,
particularly between the Sinhalese and Tamil communities, have historically led to
distrust and divisions within society. This fragmentation can hinder collective efforts
to combat crimes, as various groups may prioritise their own interests over national
security. Moreover, political corruption has impeded effective governance and law
enforcement. Corrupted officials may turn a blind eye to illegal activities or actively
facilitate them for personal gain, which undermines public trust in institutions and
allows criminal organisations to operate with impunity.

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7. Economic Factors. Economic instability is another critical factor

contributing to the rise of transnational crimes in Sri Lanka. High levels of poverty and
unemployment, especially in rural areas, have made individuals more vulnerable to
recruitment by criminal organizations. Economic desperation drives people to engage
in illegal activities as a means of survival. For instance, the proliferation of drug
trafficking is linked to both local demand and the economic opportunities it presents
for marginalised communities.

8. Geographic Considerations. Sri Lanka's geographic position as an island

nation in the Indian Ocean plays a significant role in its vulnerability to transnational
crimes. The island's proximity to major shipping routes makes it a strategic location for
drug trafficking and arms smuggling. Criminal organisations often exploit these
shipping lanes to transport illicit goods, complicating enforcement efforts by
authorities. Furthermore, the diverse maritime resources surrounding Sri Lanka have
led to illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing practices. Local fishermen,
faced with declining fish stocks and competition from larger commercial entities, may
resort to illegal activities to sustain their livelihoods. This threatens not only marine
biodiversity but also has implications for regional security, as IUU fishing can fund
other forms of organised crimes.

IMPACT OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

9. Transnational crimes effect to the national security in particular. National

security, at its core, encompasses the protection of a nation’s sovereignty, territorial
integrity, and the well-being of its citizens.

10. In the Sri Lankan context, the concept of security has been historically shaped
by both internal and external dynamics. Having a prolonged conflict with the Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), and till they militarily defeated in 2009, national
security had been undermining with terrorism. Later, Sri Lanka shifted its focus toward
rebuilding and safeguarding peace. However, after a decade, the Easter Sunday attacks
in 2019 served as a stark reminder that security threats are ever-evolving, demanding
constant vigilance and adaptability.

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11. Sri Lanka’s strategic location in the Indian Ocean makes it a critical player in
regional and global geopolitics. This advantage, however, also exposes the nation to
unique vulnerabilities. The island’s position along major maritime routes makes it liable
to crimes such as human trafficking, drug smuggling, arms trade, and illegal fishing all
of which are indicators of transnational crime and directly impact on the national
security of the country. Compounding these are emerging cyber threats, climate-
induced migration, and the shadowy networks of international terrorism.

IMPACTS ON REGIONAL SECURITY

12. Transnational crimes in South Asia profoundly impact regional security,

governance, and economic stability. These crimes often fund terrorism, intensify
violence and urban instability, while organised crime syndicates undermine governance
and public trust through corruptions. Weak state institutions and porous borders
facilitate criminal networks, challenging state authority and disrupting law and order.
Human trafficking impairs social unrest, humanitarian crises, and migration pressures,
straining resources and fostering regional tensions. Smuggling disrupts legal trade,
deterring investments and stunting economic growth. Diverging national interests and
fragmented legal frameworks further hinder regional cooperation, complicating
collective efforts to combat these universal threats effectively.

IMPACTS ON NATIONAL SECURITY OF SRI LANKA

13. In the context of Sri Lanka, an island nation strategically situated along critical
maritime routes in the Indian Ocean, the ramifications of these crimes pose significant
threats to national security and socio-economic stability. The end of the war in 2009
marked a transformative period for Sri Lanka, offering an opportunity for recovery and
growth. However, this new-found peace has also made the country vulnerable to
various forms of transnational crimes, including drug trafficking, human trafficking,
arms smuggling, and environmental crimes. These illicit activities exploit Sri Lanka’s
geographical advantages and existing vulnerabilities, often transcending borders and
challenging law enforcement capabilities. (“Transnational Crime and Its Implications
for Security in South Asia” V. M. N. D. Tharakan South Asian Studies)

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a. Economic Impacts. Transnational crimes such as drug trafficking,

arms smuggling, and illegal fishing significantly undermine legitimate
businesses, resulting in substantial revenue losses for the government. A deficit
economy can also divert resources away from productive sectors, stunting
economic growth. The prevalence of crimes can deter foreign investors, who
may perceive the country as unstable or risky.

b. Socio-Political Impacts. High levels of transnational crimes can lead

to a breakdown of trust between citizens and government institutions. If people
perceive law enforcement as ineffective or corrupted, it can foster letdown and
disengagement from civic processes. The rise of drug abuses and organised
crimes can contribute to increased violence and social unrest. Communities
plagued by crimes may experience high tensions, leading to conflicts that
challenge national cohesion.

c. Law Enforcement Challenges. Law enforcement agencies often face

resource constraints such as inadequate funding, personnel, and training to
effectively combat sophisticated transnational criminal networks. These
limitations hamper their ability to respond to threats comprehensively. Effective
counteraction requires seamless coordination among various agencies,
including the military, police, and customs.

PREVALENT TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES IN SRI LANKA

14. It is understood that various transnational crimes exist in the country. These are
interconnected and created complex and complicated security situations. However, the
Security Forces' involvement is limited by legal and priority considerations, duplication
of efforts, and other factors. Hence, only the following transnational crimes are
concerned during this study:

15. Terrorism. A transnational crime driven by political or ideological

motives, employs violence and pressure such as bombings, shootings, and cyber-
attacks, to instil fear and disrupt societies. In South Asia, groups like the Taliban,
Lashkar-e-Taiba, and ISIS contribute to instability, undermining state authority,
damaging infrastructure, and threatening economic stability, as seen during Sri Lanka’s

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conflict with the LTTE. Counterterrorism requires intelligence, military operations, and
international cooperation to dismantle networks and prevent threats.

16. Drug Trafficking. It involves the illegal production, distribution, and sale of
narcotics like heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs, poses a significant threat to South
Asia. Afghanistan is a major opium producer, the countries like India, Pakistan, and Sri
Lanka serve as transit points. This trade drives addiction, violence, and organised
crimes, undermining regional security. In Sri Lanka, drug trafficking endangers socio
economic stability, rising abuses and criminal activities linked to trafficking routes
from Afghanistan through India and Pakistan. Addressing these challenges requires
strong diplomatic efforts, enhanced law enforcement, robust border controls, and
improved maritime security (UNODC, 2021).

17. Arms Trafficking. The illegal trade of weapons, poses a severe threat to
regional and national security in politically unstable South Asia. It effect on fuelling
conflicts, organised crimes, and insurgencies in countries like Afghanistan, India and
Pakistan. Traffickers exploit porous borders and use classy methods to evade detection,
increasing violence and instability. In Sri Lanka, arms trafficking deepened during the
conflict with LTTE. Effective countermeasures, including legal enforcement,
international cooperation, diplomacy and economic sanctions are vital in preventing
illegal arms trafficking.

18. Human Trafficking. Human trafficking is a grave human rights violation with
global implications, often enabled by technology. Effective legal enforcement, updated
laws, and international collaboration are essential to protect vulnerable individuals and
hold traffickers accountable. In Sri Lanka, human trafficking threatens national
security, economic stability, and social cohesion, with challenges like corruptions,
resource constraints, and weak enforcement hindering efforts.

19. Underworld Killings. The underworld gangs in Sri Lanka have

expanded their influence across the country, engaging in violent crimes such as contract
killings, drug trafficking, and extortion. Their activities pose a serious threat to public
safety and disrupt law and order. These criminal networks also compromise national
security by fostering corruption and undermining law enforcement efforts. Addressing

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this issue requires strict legal action, intelligence-driven operations, and strong
community engagement to curb their growing influence.

20. Mercenaries. Mercenaries, motivated by financial gain rather than national

or ideological loyalty, often operate in modern conflicts through Private Military
Companies, raising concerns about accountability, human rights, and damaging profit-
driven motives. In politically unstable South Asia, mercenaries intensify violence,
prolong instability, and hinder peace-building efforts, particularly in areas with
inadequate state forces.

21. IUU Fishing. IUU fishing in South Asia presents significant challenges to
Sri Lanka's national security, impacting economic stability, sovereignty and the
environment. The Sri Lankan security forces must take a proactive, complex approach,
focusing on enforcement, intelligence gathering, legal reform, and community
engagement. Collaborating with regional partners through task forces can enhance
monitoring and enforcement capabilities. This demands special operations targeting
intelligence gathering on IUU fishing activities, including tracking suspicious vessels
and networks.

RECOMMENDATIONS

22. The research study revealed that there is a cycle of events, root causes and
stakeholders involved in each process of transnational crimes. As a result, the study
proposes a conceptual model for breaking the cycle of transnational crimes, utilising
the instrument of national power. A coordinated and holistic approach is essential for
the national plan to effectively counter transnational crimes, as this approach involves
multiple stakeholders. National will is the vital feature for orchestrating Diplomacy,
Information, Economy and Military for combatting together. Nevertheless, critical role
lies with security forces, with a priority placed on safeguarding national security also
vital in this circumstances.

23. This model emphasises a thorough analysis of the root causes that contribute to
the emergence and preservation of such crimes. By addressing these underlying factors,
the approach seeks not only to respond to immediate threats but also to disrupt the

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systemic conditions that enable transnational criminal activities to thrive. The security
forces are central to this model, utilizing their intelligence, surveillance, and
enforcement capabilities to combat criminal networks. Their primary role is addressing
the root causes of transnational crimes and protecting victims, ensuring stability and
the safety of state institutions and civilians. The model emphasizes a holistic approach,
integrating military, law enforcement, and intelligence efforts to strengthen national
security frameworks. It highlights the importance of understanding the socio-economic
and political factors that enable transnational crimes. By proposing a cause-based
analysis, the model aims to guide security policies and actions, positioning national
security as a critical factor in effectively combating these threats.

Figure 1: A Strategic Framework for Breaking the Cycle of Transnational Crimes.

CONCLUSION

24. The growth of transnational crimes presents a significant threat to Sri Lanka and
South Asia's stability. These crimes undermine national security, economic
development, and social integrity, demanding comprehensive responses. The evolving
and complex nature of these threats necessitates a proactive, coordinated, and
multifaceted approach orchestrating all element of national powers, in that Security
Forces play a pivotal role. The Security Forces, predominantly the military, law
enforcement, and intelligence agencies, are essential component in countering these

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crimes by protecting people, disrupting illicit networks, and safeguarding critical

infrastructure. Their ability to gather intelligence, monitor illegal activities, and enforce
laws is critical in maintaining national and regional security. However, the success of
these efforts depends on strengthening regional cooperation, enhanced technological
capabilities, and updated legal frameworks.

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CHAPTER 2: EMPLOYMENT OF MILITARY COMPONENT FOR

COMBATTING TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

INTRODUCTION

1. Elements of national power must be orchestrated cohesively to achieve the

national goal or vision. In the context of combating transnational crime, the military
plays a pivotal role as a critical component of national power. Its significance lies in
the execution of policies formulated at the strategic level, ensuring effective
enforcement on the ground. For instance, the former Sri Lankan government made a
decisive policy commitment to mitigate organized crime and drug trafficking. This
strategic initiative was operationalized through Operation Justice called YUKTHIYA,
where military forces were instrumental in dismantling criminal networks, enforcing
legal mandates, and restoring stability. The military’s operational capability,
intelligence assets, and logistical infrastructure enable effective and swift response to
transnational criminal threats, ensuring that national security imperatives are met with
precision and efficacy.

2. The isolated effort made by the Security Forces, over the time has not being
effective or achieve vital success. Further, I like to discuss what are the legal coverage
exist for these operations. Let me highlight that Sri Lankan government has laid down
a range of policies, laws, and strategies aimed at combating transnational crime threats:

a. National Anti-Narcotics Policy (2018). Aims to reduce the flow of

illicit drugs into Sri Lanka and improve rehabilitation and prevention
programmes. It includes stricter enforcement and stricter penalties for drug-
related crimes (Amnesty International).

b. Prevention of Terrorism Act. Enacted in 1979 and extended

through the years, the Prevention of Terrorism Act has been crucial in
addressing terrorism, especially during the LTTE conflict. It allows preventive
detention for terrorism-related activities (East Asia Forum).

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c. Money Laundering Prevention Act, 2006. Sri Lanka actively

engages with international agencies like the UN, INTERPOL, and regional
bodies to share intelligence and collaborate on counterterrorism efforts.

d. Sri Lanka's National Action Plan on Human Rights. This

includes efforts to combat human trafficking and ensures the protection of
migrant workers, particularly in the Middle East, where trafficking networks are
prevalent.

e. In Anti-Piracy Legislate. Sri Lanka has ratified international

conventions such as the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and created
national laws to combat piracy and safeguard its maritime borders.

SECURITY FORCES ENGAGEMENT IN COUNTERING

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

3. The Sri Lankan security forces comprising of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast
Guard, Special Task Force and Police play a multifaceted role in countering
transnational crimes in the present context. Each branch contributes uniquely,
leveraging its capabilities to address challenges.

4. The Sri Lanka Army. As of now engages in ground operations, aimed

at dismantling terrorism, violent extremism, trafficking networks and combating
organised crimes, particularly in rural areas have more impact on national security.
However, it is expected that community engagement through outreach programs that
raise awareness about the dangers of drug abuse and human trafficking, while fostering
local cooperation in crime prevention efforts are essential on this front. The Army's
presence also enhances security in at-risk regions, potentially deterring criminal
activities.

5. The Sri Lanka Navy. It is crucial for maritime security, patrolling the
country's extensive coastline and maritime boundaries to intercept drug shipments and
arms traffickers. They conduct search and rescue operations for victims of human
trafficking at sea, often collaborating with international organisations to protect
vulnerable individuals. The Navy also engages in international cooperation,

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participating in joint exercises and building partnerships with regional and global
maritime security forces to combat transnational crimes. The Navy's operations are vital
in securing maritime routes frequently exploited by traffickers, and its role in
international cooperation enhances regional security efforts. The Sri Lankan Navy
plays a crucial role in safeguarding the country's maritime borders through regular
patrols aimed at intercepting drug trafficking and arms smuggling operations.

6. Sri Lanka Air Force. Conducts aerial surveillance and reconnaissance

to monitor borders and coastal regions, aiding in the detection of illicit activities such
as drug smuggling and arms trafficking. The projected role of the SLAF on the avenues
of logistics support for operations carried out by other branches and enhancing rapid
response capabilities in joint operations against transnational crimes require
investments on technology. The Air Force’s active involvement in counter-terrorism
operations, particularly those intersecting with threats from extremist groups with its
capabilities in surveillance and rapid deployment are vital in operation success.

7. Police and Special Task Force. Determine the responsibilities in the

context of prevention, mitigation and response against the effects of transnational
crimes are basically assumed to the Police and STF according to the legal framework
of Sri Lanka.

8. Coordination with Other Government Agencies. This is more critical and

effective counteraction requires seamless cooperation between various government
agencies, including the military, police, customs and other ministries of the
government. National will and Public perception is also a concern, as the military's
involvement in civilian law enforcement raises questions about human rights and
accountability.

9. It is evident that at the strategic level, numerous policies and laws have been
established to counter transnational crimes in Sri Lanka. We can see that Security
Forces of the country have been mobilized extensively to countdown the transnational
crimes. However, can we say that we have achieved total success? Or do we need more
effective engagements in this respect? As a team, we firmly believe that the Army, as a
strategic force, holds major responsibility toward the people and their security in all

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dimensions. Therefore, there is a clear need of military strategic level involvement in

this aspect.

EMPLOYMENT OF SPECIAL FORCES IN OTHER COUNTRIES FOR

COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

10. The study reveals that the majority of nations rely on their Special Forces
for this purpose, recognizing that such crimes demand specialized capabilities
beyond the scope of conventional military units. World history offers numerous
instances where Special Forces have been deployed to counter transnational crimes,
as these operations require precision, adaptability, and expertise in unconventional
warfare. These elite units play a pivotal role in addressing threats such as terrorism,
drug trafficking, human smuggling, and other illicit activities that transcend
national borders. Their specialized training in intelligence gathering, rapid
intervention, and covert operations enables them to neutralize these threats
effectively (Gupta, R 2019). Below, we explore key examples of how Special Forces
have been instrumental in combating transnational crimes across different regions:

a. Counter-Terrorism:

(1) Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2) in Canada. JTF2 has been

involved in operations against international organized crime groups,
such as those linked to the global trade of illicit weapons and drugs.
As an example JTF2 has had a significant role in operations against
international criminal organizations during the Afghanistan War.
During this conflict, JTF2 worked with NATO forces and other
international agencies to disrupt terrorist groups involved in not only
insurgency but also transnational crime operations like drug
trafficking. For instance, the Taliban was known to finance their
operations through the opium trade, which was a global problem.
JTF2 helped disrupt these operations by targeting high-ranking
Taliban leaders, intercepting drug shipments, and dismantling
trafficking networks that had an international reach. This case study
illustrates how special operations forces like JTF2 can intersect with

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broader efforts to combat transnational crime, especially when

linked to international terrorism.

(2) Operation Archangel (UK, 2002). Operation Archangel,

which took place in 2002, was a covert operation led by the British
Special Air Service (SAS) aimed at dismantling an international
organized crime syndicate that was involved in the smuggling of
people and weapons across Europe. The operation was notable for
targeting criminal organizations with ties to extremist groups. In
addition Operation Archangel underscored the growing focus on
combating organized crime and illicit trade that could potentially
fuel terrorism and other forms of instability. The operation
specifically targeted criminal networks linked to human trafficking,
arms smuggling, and potentially even funding terrorist activities. By
leveraging the SAS's expertise in counterterrorism and intelligence
gathering, Operation Archangel aimed to disrupt these networks and
weaken their capacity to operate across Europe. The operation's
success highlighted the importance of specialized military forces in
addressing complex and transnational criminal threats.

(3) Operation Neptune Spear (2011). The U.S. Navy SEAL

Team 6 conducted a raid in Abbottabad, Pakistan, to eliminate
Osama bin Laden, leader of the transnational terrorist organization
Al-Qaeda. The operation’s primary objective was to locate and
eliminate Osama bin Laden, the leader of Al-Qaeda, who was
responsible for the September 11, 2001 attacks in the U.S. The
operation involved a team of SEALs who flew into the area via
helicopters, stormed the compound, and engaged in a fire fight. Bin
Laden was killed in the operation, along with several others who
were in the compound at the time. The mission was a highly
secretive and complex operation, involving precise intelligence
gathering, advanced military technology, and highly trained Special
Forces. Operation Neptune Spear was seen as a pivotal moment in

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the War on Terror and represented a major victory in the fight against
Al-Qaeda.

b. Counter-Narcotic Operation:

(1) Mexican Naval Special Forces. The Mexican Naval

Special Forces is elite units tasked with counter-narcotics operations,
counterinsurgency, search and rescue, and other high-risk missions.
These forces play a critical role in Mexico's ongoing battle against
drug cartels and organized crime. One of their notable operations
was in 2016 when Mexican Navy SEALs, working in conjunction
with the Mexican Army, captured Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán, the
infamous leader of the Sinaloa Cartel. His capture was a significant
victory in the fight against drug trafficking, as Guzmán had
previously escaped from maximum-security prisons twice and was
one of the most wanted men in the world. In this operation, the
Mexican Navy's Special Forces played a key role in tracking
Guzmán's whereabouts, and their expertise was vital in ensuring the
success of the mission. Guzmán was ultimately caught in the coastal
town of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, after a dramatic shootout. The
Mexican Navy's Special Forces have been involved in numerous
similar operations aimed at dismantliels, arresting high-profile
criminals, and securing Mexico's borders and waterways. Their
training, equipment, and collaboration with other law enforcement
agencies have made them a formidable force in Mexico's fight
against organized crime.

c. Human Trafficking Interdiction.

(1) Operation Black Thunder (India, 2002). The Indian

Army's Special Forces were called in to help dismantle an organized
crime syndicate operating human trafficking rings across borders.
They conducted joint operations with local law enforcement
agencies and international organizations to break trafficking

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networks. The operation targeted organized crime syndicates that

were exploiting people, particularly women and children, for forced
labour, sexual exploitation, and illegal adoptions. The trafficking
rings often spanned multiple countries in South Asia, with
individuals being moved across borders, making it difficult for local
authorities to intervene effectively. In response to the increasingly
international nature of these trafficking rings, Operation Black
Thunder saw a unique collaboration between the Indian Army, local
law enforcement, and international organizations such as Interpol
and the United Nations. This multi-layered coordination helped track
the movement of trafficked persons and identify key players in the
trafficking syndicates operating in and outside of India. The Indian
Army's Special Forces, known for their specialized training in
counterterrorism, hostage rescue, and intelligence operations, were
called upon due to the sophisticated nature of the trafficking
operations. The Special Forces provided critical expertise in
conducting covert surveillance, infiltration of criminal networks, and
high-precision raids in areas with high criminal activity. The
operation’s success depended heavily on the cooperation between
the Indian Army’s Special Forces and Indian law enforcement
agencies, including the police and customs authorities. Joint
operations allowed for the coordination of resources, intelligence
sharing, and rapid mobilization across various regions where
trafficking was prevalent (Smith, J and Brown, L 2021).

d. Maritime Piracy and Smuggling:

(1) Operation Atalanta (EU, 2008). Operation Atlanta is a

European Union (EU) military operation launched in December
2008 in response to the increasing threat of piracy off the Horn of
Africa, particularly in the Gulf of Aden and the Somali coast. Piracy
in this region, especially by Somali pirate groups, had become a
major concern for global shipping and international security, as
pirates were attacking merchant vessels, taking hostages, and

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demanding ransoms. The Horn of Africa was also a hub for illegal
smuggling activities, including arms and drugs. This made it
imperative to address both the piracy problem and the broader
regional instability. The main objectives of Operation Atlanta were
Combat Piracy, Protection of Vulnerable Shipping, Disrupt
Smuggling Networks, Support for International Law and Deterrence
and Prevention. Operation Atlanta involved a diverse multinational
force, including naval and special operations units. Participating
countries included the UK, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, the
Netherlands, and others. The EU deployed several warships,
including frigates, destroyers, and auxiliary ships. These were
equipped with advanced radar, surveillance systems, and helicopters
for rapid response to pirate threats. Special Forces teams, drawn
from member states like the UK, France, and Germany, were
deployed to carry out targeted operations against pirate strongholds,
disrupt pirate logistics, and dismantle criminal networks involved in
piracy, arms smuggling, and drug trafficking. Surveillance aircraft
were used to monitor large areas of the sea and air, providing
intelligence for naval operations and enabling more precise
engagements with pirate groups. Key operations and tactics used
during Operation Atlanta were Interception and Disruption of
Piracy, Special Forces Raids, Smuggling Disruption, Coordination
with International Partners and success of the Operation Atlanta
were critically impacted on reduction in Pirate Attacks, Protection
of Humanitarian Aid, Disruption of Pirate Financing, and
Strengthened International Cooperation. The major challenges faced
during Operation Atlanta are Persistent Pirate Networks, Somali
Instability, Legal and Operational Constraints and Resource
Limitations. Although challenges remain in the region, the operation
highlighted the effectiveness of EU-led multinational efforts in
addressing complex security threats. It underscored the need for
comprehensive, multi-dimensional approaches to security

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integrating military, humanitarian, and diplomatic efforts to achieve

lasting stability

e. Cybercrime and Transnational Financial Fraud.

(1) Operation Icarus (International, 2015). In a joint effort

by European and American Special Forces, including elite cyber
security units, a series of raids targeted a global cybercrime
syndicate involved in online fraud and money laundering. Special
Forces provided tactical support for the takedown of criminal
infrastructure, while cyber units focused on data interception and
digital forensics. The Special Forces teams conducted raids on key
locations linked to the cybercrime group, including safe houses and
offices used for money laundering operations. They provided ground
support to ensure the arrest of high-ranking members and the seizure
of critical assets. The cyber security professionals intercepted data
streams to monitor and capture vital intelligence, which led to
identifying the full scope of the operation, including the network of
individuals involved in the cybercrimes. The operation involved
coordination between multiple international agencies, including the
FBI, Europol, and local law enforcement agencies in various
countries. This case underscores the importance of cross-border
collaboration in tackling global cybercrime networks. Law
enforcement agencies from several nations shared intelligence,
conducted joint operations, and executed raids in synchronized
efforts to take down the syndicate. Operation Icarus was an essential
case study in how international cooperation between law
enforcement agencies, along with the combined efforts of Special
Forces and cyber units, can disrupt and dismantle global cybercrime
syndicates.

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CONCLUSION

11. In conclusion, the deployment of special forces in combating transnational

crime has proven to be highly effective, as discussed few case studies. Their specialized
training, advanced tactical skills, and ability to operate in high-risk environments enable
them to dismantle organized crime networks, disrupt illicit activities, and apprehend
key criminals. By working in close coordination with law enforcement agencies,
intelligence organizations, and international allies, Special Forces can enhance the
response to transnational threats, fostering a more comprehensive and strategic
approach to security. Their rapid response capabilities, adaptability to diverse
operational landscapes, and use of cutting-edge technology enhance operations against
transnational crimes such as terrorism, human trafficking, drug smuggling, underworld
killing and arms trafficking. As transnational crime continues to evolve in complexity,
the role of Special Forces remains vital in ensuring national security.

12. At last but not least, Gentlemen, I urge you to consider how best Sri Lankan
Special Forces can be effectively employed in operations against transnational crimes
in Sri Lanka. Their specialized training, tactical expertise, and rapid response
capabilities making them a formidable force in combating organized crime, terrorism,
human trafficking, underworld killing, and drug smuggling.

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CHAPTER 3: EMPLOYMENT OF SPECIAL FORCES TO

COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL IN SRI LANKA.

INTRODUCTION

1. It is evident through the study that, transnational crimes pose a significant threat
to national security. It has been emphasized that an integrated and comprehensive
approach is required for an effective national strategy to combat these crimes, as such
framework necessitates the involvement of multiple stakeholders. Further, we
examined as case studies, how is the military engagement particularly Special Forces,
employed by other nations against transnational crime.

2. In the Sri Lankan context, Security Forces play a crucial role in this effort,
effectively mitigating the threats. The optimal deployment of Special Forces in this
context and the challenges they may encounter. In this context Special Forces (SF) can
be effectively engaged in this context. While various transnational crimes were
discussed, SF involvement is constrained by legal considerations, operational priorities,
and duplicating efforts. Therefore, these highlighted threats can be addressed within
national territory and shallow waters, in coordination with other relevant authorities.

a. Terrorism.
b. Drug trafficking.
c. Underworld killing.
d. Arms trafficking.
e. Human trafficking.
f. Maritime piracy.
g. Mercenaries.
h. IUU Fishing.

OVERVIEW OF THE ROLE AND TASK OF SPECIAL FORCES IN

COMBATING TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

3. Special Forces mainly concerns on two core competencies, and they are
described as Special Warfare and Surgical Strike (SOF Doc, 2022)

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a. Special Warfare. Special Warfare is defined as unconventional

military actions focused on enemy’s / adversary’s critical vulnerabilities, by the
use of lethal / nonlethal means, with an intense awareness and understanding of
Special Warfare Environment (SWE).

b. Surgical Strikes. Surgical Strike is a precise action (destroy,

capture, seize, exploit, recover, damage or deterrence) on to a strategically
important target of the enemy/ adversary. These operations are executed
limiting collateral damages.

4. The core activities of SF are:

a. Direct action (DA).

b. Unconventional warfare (UW).
c. Counterinsurgency operations (COIN Ops).
d. Counter-terrorist operations (CT Ops).
e. Long range petrol (LRP) operations.
f. Clandestine operations.
g. Countering violent extremism (CVE).
h. Special reconnaissance (SR).
i. Airborne and Air Assault operations.
j. Waterborne operations.
k. Humanitarian operations.
l. Foreign internal defence including united nations peace support
operations.
m. Hostage rescue and counter terrorism.
n. Joint Special Operations.

5. The Special Forces tasks have been meticulously designed to ensure national
security in the complexity of Operational environment. As per the tasks stipulated in
the doctrine, Comparatively, Special Forces can engage with these contemporary
threats. Even, we have practiced these missions during the last Exercise Cormorant
Strike. It is evident that addressing these transnational crimes falls within Special
Forces operational preview.

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ANALYSIS OF SRI LANKAN SPECIAL FORCES FOR COMBATING

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

6. This study doctrinally addressed contemporary threats, however, it is essential

to assess our unique Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT)
further, in contributing to the strategy in the ground. A SWOT analysis provides a
structured evaluation of our effectiveness, identifying key areas for improvement and
ensuring our approach remains adaptive and impactful.

a. Strengths. Special Forces possess distinct strength as mentioned

below:

(1) Experience in CT Ops. As pioneers of the war, SF have

gained wide array of experience fighting with the LTTE and continues
to bestow this knowledge to the next generation.

(2) All level Leadership. SF develop leadership at all

levels, ensuring that small teams are capable of executing strategic
missions with minimum directions and exceptional leadership.

(3) Small Team Operations. High risk operations always

demand less quantum of troops. It provides easy command and control
and operation secrecy in high risk operations.

(4) OPSEC. Maintaining absolute secrecy is paramount in

countering transnational crimes, as even the slightest intelligence leak
can compromise the operations and endanger personnel. Criminal
networks operate with sophisticated evasion tactics, exploiting any
fragment of disclosed information to adapt and counteract rapidly.

(5) Robust Training. SF troops undergo rigorous and intensive

training, equipping them with a significant advantage in executing high-
risk operations across diverse and hostile environments. Their robust
training mould their ability to make critical decisions in the heat of
battle, ensuring operational effectiveness and mission success.

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(6) Autonomy. SF often operate independently and conduct

missions away from main bases having little or no reinforcement,
meaning they can execute missions in remote area without relying on
other unit support.

(7) Structured Organisation. SF troops are conceptually

organized for training and operations as buddy pairs, four-man teams,
and eight-man teams. This structure fosters cohesion and enhances
mutual understanding and trust within the team and Group.

(8) Precision. Precise information and intelligence with

understanding the operational environment together lead the precise
action on the table. SF inherently possess precision engagements skills
sharpening the edge as a principle in all ops.

b. Weaknesses. These are the weakness of SF when combatting

transnational crime in this operational environment:

: (1) Training Gap. Over the period, we have only slightly

changed from our traditional SF training. SF being the strategic force to
shape any form of warfare in the country, it is important to have a
thorough understating on operational environment and threat assessment
to formulate sustainable training concept.

(2) Lacking Access to Highest Level of Intelligence. SF need

intelligence acts ranging from developing of vital information for
planning and directing operations. Real time information is vital for
precision actions and OPSEC. Whereas, we have gap in intelligence
flow.

(3) Absent of Dedicated Intelligence Cell within SF. SF need

to maintain special espionage/ reconnaissance activities to confirm,
refute, or obtain information about the capabilities, intentions, and
activities of a true or potential enemy through "visual observation or
other means of collection".

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(4) Ineffective Security Clearance of SF Personnel. Before and

after joining SF, soldiers need to undergo effective security clearance
procedures, periodically for several reasons such as preventing risk of
infiltration by hostile entities, prevent joining as mercenaries and
eliminate potential threat from within.

(5) Inadequate Encrypted Communications. When employed,

SF must be adequately supported with reliable and secure means of
communications. Timely decision making of SF commanders must be
facilitated by ensuring no interruptions from the enemy/ adversary’s EW
activities as much as situation permits.

(6) Undue Employment of SF. The inappropriate or

excessive use of SF operatives in missions or roles that do not align with
the specialized training, strategic purpose, or intended operational
scope. Also overusing SF units without sufficient rest, leading to
burnout, attrition, and reduced effectiveness.

(7) Limited Specialised Equipment. Limited specialised

equipment such as helmet mounted spy camera, night vision, small
weapons, body armour, helmets, drones, etc…

(8) Absent in the Retaining Strategy of SF Soldiers. SF

soldiers leave the organisation prematurely and number of deserters are
increased unpredictably due to the absent of retaining strategy of SF
soldiers. Experience soldiers are also retire after completing the tenure.

(9) Lack of Legal Provision. Combating transnational crime

required comprehensively formulated legal provisions for the protection
of the troops. SF troops also need to well understood about domestic law
and rule of engagement in particular operation.

(10) Language and Cultural Gap. Since transnational crime

often involves multi ethnicities, SF units must be trained to work in
diverse cultural and linguistic settings. Language skills and cultural

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awareness are essential when operating alongside foreign partners in

international operations.

(11) Limited Joint Training Opportunities. SF operations are

inherently in joint nature, Jointness in terms of sister services Special
Operations capable entities and joint with sister services generic assets
required for synergetic approach to sea, land, air joint warfare.

(12) Lack of knowledge in Cyberwarfare. Cyber warfare

extensively used while combating transnational crime. Lack of
knowledge in this aspect hinder the operational effectiveness and trap in
to unnecessary trouble.

c. Opportunities. Opportunities can create for SF to fight against

transnational crimes, such as:

(1) Enhanced Legal Framework and Policy Support.

Opportunity to push for effective domestic laws for the employment of
SF against transnational crimes and strengthening counterterrorism and
organized crime legislation.

(2) Integration of New Technology. Integration of

advanced technology in surveillance, drones, data analytics, and cyber
capabilities can enhance situational awareness and operational
effectiveness, allowing for timely interventions.

(3) Adoption of Advanced Tactical Training. Gaining

exposure to the latest counter terrorist tactics, cyber warfare, and
surveillance methods. Utilizing AI, big data, and advanced weaponry for
crime prevention.

(4) Capacity Building Initiatives. The opportunity for

combined training programs for SF operatives enable to enhance the
skill and adopt new tactics, techniques and procedures.

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(5) Expand Combined Training Exercise. Collaborating with

neighbouring countries such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
for Special Operations Exercise, intelligence sharing and joint exercises
can enhance operational capabilities against transnational crimes.

(6) Enhance Military Diplomacy. Providing more overseas

training opportunities on combatting transnational crimes will create
opportunities to enhance military diplomacy among SF operatives
around the region.

d. Threats. These threats make more complex operational

environment for special operations:

(1) Political Instability and Short Fall of National Policy for

Combating Transnational Crime. Political instability and shortfall
in Sri Lanka’s national strategy against transnational crime, impede the
policy planning, weakens law enforcement and utilise Special Forces in
the operational environment.

(2) Legal and Jurisdictional Challenges. Sri Lanka's legal

framework may have limitations in addressing transnational crimes
employing military effectively. Coordination with international law
enforcement agencies can be complex due to differences in legal
systems.

(3) Evolving Nature of Global Terrorism and Extremism. The

rise of cyber-terrorism, lone-wolf attacks, and ideologically driven
extremism dictates constant evolution of global terrorism. Dynamic and
fluid modus of operandi of terrorists is a significance challenge of
countering.

(4) Rapid Recruitment and Radicalization within the Region.

Extensively use of online platforms particularly the social media and

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other modern tools for radicalizing youth pose an ongoing challenge to

the Security of the country.

(5) International Organised Crime Networks. Organised

crime networks often employ highly sophisticated and adaptable
methods (e.g., use of advanced concealment techniques, maritime
smuggling routes) which can outpace enforcement efforts. They are
interconnected and operate from overseas. They use high technology
and adopt sophisticated weapon platform for their activities.

(6) International Drugs Supply Chain. A rise in global

and regional drug use could fuel demand, which in turn motivates
traffickers to exploit weaknesses in enforcement and borders. Over the
time drug trafficking chain has being spread rapidly and strongly in the
country.

(7) High Demand for SF Personnel as Mercenaries. Demand

from private military contractors, particularly in conflict zones, is
incentivise, especially for the retired SF personnel, being motivated to
join mercenary groups. This will be a threaten to the active SF
operatives.

RECOMMENDATIONS

7. As part of our in-depth study, we present key recommendations for the Sri
Lanka Army and Special Forces Regiment to strengthen the capacity and capabilities
of SF operatives in countering transnational crimes and preparing them for emerging
security threats in present operational environment.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SRI LANKA ARMY

8. Following recommendations are suggested to the Army level:

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a. Establishment of National Security Secretary. It is recommended

that Sri Lanka should establish a coordinated mechanism for intelligence and
information sharing, possibly by way of a National Security Secretariat or a
National Hub, which should avoid the conflicting interests and to ensure the
smooth flow of information and intelligence from diverse agencies not just
across the island but also around the globe. This shall guarantee that maximum
intelligence could be readily obtained immediately during a crisis, instead of
hunting for information subsequent to an outbreak.

b. Enhanced Training Opportunities and Resource Allocation.

Prioritize overseas specialized training programs that focus on
transnational crimes, including advanced operational tactics and interagency
harmonization.

c. Adoption of New Generation Equipment. Invest in modern

surveillance and cyber capabilities to develop an operational edge in monitoring
criminal activities.

d. Legal Framework Alignment. Formulate legal provisions that

ensure the operations align with international laws and human rights standards
to maintain operational legitimacy and public support. Further legal provisions
for the protection of the troops who engage in such text.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DECISION MAKERS OF

THE SPECIAL FORCES

9. These recommendations are made for decision makers of the Special Forces
when designing special missions in response to the volatile and complex security
environment. It is recommended that the following contemplations should be taken into
careful consideration when directing, planning and execution of countering
transnational crimes:

a. Vision should be aligned with national interest.

b. Purpose and goals should be well defined, legitimate and justifiable.

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c. Objectives should be planned with a specific scope and timeline.

d. Agencies and stakeholders should work with collaboration for a shared
vision with justifiable and acceptable objectives from the basic tactical level to
the highest strategic level.
e. Transparency and communication strategy should be established.
f. The support and acceptance from the general public should be gained.
g. Conduct of operations should ethical.
h. Adherence to the international and domestic laws.
i. The mechanism of combating transnational crimes should be
accountable.
j. Cultural sensitivity should be considered.
k. Strategizing precision planning.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BUILDING THE CAPACITY AND

CAPABILITY OF SPECIAL FORCES

10. These recommendations are made with the purpose of capacity and capability
building of Special Forces while engaging with emerging threats in contemporary
operational environment:

a. Designing New Concept of Operations Align with Present

Operational Environment. Special Forces is the strategic force in the country
and last resort to the overall military strategy. Its capability to act as force
multiplier in the military camping demand careful and meticulous operational
planning in its deployment. Considering future complexity and volatile security
nature of the operational environment Special Forces need to foresee its
engagement with new concept of operations refining its core activities.

b. Modify the Concept of Training. Impending battle field is complex,

precision, automation, fluid and dynamic. Prediction is most unlikely, not to
have a conventional enemy, but to have home grown asymmetric threats with
Terrorism, Violent Extremism and transnational crime. Concept of SF training
has to be derived from above facts with SWOT analysis over the time giving
much consideration on urbanisation in particular to western province and cluster

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urbanization in outskirts. Identifying training gap, training innovation and

training modification is essential by SF commanders at all level to curb any
situation underneath the term of national security. Careful analysis of religious,
cultural, and socio-economic aspects are essential considerations in the
contemporary context. Moreover, with the technological advancement and
urbanization, OE is more biased towards urban environment. SF training
strategies should adopt these threat perceptions while designing the training and
strictly comply to the principals of training mandatory.

c. Adoption of Cognitive Skill Development Training. As

future threats, particularly, transnational crime increasingly operates in cyber
platforms, and SF operatives overload with misinformation and disinformation.
The cognitive skills like situational awareness, decision-making, problem-
solving, memory retention, emotional regulation, and adaptability is vital for SF
operatives to combat in this context. Moreover, to prevent cyber trapping,
cognitive skill may play vital role.

d. Maintain Special Intelligence / Reconnaissance Team to Minimised

Intelligence Gap. Sound intelligence is vital for the success of the special
missions and tasks. Fog of war can be minimised with the sound application of
intelligence operations. Intelligence gap to be minimized and it can alter with
provision of access on national intelligence systems to ensure the update of
intelligence in aspects of timely, relevant, accurate and predictive
intelligence. Further, each SF regiments need to maintain special intelligence/
reconnaissance team to confirm, refute, or obtain information about the
capabilities, intentions, and activities of a true or potential enemy through
"visual observation or other means of collection". Tactical level planning,
direction, collection, processing, analysis and dissemination of Intelligence
requirements for specific SF operations to be done by the dedicated Intelligence
Cell of SF.

e. Action Plan to Enhanced Knowledge of the SF Operatives (Officers

and Other Ranks). Action plan should be formulated with the direction of
SF Bde among each regiments. The objectives should be complied to enhanced

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operational readiness and effectiveness, improved adaptability to dynamic

combat environments, strengthened leadership, team cohesiveness, practice
mission analysis / troop leading procedures and intelligence handling
capabilities.

f. SF Training / Conduct Should Complement the SF and SOF

Doctrine.
The SF GSP and SOF AFM have been published under the authority of AHQ.
Therefore, we are responsible for adhering to the guidelines outlined in these
doctrines, ensuring that our training and conduct align accordingly.

g. Conduct MAPEX Biannually Focusing Future Threats.

MAPEX is an effective tool to practice mission command in SF
operations that ensures the unity of efforts at all level. Further, it will help to
mould junior leadership in mission analysing and decision making. Further, it
will facilitate to mission planning with sister services.

h. Continue Combined Field Training Exercises. Key

recommendations focus on strengthening regional military and security
collaboration, improving intelligence gathering, enhancing technological
capabilities and multi-national field training exercises. It is highly
recommended to continue Cormorant Strike field exercise.

i. Continue Joint Training Exercise. Joint Operations exercises

facilitate SF operatives to seamlessly integrate into multi-domain operations
and leverage each service's unique capabilities. Joint operations are vital on
mission planning, engagement protocols, and intelligence-sharing frameworks.

j. Include IQ and EQ test for Selection of SF Operatives. In a

prolonged selection process under the force preparation new operatives for SF
will determine. The operatives undergo robust mentally and physical selection.
However, high intelligence quotient (High IQ) and Emotion Quotient (EQ) test
should be included to selection process which help right men to induct to SF
community. Candidates should push not only to test their limits on the

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determination, courage, stamina, spirit-de-corps, detection, warrior ethos, high

moral but also IQ and EQ factors.

k. Dedicated SF Cyber Cell. The extensive use of digital

communication and network-centric warfare necessitates cyber and electronic
warfare capabilities for SF operatives. It is highly recommended to establish
cyber cell under SF Bde with the objective of examine misinformation and
disinformation, preventing penetration, cyber espionage, and counter-
cyberterrorism.

l. Acquiring Secure and Encrypted Communication System.

When employed in urban operational environment, SF must be
adequately supported with reliable and secure means of communications.
Timely decision making of SF operatives must be facilitated by ensuring no
interruptions from the enemy/ adversary’s EW activities as much as situation
permits.

m. Intelligence Based Effective Employment. The mission

must be appreciated and within the capacity and skills of SF. The employment
must focus on desired outcomes. Required level of deterrence in OOTW dictate
size of the force, leadership, selection of personnel and equipment.

n. Recognize Political Implications of the SF Operations. Special

operations are often politically sensitive in nature and consequences of the acts
of SF has direct bearing to the political objectives. That is the responsibility of
all SF operatives to actualise that every individual act has consequences of
internal politics and international consequences for governing body. Therefore,
every SF operatives are responsible for their individual conduct.

o. Prioritising Use of Advanced Technologies. SF Bde must prioritise

acquiring of advanced technologies and equipment considering the economic
constrain in the country.

p. Retention Strategy for SF Operatives. It is immediate and

essential requirement to activate sustainable strategy to retain SF operatives in

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the units. On the other hand, we should make preventive measures to joining
them as mercenaries.

CONCLUSION

11. Special Forces is a decisive force in combating transnational crime, leveraging

their advanced combat skills, precision strike capabilities, and intelligence-gathering
expertise to execute high-risk operations in dynamic and hostile environments. Their
extensive combat experience enhances their effectiveness in counterterrorism, drug
interdiction, human trafficking interdiction, and dismantling transnational criminal
networks. Through direct-action missions, strategic reconnaissance, and joint
multinational operations, Special Forces systematically disrupt and neutralize threats
that undermine national security and global stability. Their relentless pursuit of mission
objectives, coupled with specialized training and interoperability with allied forces,
cements their role as a formidable force against organized crime.

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