ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

IFS: Farming Based Livelihood Systems

Components of IFS Model in

North Indian Ecologies

Dr. Rajiv Kumar Singh

Principal Scientist, Division of Agronomy
ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110 012
E-Mail ID: rajivsingh@[Link]
 Introduction and Overview of the course
S. No. Topic Instructor No. of Date
Lectures
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

1. Farming System-scope, importance, and concept, Types Dr. Rajiv K. 03 13-6-2024

and systems of farming system and factors affecting Singh 20-6-2024
types of farming, Farming system components and their 27-6-2024
maintenance.

2. Cropping system and pattern, multiple cropping Dr. S.S. 03 04-7-2024

system, Efficient cropping system, Sustainable Rathore 11-7-2024
agriculture-problems and its impact on agriculture, 18-7-2024
indicators of sustainability, adaptation and mitigation.

3. Conservation agriculture strategies in agriculture, Dr. S.L. Meena 03 25-7-2024

HEIA, LEIA and LEISA and its techniques for Dr. Subhash 01-8-2024
sustainability, Integrated farming system-historical Babu 08-8-2024
background, objectives and characteristics,
components of IFS and its advantages, Site specific
development of IFS model for different agro-climatic
zones.

4. Resource use efficiency and optimization techniques, Dr. P.K. 03 15-8-2024

Resource cycling and flow of energy in different Upadhyay and 22-8-2024
farming system, farming system and environment, Visit Arjun Singh 29-8-2024
of IFS model in different agro-climatic zones of nearby
states University/ institutes and farmers field.
 Background of Integrated Farming System
 The term “Farming system” is used to describe an
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

agricultural system that preserves land productivity,

environmental quality, and maintains a desirable level
of biological diversity and ecological stability. Rather
than on the gross output, the emphasis is placed mainly
on the system.
 A FS consists of a variety of farm enterprises, including:
cropping systems, horticulture, livestock, fisheries,
forestry, poultry and the means available to the farmer
to raise them profitably.
 it interacts with the environment appropriately without
disrupting the ecological and socio-economic balance
on the one hand, while simultaneously achieving the
national goal on the other. In its real sense, the FS can
help in many ways to lift the economy of agriculture
and standard of living of the farmers in general.
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi Farming System
What is a System?
A system is a group of interacting components,
operating together for a common purpose, capable of
reacting as a whole to external stimuli: it is unaffected
directly by its own outputs and has a specified
boundary based on the inclusion of all significant
feedbacks.
Systems Approach
 In system approach all the components and
activities are linked, they affect each other. It is
not sensible to look at one component by itself
without recognizing that what it does and what
happens to it will affect other parts of the
system. 4
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Farming System

 FS is a complex inter-related matrix of soil, plants,

animals implements, power, labour, capital and
other inputs controlled in part by farm families and
influenced by varying degrees of political,
economic, institutional and social forces that
operate at many levels.

 In other words it is defined as unique and

reasonably stable arrangement of farm enterprises
that the household manages according to its
physical, biological, economic and socio-cultural
environment in accordance with the household’s
goals, preferences and resources.

Cont…
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Farming System
 It is a resource management strategy to achieve
economic and sustained production to meet diverse
requirement of farm household while preserving
resource base and maintaining a high level of
environmental quality.

 For example it represents integration of farm

enterprises such as cropping systems, animal
husbandry, fisheries, forestry, sericulture, poultry etc
for optimal utilization of resources bringing prosperity
to the farmer.

 The farm products other than the economic products,

for which the crops are grown, can be better utilized for
productive purposes in the FSs approach.
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ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Farming System Concept
 In FS, the farm is viewed in a holistic manner.
 Farming enterprises include crops, dairying,
poultry, fishery, sericulture, piggery, apiary tree
crops etc. a combination of one or more enterprises
with cropping when carefully chosen, planned and
executed, gives greater dividends than a single
enterprise, especially for small and marginal
farmers.
 Farm as a unit is to be considered and planned for
effective integration of the enterprises to be combined
with crop production activity, such that the end-
products and wastes of one enterprise are utilized
effectively as inputs in other enterprise.

Cont…
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Farming System Concept
 For example the wastes of dairying viz., dung, urine,
refuse etc are used in preparation of FYM or compost
which serves as an input in cropping system.
 Likewise the straw obtained from crops (rice, maize,
sorghum etc) is used as a fodder for dairy cattle.
 Sustainability is the objective of the FS where
production process is optimized through efficient
utilization of inputs without infringing on the quality
of environment with which it interacts on one hand
and attempt to meet the national goals on the other.

 The magnitude of time dimension depends upon ones

objectives, being shorter for economic gains and longer
for concerns pertaining to environment, soil
productivity and land degradation.
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Principles of Farming System
1. Minimization of risk
2. Recycling of wastes and residues
3. Integration of two or more enterprises
4. Optimum utilization of all resources
5. Maximum productivity and profitability
6. Ecological balance
7. Generation of employment potential
8. Increased input use efficiency
9. Use of end products from one enterprise as input
in other enterprise
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Characteristics of Farming System
1. Farmer oriented & holistic approach
2. Effective farmers participation
3. Unique problem solving system
4. Dynamic system
5. Gender sensitive
6. Responsible to society
7. Environmental sustainability
8. Location specificity of technology
9. Diversified farming enterprises to avoid risks due to
environmental constraints
10. Provides feedback from farmers
 Objectives of Farming System
1. Productivity
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

FS provides on opportunity to increase economic yield per unit area

per unit time by virtue of intensification of crop and allied
enterprises. Time concept by crop intensification and space concept
by building up of vertical dimension through crops and allied
enterprises.
2. Profitability
The system as a whole provides an opportunity to make use of
produce/waste material of one enterprise as an input in another
enterprise at low/no cost. Thus by reducing the cost of production
the profitability and benefit cost ratio works out to be high.
3. Potentiality
 Soil health, a key factor for sustainability is getting deteriorated and
polluted due to faulty agricultural management practices viz.,
excessive use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, high
intensity irrigation etc.
 In FS, organic supplementation through effective use of manures and
waste recycling is done, thus providing an opportunity to sustain
potentiality of production base for much longer time. Cont…
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Objectives of Farming System
4. Balanced Food
In FS, diverse enterprises are involved and they produce
different sources of nutrition namely proteins,
carbohydrates, fats & minerals etc form the same unit land,
which helps in solving the malnutrition problem prevalent
among the marginal and sub-marginal farming households.
5. Environmental Safety
 The very nature of FS is to make use or conserve the
byproduct/ waste product of one component as input in
another component and use of bio-control measures for
pest & disease control.
 These eco-friendly practices bring down the application of
huge quantities of fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides,
which pollute the soil, water and environment to an
alarming level. Whereas IFS will greatly reduces
environmental pollution.
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Objectives of Farming System
6. Income/Cash Flow Round the Year
Conventional single enterprise crop activity where the income
is expected only at the time of disposal of economic produce
after several months depending upon the duration of the crop,
the IFS enables cash flow round the year by way of sale of
products from different enterprises viz., milk from dairy, fish
from fisheries, eggs from poultry, silkworm cocoons from
sericulture, honey from apiculture etc. This not only enhances
the purchasing power of the farmer but also provides an
opportunity to invest in improved technologies for enhanced
production.

7. Saving Energy
Availability of fossil fuel has been declining at a rapid rate
leading to a situation wherein the whole world may suffer for
want of fossil fuel by 2030 AD. In farming system, effective
recycling of organic wastes to generate energy from biogas
plants can mitigate to certain extent this energy crisis.
Cont…
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Objectives of Farming System
8. Meeting Fodder Crises
IFS every inch of land area is effectively utilized. Alley cropping
or growing fodder legume along the border or water courses,
intensification of cropping including fodder legumes in CSs helps
to produce the required fodder and greatly relieve the problem of
non-availability of fodder to livestock component of the FS.
9. Solving timber and fuel crises
 The current production level of 20 million m3 of fuel wood and
11 million m3 of timber wood is no match for the demand
estimated or 360 m3 of fuel and 64,4 million m3 of timber wood
in 2000 AD.
 Current production needs to be stepped up several-fold.
Afforestation programmes besides introduction of agro-
forestry component in FS without detrimental effect on crop
yield will greatly reduce deforestation, preserving our natural
ecosystem.
Cont…
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Determinants of Farming System
 There are three major groups of factors, which in
combination determine the type of farming system
employed by framers in a given region.
 Factor A represent the physical and biological elements
which set limits to the type of agricultural produce to be
produced in the given region.
 The physical elements include land, soil quality,
topography, climate, water, location, distance etc.
 The biological elements include crops and livestock
physiology, diseases etc., which determine the potential
farm enterprises.
 These elements can be altered by limited intervention by
the farmers and scientists.
 For instance scientists can evolve improved production
technology and farmers can adopt it partially or in full
package. Cont…
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Determinants of Farming System
 Factor B represent endogenous human elements, which
greatly influence the type of FS adopted in a particular region.
 The system revolves around the farmer whose family and
means of livelihood are intricately linked.
 The farm family has available resources under their control in
terms of land, labour, capital and management.
 The quantity and quality of these resources are conditioned
by the characteristics of the family (size, age etc.), education
and management skills, available labour, capital, power,
attitudes and goals of the family.
 The farmers goals and attitudes are initial factors that
determine the nature of FS specially where there is a range of
alternative operations and enterprises to increase
productivity consistent with existing technical elements.
 The farmer could combine available resources in a manner
that will maximize the goals of the family. Cont…
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Determinants of Farming System

Factor C represents the exogenous human

variables, which govern the allocation of available
resources by the farmers.

Farm producers need incentives to change their

farming methods and production patterns in
desirable directions.

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ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Determinants of Farming System
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Cropping System Related Terminology
 Cropping system: A CS refers to the principles and practices
of cropping and their interaction with farm resources,
technology, aerial and edaphic environment to suit the
regional or national or global needs and production
strategy. It is an important component of FS.

 Elements of Cropping system

a. Environment : Climate, Soil Condition and Social Factors
b. Cropping:
c. Farm Resources:
1. Land : Irrigated, Rainfed, Consolidation
2. Power : Manual and Mechanical
3. Capital
i. Short-term : Seed, Fuel, Labour, Fertilizer, Pesticide and Weedicide
ii. Long-term : Land Development, Irrigation and Plant Protection
d. Technology
1. Production – System technology
2. Managerial: Technical and Administrative
3. Transfer of technology : Pilot demonstration
Cont…
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Cropping System Related Terminology
 Cropping pattern: The yearly sequence and spatial
arrangement of crop or of crops and fallow on a given area,
region, country allocating due consideration to natural
features (soil and climate), crop efficiency, and capability,
socio-economic structure, technological and extension infra-
structure and the national agricultural policy.
 Multiple cropping : MC refers to intensification of cropping
both in time and space. It includes sequential cropping, inter-
cropping and mixed cropping.
a) Sequential cropping: Growing two or more crops in a sequence on
the same field in a farming year for irrigated land and is limited to
the period of adequate soil moisture availability for crop growth
in semi-arid & arid areas.
b) Intercropping : It refers to growing of two or more dissimilar crops
simultaneously on the same piece of land, base crop necessarily in
distinct row arrangement. The following four types of inter-
cropping are identified.
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Cropping System Related Terminology
i) Mixed Inter-cropping: Growing component crops
simultaneously with no distinct row arrangement. This
is commonly used in labour intensive subsistence
farming situations.
ii) Row Inter-cropping: Growing component crops
simultaneously in different row arrangement. This is
used in mechanized agriculture.
iii) Strip Inter-cropping: Growing component crops in
different strips wide enough to permit independent
cultivation but narrow enough to the crop to interact
agronomically.
iv) Relay Inter-cropping: It refers to planting of succeeding
crop before the harvest of preceding crop, planting of
succeeding crop may be done before or after flowering
or attainment of physiological maturity.
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Cropping System Related Terminology
 Mixed Cropping : Mixed cropping is growing of two or more crops
simultaneously on the same piece of land seeded either after the
seeds of the crops intended to be grown mixed or sowing alternate
rows in various replacement ratios.
 Monoculture: The repetitive growing of the sole crop on the same
piece of land. It may either be due to climatological limitation or due
to specialization by a farmer to grow a particular crop.
 Staggered Planting: It means sowing of a crop is spread over and
around optimum period of planting either to minimize risks or to
use labour & machinery more effectively or to minimize
competition.
 Ratoon Cropping: The cultivation of crops’ re-growth coming out
of roots or stalks of the preceding crop after harvest, although not
necessarily for grain is termed as ratoon cropping/ratooning.
 Mixed farming: It is defined as a system of farming on a particular
farm which includes crop production, raising of livestock, poultry,
fish and bee keeping, and/or tress to sustain and satisfy as many
necessities of the farmer as is possible.
 Secondary Enterprises as Livelihood
Components for Farmers
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Principal of Livelihood

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 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Components of the Livelihood

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 ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Livelihood Assets

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Components of Farming Systems
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Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
Why Integrated Farming Systems ?
 To Enhance income of small and marginal farmers.
 Addressing Climate change: mitigation and adaptation strategies.
 Factor productivity decline.
 Resource use efficiency.
 Nutritional security specially protein malnutrition.
 Soil health and productivity.
 Mitigate second generation problems of GR.
Size-Group Percentage of number of Percentage of area operated to
operational holdings to total total
Marginal (below 1.00 ha.) 68.45 24.03
Small (1.0 - 2.0 ha.) 17.62 22.91
Semi-medium (2.0-4.0 ha.) 9.55 23.84
Medium (4.0 - 10.0 ha.) 3.80 20.16
Large (10.0 ha. & above) 0.57 9.07

Total number of operational holdings is estimated as 138.35 million and the total operated area is 159.59 million
hectare.
As per Agriculture Census 2015-16
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 IFS Definitions
 Proper mix of farm enterprises like crops, animals, agroforestry etc, wherein
recycling of by-products and wastes is an important component. It reduces
the use of purchased inputs, stabilizers farm incomes, minimizes risks and
protects the environment. Especially suitable for small and marginal
farmers.
 IFS represents an appropriate combination of farm enterprises (cropping systems,
horticulture, livestock, fishery, forestry, poultry) and the means available to the
farmer to raise them for profitability. It interacts adequately with environment
without dislocating the ecological and socio-economic balance on one hand and
attempts to meet the national goals on the other (Jayanthi et al 2002).

 Dr. MS Swaminathan listed the principle components of intensive IFSs as 7

pillars that include:-
1. Soil-health Care
2. Water Harvesting and Management
3. Crop and Pest Management
4. Energy Management
5. Post-harvest Management
6. Choice of Crops
7. Farm Animals and Other Components of the FS and Information, 41Skill,
Organization and Management Empowerment.
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
Advantages of IFS
 3 P’s- Productivity, Profitability, Potentiality
 Regular income and year round employment.
 Provides food and nutritional security.
 Eco-recycling of agriculture residues/by products /
wastes
 Better soil quality for sustainable agriculture.
 Improves micro climate.
 Conservation of natural resources
 Minimizes the risk of failure in productivity.
 Increased Efficiency
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
Scope of farming system
 Maximize yield of all component enterprises to provide stable
income.
 Biotic stress management through natural cropping systems
practices.
 Reducing the use of fertilizers and other harmful agro chemicals to
provide pollution free, healthy produce and environment to the
society.
 Increasing economic yield per unit area per unit time, profitability,
sustainability.
 It provides nutritious food for the farmer’s pollution free
environment and provides opportunity for effective recycling waste
material.
 Income or cash flow round the year and solve the energy, fuel and
timber crises
 Employment generation
 Increase input use efficiency
 Improve standard of living of a farming community
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
Aims of integrated farming system
a) Livelihood security
b) Nutritional security
c) Income growth
d) Poverty alleviation
e) Employment generation
f) Judicious use of land and water resources
g) Sustainable agricultural development and soil health
h) Environmental improvement
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
IFS Approach
1. Characterization of On-Farm farm resources.

2. Knowledge of basic needs of the family.

3. Allocation of land and other resources accordingly.

4. Introducing/integrating new cost effective farm enterprises

for profit maximization.

5. Use of resource conservation technologies.

6. Resource recycling and encouraging less external input for

sustained production.
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
Goals of IFS
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
Core Characteristics of FSR

1. It is problem solving
2. It is holistic
3. It acknowledges the location specificity of technological
solutions
4. It is farmer participatory
5. It gives weightage to ITK system
6. It is concerned with 'Bottom-up' research strategy
7. It is interdisciplinary
8. It emphasizes extensive on-farm activities
9. It is gender sensitive
10. It is dynamic
11. It focuses on actual adoption
12. It focuses on sustainability
13. It complements experiment station research
 Predominant Farming Systems in India under Different
Categorization of On-FarmState
Farming System in the Country
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Farming System States

Animal Husbandry Gujarat and Rajashthan,
Based
Poultry based Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Maharashtra, North-East,
Karnataka, and T.N.
Crop Husbandry Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chattisghar, Goa, Haryana, Jammu
Based and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Kerala, Karnataka, Madhya
Pradesh, North-East, Maharahstra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil
Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal,

Fisheries Based West Bengal, Orissa, Assam

Horticulture (Fruit Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, North
cultivation) Based East and Sikkim.
Plantation Based Andaman and Nicobar, Assam, Kerala, Karnataka,
Lashadweep, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal
Vegetable based Himachal Pradesh,
Seed Production Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, A.P. and T.N.
Based
 Integrated Farming System Model for Small and
Marginal Farm Holder
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Objective
 To ensure balance family
nutrition and sustained
Family
livelihood of small and marginal Nutrition
farmers.

 To generate regular income and

employment along with
enhanced economic viability of Income
Soil
small and marginal farm &
Employment Health
holding.

 To maintain soil health and

environmental safety under
changing climate scenario
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Overview of the small farm holder IFS model at IARI

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Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Fishes selection and their ratio in the pond
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Allocation of Area under Different Components of FSs (m2)
Treatments Crop Dairy Fisheries Poultry Duc Apiary Biogas Boundary VC/
kery (25 m2) Plantation FY
M
Crops 7000 - - - - - - -

Crops + Dairy 7000 - - - - - - -

Crops + Dairy + Fisheries 7000 1000 - - - - -

Crops + Dairy + Fisheries +

7000 1000 - - - -
Poultry
Crops + Dairy + Fisheries +
7000 1000 - - - -
Poultry + Duckery

Sheltered with farm house

Crops + Dairy + Fisheries + Connected
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary Sheltered with dairy

Sheltered over fish pond dykes

Sheltered over fish pond
7000 1000 over crop unit at - -
+ Biogas field bund farm
house

Crops + Dairy + Fisheries +

Poultry + Duckery + 7000 1000
-
- 768 -
Boundary Plantation

Crops + Dairy + Fisheries +

Sheltered over crop field

Poultry + Duckery +
7000 1000 - 768 -
Boundary Plantation +
Apiary

bund
Crops + Dairy + Fisheries +
Connected
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary with dairy
+ Biogas + Vermi- 768
7000 1000 unit at 50
composting + Boundary farm
Plantation house
 ICAR-IARI Model: Integrated Farming System Model for
Small Holders under Irrigated Ecosystem
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
 Economic Yield (t/ha) of Different Cropping Systems
Average Over Two
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
2019-20 2020-21
Cropping Years
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
System
crop crop crop crop crop crop crop crop crop
Babycorn-Berseem-Babycorn 9.08 95.67 9.35 9.69 96.87 9.48 9.39 96.27 9.42

Maize-Mustard-Sunflower 4.47 1.58 2.28 4.62 1.80 2.42 4.55 1.69 2.35
Maize-veg. pea-okra 4.79 8.50 7.73 4.98 9.03 8.17 4.89 8.77 7.95
Multicut Sorghum-Potato-
54.60 35.50 29.26 54.97 36.77 30.73 54.79 36.14 30.00
Onion
Maize-Wheat-Cowpea 4.14 5.63 6.73 4.33 5.80 7.10 4.24 5.71 6.91
Rice-Wheat-Cowpea 4.66 5.23 6.48 4.96 5.46 6.55 4.81 5.34 6.51

Bottle gourd - Marigold-

8.23 2.67 56.50 8.47 2.91 57.69 38.00 2.79 57.09
Multicut Sorghum

Red gram -Wheat-Babycorn 2.44 4.64 9.19 2.56 4.96 9.61 2.50 4.80 9.40

Brinjal-Ratoon-Cowpea
27.50 9.50 6.39 28.73 9.38 6.53 28.12 9.44 6.46
(dual purpose)

Rice-wheat 4.66 5.23 - 4.96 5.46 - 4.81 5.34 -

 Rice Equivalent Yield (t/ha) and System Productivity (t/ha)
of Different CSs
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Average Over Two Rice-Equivalent

Cropping 2019-20 2020-21
Years System Productivity
System 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 2019- 2020-
Mean
crop crop crop crop crop crop crop crop crop 20 21
Babycorn-Berseem-
9.08 9.57 9.35 9.69 9.69 9.48 9.39 9.63 9.42 28.00 28.86 28.43
Babycorn (III)
Maize-Mustard-
2.24 2.05 6.71 2.31 2.33 7.12 2.27 2.19 6.92 11.00 11.77 11.38
Sunflower
Maize-Veg. Pea-Okra 2.40 8.50 9.67 2.49 9.03 10.21 2.44 8.77 9.94 20.56 21.73 21.15
Multicut Sorghum-
5.46 17.75 14.63 5.50 18.39 15.37 5.48 18.07 15.00 37.84 39.25 38.55
Potato-Onion (II)
Maize-Wheat-Cowpea 2.07 3.66 6.73 2.17 3.77 7.10 2.12 3.71 6.91 12.46 13.03 12.75
Rice-Wheat-Cowpea 4.66 3.40 6.48 4.96 3.55 6.55 4.81 3.47 6.51 14.54 15.05 14.80
Bottle gourd-
Marigold-Multicut 8.23 2.67 5.65 8.47 2.91 5.77 8.35 2.79 5.71 16.55 17.14 16.85
Sorghum
Red gram-Wheat-
3.66 3.02 9.19 3.84 3.22 9.61 3.75 3.12 9.40 15.87 16.67 16.27
Babycorn
Brinjal-Ratoon Brinjal
27.5 9.50 6.39 28.73 9.38 6.53 28.12 9.44 6.46 43.39 44.64 44.02
- Cowpea (I)
Rice-Wheat 4.66 4.81 - 4.96 5.25 - 4.81 5.03 - 9.47 10.21 9.84
 Net Returns (× 103 ₹/ha) of Different CSs under IFS Model
2019-20 2020-21 Average Over Two Years
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012
Cropping
1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd 2nd 3rd
System 1st Crop
Crop Crop Crop Crop Crop Crop Crop Crop
Babycorn-Berseem-
153.50 51.84 108.52 160.01 50.78 153.89 156.75 51.31 131.21
Babycorn (III)
Maize-Mustard-
47.13 4.35 91.79 49.24 6.03 92.19 48.18 5.19 91.99
Sunflower
Maize-Veg. Pea-Okra 53.54 121.01 139.79 53.58 127.40 145.75 53.56 124.21 142.77
Multicut Sorghum-
27.43 241.75 214.31 25.76 253.81 223.26 26.59 247.78 218.79
Potato-Onion (II)
Maize-Wheat-
40.54 16.78 91.97 50.79 22.38 94.91 45.67 19.58 93.44
Cowpea
Rice-Wheat-Cowpea 44.11 11.58 86.97 40.64 13.62 83.92 42.38 12.60 85.44
Bottle gourd-
Marigold-Multicut 115.87 9.05 29.63 117.50 10.34 28.88 116.69 9.70 29.26
Sorghum
Red gram-Wheat-
31.04 3.91 151.19 30.57 11.52 154.01 30.81 7.72 152.60
Babycorn
Brinjal-Ratoon-
428.93 107.60 81.82 447.71 100.86 82.21 438.32 104.23 82.01
Cowpea (I)
Rice-Wheat 47.86 69.86 - 49.39 75.27 - 48.62 72.57 -
 Rice Equivalent System Productivity (t/ha) and
Sustainability Yield Index (SYI) Under Different IFS Model
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

System Productivity (t/ha) Sustainability

IFS Model 2019-20 2020-21 Mean Yield Index
M1: Rice-Wheat System 10.51 11.26 10.88 0.15
M2: Crop Enterprise 23.77 24.96 24.36 0.34
M3: Crop + Dairy 45.80 47.18 46.49 0.66
M4: Crop + Dairy + Fishery 50.33 52.37 51.35 0.72
M5: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry 52.99 55.14 54.07 0.76
M6: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery 55.64 57.93 56.78 0.79
M7: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery +
57.08 59.48 58.28 0.82
Apiary
M8: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery +
58.22 60.82 59.52 0.83
Apiary + Boundary Plantation
M9: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery +
58.64 61.25 59.95 0.84
Apiary + Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit
M10: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery
+ Apiary + Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit 60.15 62.88 61.52 0.86
+ Vermi-compost
LSD (P=0.05) 4.47 4.65 4.56 -
 Cost Involved (× 103 ₹/ha) and Gross Returns (× 103
₹/ha) Under Different IFS Model
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Cost Involved (× 103 ₹/ha) Gross Returns (× 103 ₹/ha)

IFS Model
2019-20 2020-21 Mean 2019-20 2020-21 Mean
Rice-Wheat System 92.38 100.50 96.44 199.25 215.58 207.42
Crop Enterprise 107.20 110.28 108.74 230.56 244.34 237.45
Crop + Dairy 450.77 469.31 460.04 826.96 784.25 775.78
Crop + Dairy + Fishery 498.68 521.01 509.85 894.62 873.51 854.24
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry 525.03 549.21 537.12 947.82 928.89 908.53
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry +
556.28 582.65 569.46 1000.74 981.89 961.49
Duckery
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry +
561.56 585.47 573.51 1003.84 985.14 964.67
Duckery + Apiary
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry +
Duckery + Apiary + Boundary 561.40 589.21 575.31 1009.35 990.11 969.91
Plantation (III)
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry +
Duckery + Apiary + Boundary 565.36 593.44 579.40 1017.91 998.90 978.58
Plantation + Biogas unit (II)
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry +
Duckery + Apiary + Boundary
566.86 595.19 581.02 1019.18 1000.14 979.84
Plantation + Biogas unit + Vermi-
compost (I)
LSD (P=0.05) - - -
 Net Returns (× 103 ₹/ha) and Returns Over Investment
(RoI) Under Different IFS Model
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Returns Over Investment

Net Returns (× 103 ₹/ha)
IFS Model (RoI)
2019-20 2020-21 Mean 2019-20 2020-21 Mean
M1: Rice-Wheat System 106.88 115.08 110.98 2.16 2.15 2.15
M2: Crop Enterprise 123.35 134.06 128.71 2.15 2.22 2.18
M3: Crop + Dairy 316.55 314.94 315.75 1.70 1.67 1.69
M4: Crop + Dairy + Fishery 336.30 352.49 344.40 1.67 1.68 1.68
M5: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
363.15 379.67 371.41 1.69 1.69 1.69
Poultry
M6: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
384.82 399.24 392.03 1.69 1.69 1.69
Poultry + Duckery
M7: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
382.64 399.67 391.16 1.68 1.68 1.68
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
M8: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary 388.31 400.90 394.61 1.69 1.68 1.69
+ Boundary Plantation
M9: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
392.92 405.46 399.19 1.69 1.68 1.69
+ Boundary Plantation +
Biogas unit
M10: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
392.68 404.96 398.82 1.69 1.68 1.69
+ Boundary Plantation +
Biogas unit + Vermi-compost
LSD (P=0.05) 30.25 31.25 30.75 0.17 0.17 0.17
 System Production Efficiency (kg/ha/day) and System
Economic Efficiency (₹/ha/day) Under Different IFS Model
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

System Production Efficiency System Economic Efficiency

IFS Model (kg/ha/day) (₹/ha/day)
2019-20 2020-21 Mean 2019-20 2020-21 Mean
M1: Rice-Wheat System 28.78 30.85 29.81 292.81 314.43 303.62
M2: Crop Enterprise 65.12 68.38 66.75 337.96 378.15 358.05
M3: Crop + Dairy 125.47 129.25 127.36 1030.66 1052.35 1041.50
M4: Crop + Dairy + Fishery 137.90 143.48 140.69 1084.77 1137.06 1110.92
M5: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
145.18 151.06 148.12 1158.32 1211.33 1184.83
Poultry
M6: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
152.43 158.70 155.57 1217.71 1272.33 1245.02
Poultry + Duckery
M7: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery + 156.37 162.95 159.66 1211.73 1274.86 1243.30
Apiary
M8: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery +
159.49 166.63 163.06 1227.25 1338.18 1282.72
Apiary + Boundary
Plantation
M9: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery +
160.67 167.81 164.24 1239.88 1351.89 1295.88
Apiary + Boundary
Plantation + Biogas unit
M10: Crop + Dairy + Fishery
+ Poultry + Duckery +
Apiary + Boundary 164.79 172.29 168.54 1239.24 1350.52 1294.88
Plantation + Biogas unit
+ Vermi-compost
LSD (P=0.05) 12.24 12.74 12.49 96.02 101.67 98.84
 Annual Man-Days Employment Under Different IFS Model
Annual Man-Days Employment
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

IFS Model
2019-20 2020-21 Mean
M1: Rice-Wheat System 187.50 187.50 187.50
M2: Crop Enterprise 226.67 224.24 225.45
M3: Crop + Dairy 591.67 589.24 590.45
M4: Crop + Dairy + Fishery 595.00 592.82 593.91
M5: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry 605.00 602.82 603.91
M6: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery 615.00 612.82 613.91
M7: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery +
617.00 614.82 615.91
Apiary
M8: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery +
615.00 613.00 614.00
Apiary + Boundary Plantation
M9: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery +
625.00 623.00 624.00
Apiary + Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit
M10: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery +
Apiary + Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit + 630.00 628.00 629.00
Vermi-compost
 Total Nitrogen Recycling (kg/annum) Through Various
Sources Under Different IFS Model
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Source of Nutrients
IFS Model Crop Irrigation Poultry Biogas Vermi-
FYM Total
Residues Water Manure Slurry Comp
M1: Rice-Wheat System 46.06 - - - - - 46.06
M2: Crop Enterprise 63.37 - - - - - 63.37
M3: Crop + Dairy 7.44 48.36 - - - 55.81
M4: Crop + Dairy + Fishery 7.77 48.36 14.62 - - 70.75
M5: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
8.00 48.36 14.62 15.26 - - 86.24
Poultry
M6: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
8.15 48.36 16.52 15.26 - - 88.29
Poultry + Duckery
M7: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary 8.36 48.36 16.52 15.26 - - 88.50
(M7)

M8: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +

Poultry + Duckery + Apiary 8.60 48.36 16.52 15.26 - - 88.74
+ Boundary Plantation

M9: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +

Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
8.92 48.36 16.52 15.26 36.33 - 125.39
+ Boundary Plantation +
Biogas unit

M10: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +

Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
9.11 45.83 16.52 15.26 36.33 22.98 146.03
+ Boundary Plantation +
Biogas unit + Vermi-compost
 Total Phosphorus Recycling (kg/annum) Through Various
Sources Under Different IFS Model
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Source of Nutrients
Bioga
IFS Model Crop Irrigatio Poultry Vermi-
FYM s Total
residues n water manure comp
slurry
M1: Rice-Wheat System 8.32 - - - - - 8.32
M2: Crop Enterprise 11.16 - - - - - 11.16
M3: Crop + Dairy 13.62 10.40 - - - - 24.02
M4: Crop + Dairy + Fishery 14.09 10.40 3.67 - - - 28.16
M5: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
15.69 10.40 3.67 2.06 - - 31.82
Poultry
M6: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
16.04 10.40 4.21 2.06 - - 32.71
Poultry + Duckery
M7: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
16.56 10.40 4.21 2.06 - - 33.23
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
M8: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary + 16.93 10.40 4.21 2.06 - - 33.60
Boundary Plantation
M9: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary +
17.46 10.40 4.21 2.06 8.63 - 42.76
Boundary Plantation + Biogas
unit

M10: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +

Poultry + Duckery + Apiary +
18.02 9.85 4.21 2.06 8.63 8.39 51.17
Boundary Plantation + Biogas
unit + Vermi-compost

LSD (P=0.05) - - - - - - 2.85

 Total Potassium Recycling (kg/annum) Through Various
Sources Under Different IFS Model
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Source of Nutrients
IFS Model Crop Irrigation Poultry Biogas Vermi-
FYM Total
Residues Water Manure slurry comp
M1: Rice-Wheat System 53.73 - - - - - 53.73
M2: Crop Enterprise 108.83 - - - - - 108.83
M3: Crop + Dairy 116.68 43.01 0.00 - - - 159.69
M4: Crop + Dairy + Fishery 121.77 43.01 21.99 - - - 186.76
M5: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
125.43 43.01 21.99 4.22 - - 194.65
Poultry
M6: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +
127.83 43.01 24.45 3.51 - - 198.80
Poultry + Duckery

M7: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +

131.02 43.01 24.45 3.51 - - 201.99
Poultry + Duckery + Apiary

M8: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +

Poultry + Duckery + Apiary 134.82 43.01 24.45 3.51 - - 205.78
+ Boundary Plantation

M9: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +

Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
139.82 43.01 24.45 3.51 11.43 - 222.21
+ Boundary Plantation +
Biogas unit

M10: Crop + Dairy + Fishery +

Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
142.87 40.76 24.45 3.51 11.43 11.35 234.37
+ Boundary Plantation +
Biogas unit + Vermi-compost

LSD (P=0.05) - - - - - - 16.36

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Change in Soil Available N Status Under Different IFS Model
Available N (kg/ha) % Change
IFS Model
Initial Final Over Initial
Rice-Wheat System 251.8 254.22 0.96
Crop Enterprise 251.8 260.31 3.38
Crop + Dairy 251.8 264.23 4.94
Crop + Dairy + Fishery 251.8 270.53 7.44
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry 251.8 274.12 8.86
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery 251.8 278.76 10.71
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary 251.8 278.91 10.77
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
251.8 279.04 10.82
+ Boundary Plantation
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
251.8 284.96 13.17
+ Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary
251.8 288.85 14.71
+ Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit + Vermi-compost
LSD (P=0.05) - 25.52 -
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Change in Soil Available P Status Under Different IFS Model
Soil Available P (kg/ha)
% Change
IFS Model
over initial
Initial Final

Rice-Wheat System 11.22 14.41 28.43

Crop Enterprise 11.22 16.43 46.43

Crop + Dairy 11.22 19.63 74.96

Crop + Dairy + Fishery 11.22 20.66 84.14

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry 11.22 21.27 89.57

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery 11.22 22.43 99.91

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary 11.22 22.61 101.52

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary

11.22 22.82 103.39
+ Boundary Plantation

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary

11.22 23.34 108.02
+ Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary

11.22 23.74 111.59
+ Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit + Vermi-compost
LSD (P=0.05) - 1.91 -
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Change in Soil Available K Status Under Different IFS Model
Available K (kg/ha) % Change
IFS Model
over initial
Initial Final
Rice-Wheat System 254.13 222.62 -12.40
Crop Enterprise 254.13 265.18 4.35
Crop + Dairy 254.13 269.63 6.10
Crop + Dairy + Fishery 254.13 275.41 8.37

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry 254.13 279.17 9.85

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery 254.13 283.52 11.56

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary 254.13 284.67 12.02

Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary +
254.13 286.05 12.56
Boundary Plantation
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary +
254.13 290.07 14.14
Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit
Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary +
254.13 294.97 16.07
Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit + Vermi-compost

LSD (P=0.05) - 25.30 -

 Water productivity and monetary water-use-efficiency
under different IFS model
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

Water Monetary water-

IFS Model productivity use efficiency
(kg/ha-cm) (₹/ha-cm)

M1: Rice-Wheat System 138.1 194.6

M2: Crop Enterprise 161.6 277.4
M3: Crop + Dairy 810.1 693.0
M4: Crop + Dairy + Fishery 736.1 593.3
M5: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry 782.1 640.4
M6: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery 828.8 678.6
M7: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary 849.1 674.8
M8: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary + 866.3 681.3
Boundary Plantation
M9: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary + 864.9 688.3
Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit
M10: Crop + Dairy + Fishery + Poultry + Duckery + Apiary + 891.3 687.8
Boundary Plantation + Biogas unit + Vermi-compost
S. Em (±) 14.4 12.0
LSD (P=0.05) 34.6 29.0
 Carbon foot print and energy productivity of different
roduction systems
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

0.8

0.7
 Traditional= Rice-wheat system
 Diversified= Cereals (maize
Carbon foot print (Co2 e)

0.6 based), vegetables, pulses and

0.5 oilseeds
0.4  Integrated = Crop, live-stock, poultry,
duckery and fisheries
0.3
 Maize equivalent was used IPCC
0.2 based and other reported coefficient
0.1 were used
 80% and 38% lower CF in IFS as
0
compared to traditional and
Traditional Diversified Integrated diversified system
cropping cropping farming

0.6
Energy productivity (kg/MJ)

0.5
 Maize equivalent yield was divided
0.4 by total energy used in individual
production system
0.3
 The energy productivity in IFS was
0.2 higher by 2.5 and 3.5 time higher
compared with Diversified and
0.1
traditional system
0
Traditional Diversified Integrated
cropping cropping farming
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Nitrogen Flow Dynamics Under Different IFS Model

R-W + Dairy Diversified IFS model (M-X)

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Phosphorus Flow Dynamics Under Different IFS Model

R-W + Dairy Diversified IFS model (M-X)

Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012 Potassium Flow Dynamics Under Different IFS Model

R-W + Dairy Diversified IFS model (M-X)

 Economic of Integrated Farming System Model under
Irrigated Situations for Small and Marginal Farmers in North
Division of Agronomy, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi-110012

India
Area Cost of Gross Net B:C Employment
Enterprise Cultivation Returns Returns ratio Generation
(Rs.) (Rs.) (Rs.) (man days)

Crops 0.70 ha 110,281 244,337 134,056 2.22 150

Dairy 3 cows 359,025 539,910 180,885 1.50 365
Duckery 35 birds 33,432 53,000 19,568 1.59 26
Fishery 0.1 ha 51,708 89,261 37,553 1.73 26
Poultry 50 birds 28,199 55,380 27,181 1.96 26
Fruit
0.05 ha
production 9,418 15,623 6,205 1.66 15
Agroforestry 120 1,504 3,794 2,290 2.52 3
KVIC
Biogas
(2 m3) 4,231 7,784 3,553 1.84 12
Fencing area- 2,223 7,421 5,198 3.34 5
---
country bean
Total Rs. 600,021 101,6510 416,489 - 628
FS approach is not only a reliable way of obtaining a fairly high
productivity with substantial fertilizer economy but also a
concept of ecological soundness, leading to sustainable
agriculture (MS Swaminathan).

Thank You 