52 ENGLISH Grammar — 10

Clause
Marks : 3
2
Syllabus : Noun Clauses, Relative Clauses, Adverbial Clauses of Condition and Time.

According to class X syllabus, students are suggested to learn only four types of clauses i.e.
noun clause, relative clauses, advervial clauses of condition and time. These all are related to
complex sentences.
So, it is necessary that we must know –
(a) What is a simple sentence ? (b) What is a complex sentence ?
For examples –
(1) I gave him a book. (2) She was playing football. (3) They will help us.
Definitions–
A simple sentence is a sentence which has only one finite verb, and may have a subject and a
predicate.
In the above mentioned sentences, each sentence contains only one finite verb. That's why
they are simple sentences.
A simple sentence is also known as clause.
Now observe the following sentences -
(1) I told him then. (2) He was reading in the room.
with the use of connector, both the sentences can be rewritten as -
I told him when he was reading in the room.
Above mentioned sentence is a complex sentence. In this sentence 'I told him' is the
Principal Clause because it provides a clear meaning.
And another clause 'When he was reading in the room' does not provide a clear meaning.
That is why it is called the sub-ordinate adverb clause because this clause works as an
adverb for the Principal Clause.
Note : A Conjunction which is used to combine principal clause and sub-ordinate clause is
known as sub-ordinate Conjunction such as 'when' used in the above mentioned sentence.
Definitions-
A complex sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses.
Read the following sentences -
(1) I know it. (2) The thief has escaped.
The second sentence 'the thief has escaped' is placed as an object to a verb and does the
work of a noun. So it is a sub-ordinate clause. The clause 'I know' is the principal clause.
I know that the thief has escaped.
It is very easy to find out the number of clauses in a Complex sentence.
Or - The number of finite verbs = the number of clauses
Such as - I am writing a book.
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In the above sentences only one finite verb is given (i.e. writing so, it is a simple sentence.
But
"This is the boy who stole my pen."
In this sentence there are two finite verbs- 'is' and 'stole'. So, it contains two clauses with
sub-ordinate conjunction 'who'.
(1) This is a boy. (Principal Clause) (2) Who stole my pen. (Sub-ordinate Clause)
In the same way-
" If you do not strike the iron while it is hot you cannot mould it"
Contains three finite verbs. So it has three clauses with two subordinate Conjunctions 'if'
and 'while.

How to Identify Principal Clause & Subordinate Clause

In a complex sentence, it is very easy to identify principal and sub-ordinate clauses.
Such as - She feels that we should buy a car.
A conjunction is used before a sub-ordinate clause whereas the principal clause does not
carry any conjunction with it.
Other examples :
1. I shall stay here until you come.
Principal clause Subordinating conjunction Subordinate clause

2. Mary was wearing a hat when the wind blew it away.

Principal clause Subordinating conjunction Subordinate clause

3. When we got home, night had already fallen.

Subordinating conjunction Subordinate clause Principal clause

4. That he will help me is uncertain.

Subordinating conjunction Subordinate clause Principal clause

EXERCISE 1
Identify the main clause, the subordinate clause and the conjuction in each of the following
sentences :
1. It depends on what you want.
2. Can you tell me when he left and where he has gone ?
3. I am proud that you have won.
4. Do whatever you like.
5. If you want to talk to me, please call me between 5 and 6.

A noun clause is a subordinate clause that can be used in one of the positions that is usually
occupied by a noun/pronoun/noun phrase in a sentence – subject, object or complement.
Functions of Noun Clause
(1) Subject to a Verb
1. What he said pleased me. 2. Where she is going is not known. 3. That he went there is uncertain.
 54 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
In the above sentences, italicized words are sub-ordinate noun clauses. They act as objects in
the given sentences.
Note :- Such clauses are always used before the principal clause.
(2) Object to a Verb
1. He told me that he was going to Kolkata.
2. I do not know where he lives.
In the above sentences, italicized words are sub-ordinate noun clauses. They act as objects
in the given sentences.
Note :- Such clauses are often used after the principal clause.
(3) Object to a Preposition
1. Listen to what your teacher says.
2. It all depends on how she does.
In the above given sentences, italicized words are sub-ordinate noun clauses. They act as
an object to a preposition (ie. on, to)
(4) Complement to a Verb
1. This is what I want to say. 2. Life is what we make.
In the above mentioned sentences, italicized words are sub-ordinate noun clauses. They are
used as complement to a verb.
(5) Case in Apposition to a Noun or Pronoun
1. The news that he died is incorrect. 2. It is good that he has come back.
If any clause takes place to clarify the sense of a noun or a pronoun, it is called 'Case in
Apposition to a Noun or Pronoun'. It can be such in the above mentioned sentences.
In sentence (1)- 'He died' is used for 'news' and in sentence (2)- 'he has come back' is used
for it (pronoun).
Noun clause can be divided into two parts-
(1) That-Noun Clause used to connect statements.
(2) Question clause used to connect questions.
That-Noun Clause
Only statements are joined together by means of conujunction 'that' in such clauses.
(A) As a subject : That noun clause functions as a subject in a given sentence. Establish,
prove, show, know and linking verbs 'be' is used as finite verbs in the following verbs.
He will tell lie. It is known to all.

That he will tell a lie is known to all.

Other examples From Text Book Page No. 114
(i) That the sun rises in the east is a well known fact.
(ii) That snoking causes health disorders has been established by science.
(iii) That the man is guilty has been proved in the court.
(iv) That the train will be late has been shown in the display chart.
(v) That the monsoon will be late is sure.
(B) As a Direct Object : That-noun clause can be used as a direct object for transitive
verbs.
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I know it They have won the match

I know that they have won the match.

In the above example -

'that they have won the match"- is that noun clause (sub-ordinate clause)
'I know' - is principal clause
Generally, it is seen that 'that noun clause' is used as an object of such verb that takes
subjects like I and we. Examples- (from Text Book Page 114)
(i) We believe that the train will arrive on time.
(ii) We know that the sun rises in the east.
(iii) We must accept the fact that the pole star appears in the north.
(iv) We cannot disagree with the fact that terrorism is a global issue.
(v) I admit that the Indian economy is improving fast.
That-noun clause can be used as an object of such verbs as prove, reveal, indicate, show
etc. In this case, subject may be non-human.
Examples- (From Text Book Page 114)
(i) The survey shows that too much use of mobile phones is harmful.
(ii) Everything indicates that prices of land property will come down.
(C) As a Subject Complement : That noun clause is also used as a subject complement of
linking verb 'be' (is, am, are, was, were) :
The advice is this You should get up early

The advice is that you should get up early.

Other examples –
(i) The fact is that the sun rises in the East.
(ii) The factory workers say that their lives are in danger.
(D) As an Adjective complement : Sometimes that noun clause can also be used as an
adjective complement.
We were glad that everybody helped us.
We can frame such structures using the following adjectives.
certain confident hopeful
shocked glad grateful
(E) As a Noun complement : That noun clause is also used with some abstract nouns. as:
(i) The fear that someone will beat him is baseless.
(ii) The hope that we shall win is not fulfilled.

EXERCISE 2
Combine sentences 'a' and 'b' in the following sentences in such a way that sentence 'b'
is used as the 'that noun clause' at an appropriate position in sentence 'a' :
a. I thought it b. You were coming tomorrow.
Ans. I thought that you were coming tomorrow.
 56 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
1. a. It has disturbed us. b. She has failed in the exam.
2. a. He believed it. b. She could not do it.
3. a. She said it. b. She had looked into the matter.
4. a. It is glad. b. She has phoned me.
5. a. I told her something. b. They had gone yesterday.
6. a. It was sad. b. We had to do that.
7. a. It is a fact. b. The earth is round.

Noun Clauses Derived from Questions

Question word noun clauses are divided into two parts :
(A) Wh - Clauses (B) Yes - No Question Clauses
(A) Wh - Clauses
Some noun clauses are constructed by using interrogative wh-words like -
What, where, when, how, why etc.
For example – Where are you going ?
It is an interrogative sentences with wh-question word 'where' : A sub-ordinate clause may
be in the following manner :
I don't know where you are going.
(i) I never believed ...................... (when / where / what) you told her.
Ans. I never believed what you told her.
(ii) May I know .................. (where / when / what) I can go home ?
Ans. May I know when I can go home ?
(iii) I don't know .................... (whom / who / which) she is.
Ans. I don't know who she is
Other examples :
(i) Where he lives is not known to me. (subject of a verb)
(ii) I dont know where he lives. (object of a verb)
(iii) How they do is not known to me. (subject of a verb)
(iv) I don't know how they do it. (object of a verb)
(v) I am ignorant of what you say. (object of the preposition after adjective)
(B) Yes-No Question Clauses
(i) Are you coming with me ? (ii) Can I leave office now ? (iii) Can you remember it ?
Above mentioned sentences are yes-no answer type questions. Such sentences are used to
frame sub-ordinate clauses and they can be used as an object of a verb/subject of a verb. as-
(i) He asked me if I was going with him. (ii) Tell me if I can leave office now.
(iii) I wonder if you can remember it.
Other examples :
Subject of verb
(i) Whether he accepts the invitation or not is uncertain.
(ii) Whether she says yes or no for marriage depends on herself.
(iii) Whether we shall succeed or not is unpredictable.
Note : Conjunction 'Whether' will be used in case 'or' is given in the sentences.
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Object to verb
(i) I don't know whether/if the offices are open on Saturday.
(ii) We don't know whether/if she is ill.
(iii) I don't know whether she is ill or not.
'If/whether' is used as an object of a verb in a subordinate clause but generally 'whether'
is used as a subject of a verb to frame subordinate clause.

Noun Clauses with Imperatives

Generally imperative sentences show request, order, advice, demand, suggestion, proposal,
recommendation etc. as -
The students urged that the exams should be postponed.
Note : • In the above sentence that noun clause is used.
• These sub-ordinate clauses are used as an object to a verb.
Other examples
(i) The people demanded that the terrorist should be punished.
(ii) The economist suggested that GST bill should be passed in Parliament.
(iii) The court ordered that the traitor should be executed.

EXERCISE 3
Put the most suitable words in the blank spaces to complete the following sentences
choosing from the bracket given against each blank space :
1. She is sure ........................ (that/where/which) he will make a mistake.
2. Do you want to know ........................ (where/how/why) the train comes late?
3. Do you know .................... (what/if/which) he has passed the exam ?
4. Do you know ........................ (where/which/what) he lives?
5. ........................ (What/That/Which) he told a lie was his fault.
6. ........................ (What/That/Where) he will come with us is not sure.
7. Tell me ........................ (where/that/which) you have seen my purse.
8. Ask her ........................ (where/which/if) she is ready.
9. I would like to know ........................ (what/where/if) he was at home yesterday.
10. Ask the bus conductor ........................ (where/what/if ) it is time for the bus to start.
11. I am sure ........................ (where/that/what) the train is going to depart.

EXERCISE 4
Put the most suitable words in the blank spaces to complete the following sentences
choosing from the bracket given against each blank space :
1. ........................ (That/What/Which) you have committed a crime is clear.
2. I wonder ........................ (why/where/whose) house that is.
3. My teacher told me ........................ (who/that/whom) the earth moves round the sun.
4. Nobody doubts ........................ (whose/that/which) he is very sincere.
5. Can you tell me ........................ (who/that/whom) wrote the Ramcharitmanas ?
6. I will not forget ........................ (which/that/who) you are kind to me.
7. Tell me ........................ (that/if/who) you live in this house.
 58 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
8. I believe ........................ (that/if/who) you have acted wrongly.
9. I don't know ........................ (that/who/if) they are.
10. I wonder ........................ (what/that/if) you will manage it.
11. ........................ (Which/That/Who) honesty is the best policy is known to all.

EXERCISE 5
Combine each of the following set of sentences into one complex sentence using Noun
Clause :
1. He will make a mistake. She is sure of it.
2. Your opinion is not correct. Mohan is a thief.
3. That was his fault. He told a lie.
4. He will come with us. That is not sure.
5. I don't know. Will it rain ?
6. Good students work hard. It is true.
7. The train is going to depart. I am sure of it.
8. No one can doubt this fact. He is an intelligent student.
9. My father said something. I did not hear that.
10. How did you find my purse ? Can you tell me ?

EXERCISE 6
Combine each set of simple sentence into one complex sentence by using a Noun Clause:
1. It is clear. You have committed a crime.
2. The earth moves round the sun. My teacher told me.
3. He is very sincere. Nobody doubts it.
4. Who wrote the Ramcharitmanas ? Can you tell me ?
5. You are kind to me. I will not forget it.
6. He is very honest. I do not doubt it.
7. You have acted wrongly. I believe so.
8. The rains would come. That was our hope. Our hope was wrong.
9. Honesty is the best policy. That is known to all.
10. You told a lie. Do you accept it ?

Exercise 1
Principal Clause Conjunction Subordinate Clause
1. It depends on what you want
2. Can you tell me when, where (i) he left and (ii) he has gone
3. I am proud that you have won
4. Do whatever you like
5. please call me between 5 and 6 If you want to talk to me

Exercise 2
1. That she has failed in the examination has disturbed us.
2. He believed that she could not do it.
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3. She said that she had looked into the matter.
4. It is glad that she has phoned me.
5. I told her that they had gone yesterday.
6. It was said that we had to do that.
7. It is a fact that the earth is round.
Exercise 3
1. that 2. why 3. if 4. where 5. That 6. That 7. where 8. if 9. if 10. if 11. that.
Exercise 4
1. That 2. whose 3. that 4. that 5. who 6. that 7. if 8. that 9. who 10. if 11. That.
Exercise 5
1. She is sure that he will make a mistake. 2. Your opinion that Mohan is a thief is not correct.
3. That he told a lie was his fault. 4. That he will come with us is not sure. 5. I don't know
if it will rain. 6. It is true that good students work hard. 7. I am sure that the train is going
to depart. 8. No one can doubt that he is an intelligent student. 9. I did not hear what my
father said. 10. Can you tell me how you found my purse ?
Exercise 6
1. That you have committed a crime is clear. 2. My teacher told me that the earth moves
round the sun. 3. Nobody doubts that he is very sincere. 4. Can you tell me who wrote the
Ramcharitmanas ? 5. I will not forget that you are kind to me. 6. I do not doubt that he is
very honest. 7. I believe that you have acted wrongly. 8. Our hope that the rains would come
was wrong. 9. That honesty is the best policy is known to all. 10. Do you accept that you
told a lie ?

A clause that functions as an adjective is called an adjective clause or relative clause. An

adjective clause/relative clause is often introduced by the relative pronouns who, whom, whose,
which, what, where and that.
As -
(i) This is the camera which I have recently bought.
(ii) You can buy the books that you need.
(iii) The boy whom you helped is very poor.
(iv) The man who stole your purse has been arrested.
In the above mentioned examples :
..................which I have recently bought.
..................that you need.
..................whom you helped .................. These all the relative clauses
..................who stole your purse ..................
Relative Clauses are of two types –
(1) Defining Clauses : If we omit the defining clause, the antecedent noun remains
unspecified. In such clauses, we do not use comma between the relative clause and preceding
noun.
My brother who lives in London visited us last week. [his only brother] (defining clause)
Here, defining clause is "Who lives in London".
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It provides restrictive meaning to preceding noun. In other words.
If we omit the clause "who lives in London", it is not clearly explaining the antecedent.
(2) Non-defining Clauses : These clauses provide continuative meaning of the antecedent
noun. Non-defining clauses are separated from its noun by a comma. The preceding noun is
already definite and not at all essential in the sentences.
My brother, who lives in London, visited us last week.
(Non-defining Clause) (one of the brothers)
Relative Pronouns used as Defining Relative Clauses
Subject Object Preposition Possessive
For persons who whom/who that ............. whose
that that ............preposition
For things which which that ............. whose/
that that ............preposition of which

Relative Pronouns used as Non-defining Relations clauses :

for persons for things
Subject ---, who --- , ---, which ---,
Object ---, whom/who ---, ---, which ---,
Preposition ---, preposition + whom ---, or ---, preposition + which ---, or
---, whom --- preposition, ---, which --- preposition,
Possessive ---, whose ---, ---, of which/whose ---,

Use of Relative Pronouns when the blank space is provided in the sentences
Shortcuts
1. Use of Who
Answer will be 'who' in case the name of a person is given before the blank space provided
in the sentence and verb is placed after the blank space.
or
Answer will be who if blank space is provided in the sentence between name of a person
and the verb respectively.
Pattern : Person + ............... + Verb .................
1. I know Mr Sharma, ............... teaches you English. Ans. who
2. The boy............... is standing there is my brother. Ans. who

2. Use of Whom
Answer will be 'whom' if the name of a person is given before the blank space provided
in the sentence and name of a person alongwith blank verb given after it.
Pattern : Person + ............... + Subject (person) + Verb
1. The boy ............... he gave money was very poor.
Person Person + Verb Ans. whom
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2. The man ............... I helped was in trouble.
Person Person + Verb Ans. whom
3. The lady ............... you talked with is my aunt.
Person Person + Verb Ans. whom

3. Use of Whose
We can use 'Whose' if the name of a person is given before the blank space provided
in the sentence and (name of a thing + verb) or (thing + person + verb) or (Person + Person
+ verb) or (Person + verb) is given after the blank space.
Pattern : Person ................... + thing + Verb ...................
Person ................... + thing + person + Verb ...................
Person ................... + person + person + Verb ...................
Person ................... + person + Verb ...................
But be careful in understanding the difference between- 'Whose' & 'whom'.
Not : According to the meaning of the sentances given here- use here 'Whose' not 'Whom'.
1. The man ..............shirt is blue is my uncle.
Person (thing + verb) Ans. whose
2. The man ..............car you borrowed is my neighbour.
Person (thing + person + verb) Ans. whose
3. The man ..............son you taught is my uncle.
Person (person + person + verb) Ans. whose
4. The boy ..............father is a doctor is my friend.
Person (person + verb) Ans. whose

4. Use of 'Which'
'Whick' is used if the name of a lifeless thing or animal is mentioned before the blank
space provided in the sentence and 'noun or verb' is mentioned after the space (given).
For example-
1. The dog..............................bit you is his. Ans. which
2. The book...........................Mohan gave me is yours. Ans. which
Note : Only 'Which' will be used if (the name of a thing/animal + preposition) is
mentioned before the blank space provided in the sentence.
For example :
1. The post for ..............I was selected is temporary. Ans. which
2. I don't like the house in..............he lives. Ans. which

5. Use of 'What'

We can use 'What' in case -

(1) blank space is provided in the beginning of a sentence
(2) blank space is given after the verb (used)
(3) blank space is given after (Verb+object) and there is no antecedent given in the
sentence.
 62 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
For example -
1. .............. cannot be cured must be endured Ans. What
2. This is .............. he likes (verb) Ans. what
3. Do .............. you please. (verb) Ans. what
4. Give him .............. he demands. (verb + obj.) Ans. what
5. Please tell me .............. you need(verb + obj.) Ans. what

6. Use of 'When'

We use 'When' if the time is mentioned before the space provided in the given sentence.
For example -
1. It was midnight ........... the thief entered the house. Ans. when
2. It was Sunday ........... we went on a picnic. Ans. when
3. It was 2016 ........... my father purchased this house. Ans. when

7. Use of 'Where'

'Where' is used if the place/places related to a person, thing or activity is/are given
before the blank space provided in the sentence. For example-
1. This is the temple ........... Gandhiji was shot dead. Ans. where
2. This is the school ........... I studied for five years. Ans. where
3. The house ........... I am staying is very big. Ans. where

8. Use of 'Why'

'Why' is used if reason is given before the blank space provided in the sentence.
For example.
1. This is the reason ........... he didn't come. Ans. why
2. This is the reason ........... I called you. Ans. why

9. Use of 'That'
'That' can be used in place of who, whom or which.
Its use can be expressed in the following way :
(i) If the noun antecedent takes superlative degree of adjective with it before the blank
space provided in the sentence.
For example : Mohan is the tallest boy .......... reads in our school.
(ii) If the sentence is interrogative -
For example -
1. Who is he .......... troubles you ? Ans. that
2. What is it .......... worries him so much ? Ans. that
3. Who is the man .......... abuses you ? Ans. that
4. What is it .......... you like ? Ans. that
(iii) If 'only, any, same, all, nothing, no one, nobody, anybody, anything, none, little etc.' are
used before the space provided in the sentence. As -
1. All .......... glitters is not gold. Ans. that
2. This is the same person .......... you beat. Ans. that
 CLAUSE 63
(iv) If 'person + thing' or 'person + animal' are mentioned before the blank space provided
in the sentence and we have to select relative adjective for both of them. As :-
1. The man and the dog .......... you see live the next door. Ans. that
2. The cowboy and his cow .......... we see walking on the ground live in this village. Ans. that
(v) If the preposition is used after the verb of relative clause :
Such as -
1. I know the man that you are talking about. (Prep.)
If preposition is used before the relative clause or in the beginning of relative clause then
'whom' is used in place of 'that'. E.g.
I know the man about whom you are talking. (Prep.)
2. I know the house that he lives in. (Prep.)
3. This is the book that I told you about. (Prep.)

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks with suitable Relative Pronouns given in the bracket :
1. The building ................. (where/that/who) I live in was built in the 1920s.
2. That's Peter, the boy ................. (who/which/whom) has just arrived at the airport.
3. Do you remember the name of the man ........ (whom/whose/that) car you crashed into ?
4. I mean ................. (that/which/what) I say.
5. The hotel ................. (that/which/where) we stayed in was very good for the price.
6. This is the best book ................. (that/which/whose) I've ever loved.
7. Mrs Richa, ................. (that/who/whom) is a taxi driver, lives in a village.
8. Thank you very much for your e-mail ................. (that/who/when) was very interesting.
9. The man ................. (whose/which/that) father is a professor forgot his umbrella.
10. The children ................. (whom/who/that) shouted in the street are not from our school.

EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks with when, where or why :
1. We visited the school ................. my father taught.
2. I met her last year ................. he came to my house.
3. We all looked at the place ................. the fire had started.
4. I met him in the cafe ................. he was working as a waiter.
5. Do you remember the time ................. Vinod fell off his bicycle ?
6. Did they tell you the reason ................. they were late ?
7. The cat sat on the wall ................. it had a good view of the birds.
8. I'm talking about the time ................. they didn't have cars.
9. Last year I spent my holiday in Spain, ................. I met Shashi.
10. I couldn't understand the reason ................. they were so rude.

EXERCISE 3
Fill in the blanks with suitable Relative Pronouns given in the brackets :
1. Do you remember the day ................. (which/that/when) we bought it ?
2. The only present ................. (that/whose/when) I didn't like was the gold ring.
3. We live in a city ................. (when/which/where) new restaurants open every day.
 64 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
4. This is the book ................. (which/that/when) I told you about.
5. I saw the man ................. (whose/who/whom) car you hit.
6. The tower ................. (that/whose/where) blew down in the storm was over 10 years old.
7. Jodhpur is the city ................. (where/that/which) I was born.
8. The photo ................. (that/who/when) you are looking at was taken by my sister.
9. Do you know the woman ................. (that/which/whose) son won the lottery ?
10. Jyoti Prakash will never forget the day ................. (when/that/which) he passed his last
exam.
11. This is the place ................. (when/that/where) I hurt myself last week.

Combining two sentence by using Relative Pronouns

(A) The Use of Who/That (Defining)
Who : as the subject of the relative clause
Observe the following examples"
(i) The woman is a doctor.
(ii) She lives next door.
When both sentences are combined, they appear like this -
The woman (she lives next door) is a doctor.
Here, the woman and she are used for the same person where 'she' is the subject of the
second sentence. So, relative pronoun 'Who' will be used.
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
We can use 'that' also instead of 'who'.
The woman that lives next door is a doctor.
In this way, we can use 'that' in place of who, whom, which in defining clauses :
For example :
1. The dress which (that) you gave me is very nice.
2. The man who (that) came here was a burglar.
3. Unhappy is the man who (that) is greedy.
Other examples -
(i) We know a lot of boys. They play here.
We know a lot of boys who/that play here.
(ii) The boy is my brother. He is standing there.
The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.
(iii) The boy is my son. He won the scholarship.
The boy who/that won the scholarship is my son.
(iv) I work with a boy. He is sitting with Rahul.
I work with a boy who is sitting with Rahul.
(v) The doctor wants to see you. He treated you.
The doctor who treated you wants to see you.
(vi) The boy was punished. He was dishonest.
The boy who was dishonest was punished.
 CLAUSE 65

EXERCISE 4
Join the following pairs of sentences using who/that :
1. The girl lives near me. She found the dog.
2. The boy is my friend. He broke the chair.
3. The man came to see us. He lost his money.
4. The woman wants to see you. She saw the accident.
5. The man was caught by the police. The man stole the money.
6. The player was very happy. He scored the goal.
7. The man is my uncle. He told you about the fire.

(B) The Use of Whom/Who/That (Defining)

'Whom' : as an object of relative clause.
It can be replaced by who/that.
Observe the following examples -
(i) The woman was on holiday.
(ii) I want to see her.
Above mentioned both sentences can be rewritten as -
The woman (I want to see her) was on holiday.
Here, 'her' is the object of second sentence and it is used for the word 'the woman' So, we
will place here 'whom' instead of her.
'Whom' represents pronouns in accusative case like- me/us/you/him/then/her etc.
The woman whom I want to see was on holiday.

Other examples :
(i) A girl has written this letter. You selected her.
A girl – you selected her – has written this letter.
A girl whom you selected has written this letter.
(ii) This is the boy. You beat him.
This is the boy – you beat him.
This is the boy whom you beat.
(iii) A girl was sitting in the chair. I had gone to see her.
The girl – I had gone to see her – was sitting in the chair.
The girl whom I had gone to see was sitting in the chair.
In the above mentioned examples 'Whom' can be replaced by who/that. As -
(i) The girl whom I had gone to see was sitting in the chair.
or The girl who I had gone ..........................
or The girl that I had gone ..........................
or The girl I had gone to see was sitting in the chair.
(ii) This is the boy whom you beat.
or This is the boy who you beat.
or This is the boy that you beat.
or This is the boy you beat.
 66 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
EXERCISE 5
Combine the following pairs of sentences using 'whom' :
1. The man is a beggar. You gave him money.
2. The girl is my daughter. You teach her.
3. The boy is very poor. She gave him some money.
4. This is the boy. All like him.
5. The man is my friend. You met him.
6. The writer was the only person. The conductor took him very friendly.
7. I know the boy. The Principal punished him.

(C) The Use of Which/That (Defining)

'Which/that' : as a defining relative pronoun for animals/things.
Which/that can be used for subject/object of a relative clause.
Such as :
(i) Where is the cheese ? It was in the fridge.
Where is the cheese ? – it was in the fridge.
Where is the cheese which/that was in the fridge ?
(ii) The dog was black. You bought it.
The dog you bought – it was black.
The dog which/that you bought was black.
(iii) The dog is Mohan's. It bit you.
The dog – it bit you – is Mohan's.
The dog which/that bit you is Mohan's.
In example (1) and (2) which/that is used for object 'where' as in example (3) it is used for
subject.
Note : It can also be omitted in case it is used only for object. As -
The dog which/that you bought was black. or The dog you bought was black.

EXERCISE 6
Join the following pairs of sentences using 'which' :
1. The boat is still at the bottom of the river. It sank yesterday.
2. The car was badly damaged. It hit the truck.
3. The dog had been chained up. It bit him yesterday.
4. The tree was very big. It fell on their house.
5. The dress was very nice. She made it last week.
6. The camera was very expensive. She bought it last month.
7. The grass was green. The cows were eating it.

(D) Position of Prepositions in Relative Clauses (Defining)

When any proposition is used before the object of a subordinate clause, it is placed before
the relative pronoun after omitting the object.
............ Preposition + Relative Pronoun (whom/which) ...............
(i) The forest was full of wild animals. They went through it.
 CLAUSE 67
The forest– they went through it – was full of wild animals.
The forest through which they went was full of wild animals.
(ii) Do you know the man ? Hari is talking to him.
Do you know the man ? – Hari is talking to him.
Do you know the man to whom Hari is talking ?
We can omit the object and let the preposition be there. In such cases, use of 'that' is
preferred. As :-
(i) The forest that they went through was full of wild animals.
(ii) Do you know the man that Hari is talking to ?
Other examples -
1. His car is in good condition. He paid 2 Lakh for it.
His car for which he paid 2 lakh is in good condition.
or His car that he paid 2 lakh for is in good condition.
2. The man spoke English. I was travelling with him.
The man with whom I was travelling spoke English.
or The man that I was travelling with spoke English.
3. This is the book. I read about Alexander in it.
This is the book in which I read about Alexander.
or This is the book that I read about Alexander in.

EXERCISE 7
Join the following pairs of sentences using "......... preposition + whom/which ......." construction
and "............ that .......... preposition" construction :
1. I don't remember the school. I was taught in the school.
2. I got the job. I had applied for it.
3. Who was that man ? I saw you with him.
4. Where is the doctor ? You were talking about him.
5. There is a cottage. A Saint lives in it.
6. This is the pen. I was looking for it.
7. This is the man. I was talking about him.

(E) Use of whose/of which (Defining)

Relative Pronouns 'whose/of which' are used to express possession. 'Whose' is used for
persons whereas 'of which' for animals and things. As :-
(i) This is the boy. (ii) His father teaches you English.
'His' in the second sentence is possessive adjective and showing the relation with 'The boy'.
So, 'Whose' is used to combine both the sentences.
This is the boy whose father teaches you English.
(i) This is the car. (ii) Its parts are not available now.
In the above sentences,
'Its' is possessive adjective and is used for 'the car'. Since car is a non-living thing, that's
why relative pronoun 'of which' is used here.
This is the car of which parts are not available now.
 68 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
Some more examples
1. The man is my uncle. His shirt is red.
The man whose shirt is red is my uncle.
2. The sun gives us life. Its rays give us light also.
The sun whose rays give us light also gives us life.
3. The man is my neighbour. You borrowed his car.
The man whose car you borrowed is my neighbour.
To express possession
Note : We can use 'Whose' in place of 'of which' with animals/things.

EXERCISE 8
Join the following sentences using whose/of which :
1. The man wants to see you. His daughter is your student.
2. This is the man. His son is our college captain.
3. The girl is waiting outside. Her father gave you this letter.
4. This is the car. Its owner has disappeared.
5. The officer wants to give a party. His son has joined IIT Delhi.
6. I met a man. His leg was broken.
7. The teacher is very kind by nature. His knowledge is limitless.

(F) Use of When, Where, What and Why

(i) Use of When :
'When' is used in the sentences to show the meaning of at which time/at or during the time
that/after/just after which etc.
If antecedent (of time) is used in the sentence, we use 'when' after it. As -
1. It was midnight when the thief entered the house.
2. It was Sunday when we went on a picnic.
3. It was 2006 when my father purchased this house.
Note : In the above sentences, Antecedents are- midnight, Sunday and 2006 respectively. So,
'When' is used just after them.
(ii) Use of Where :
'Where' is used in the sentences to show the meaning of the place at/in/to which, the place
or situation in which etc. If any antecedent (of place) is mentioned in the given sentence, we
use 'Where' just after it. As -
1. This is the temple where Gandhiji was shot dead.
2. This is the school where I read for five years.
3. The house where I am staying is very big.
(iii) Use of What :
'What' is used as nominative case as well as accusative case without any antecedent to show
the meaning of that which/the thing which.
Note : 'What' as always used in singular. As -
1. What he says is true. (Subject)
2. I shall give what you like. (Object)
3. Do what I say. (Object)
 CLAUSE 69
4. I don't know what is happening there. (Object)
In the above given sentences, there is no antecedent of 'What'.
(iv) Use of Why :
'Why' is used to express reason.
1. This is the reason why he didn't come.
2. This is the reason why I called you.

EXERCISE 9
Join the following pairs of sentences using when, where, what or why :
1. Before 1990, I lived in a town. My father lived there.
2. This is the time. He will make you a call then.
3. 1947 was the year. India won freedom then.
4. Can you show me the school ? You teach there.
5. We visited the place. The accident had happened there.
6. Listen to that. Your father says that.
7. We remember the day. We first met then.
(G) Use of Who/Whom/Whose/Which/Where (Non-defining)
It has been explained that relative clauses are of two types :
(i) Defining Relative Clause (ii) Non-defining Relative Clause
Till now we have read defining relative clauses.
There are following differences in both the clauses.
Defining Relative Clause Non-defining Relative Clause
1. Defining Relative clause relates us with a Non-Defining Relative clause does not relate us
person or thing to whom we do not know. with any person/thing, but it provides us extra
information regarding the familiar person/thing.
Ram, who is drinking coffee, is an army officer.
The man who is drinking coffee is an army
officer.
(The man is an army officer) Here, since the name is given, therefore we are
Likewise familiar with that person.
(i) We know a lot of people who live (i) My brother Ganesh, who lives in London, is
in London. a doctor.
(ii) The man who is sitting in the library (ii) Dr Paliwal, who is sitting in the library,
wants to see you. (any person) wants to see you.
(iii) What is the name of the place (iii) I am going to Nainital, where my
where you spent your vacation ? brother lives.
(iv) We met some people whose car (iv) Radha, whose car had broken down,
had broken down. was in a very bad mood.
(2) Comma is not used In it, commas are used in the beginning as well
as in the end of the clause as per requirement.
See the examples (i), (ii), (iii)&(iv)
(3) We can use 'that' in place of 'Who/Whom/ 'that' is not used.
Whose'
 70 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
EXERCISE 10
Combine the following sentences using appropriate Relative Pronouns :
1. I met Meera. Her friends like dogs.
2. I met Dolly. Her request was for a sweet song.
3. I saw Sohan. He was a bus conductor.
4. This is Anil. All like him.
5. This is Ram. Your father was calling him.
6. Where is Dr Singh ? You were talking about him.
7. Mother told stories of Hari Ram. He used to cheer his soldiers.
8. Puneet is living with his uncle. His parents are in abroad.
9. Prachi is studying in Pune. She is my niece.
10. The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan. It is exquisitely beautiful.

EXERCISE 11
Join the following sentences using suitable Relative Pronouns :
1. Pt Nehru was a great leader. He always thought of public welfare.
2. Akbar was kind enough. He loved all.
3. Sit down and listen to Mrs Rita. She has just come.
4. Hari is a painter. He lives in Jhalawar.
5. This is Geeta. Mohit loves her very much.
6. She is Anju. I gave her a watch.
7. Pinky is a nice girl. Someone beat her.
8. Saroj beat Ansul. I know him.
9. Kavita helped me. Her father is a police officer.
10. This is Mr Sharma. His son won scholarship last year.

EXERCISE 12
Combine each set of Simple Sentences into one Complex Sentence by using an Adjective
Clause :
1. My brother will come from Delhi. I do not know the time.
2. The pen is mine. It is on the table.
3. Ramesh is a good boy. He belongs to a good family.
4. I have a dog. It is very faithful.
5. The boy is standing there. He is my brother.
6. He did not come to school today. Do you know the reason ?
7. Will you give me the watch ? It is on the table.
8. I bought a pen a few days back. I have lost it.
9. The book is in my hand. I like it most.
10. The doctor is famous. She visited him.

Exercise 1
1. that 2. who 3. whose 4. what 5. where 6. that 7. who 8. that 9. whose 10. who.
 CLAUSE 71
Exercise 2
1. where 2. when 3. where 4. where 5. when 6. why 7. where 8. when 9. where 10. why.
Exercise 3
1. when 2. that 3. where 4. that 5. whose 6. that 7. where 8. that 9. whose 10. when 11. where.
Exercise 4
1. The girl who found the dog lives near me. 2. The boy who broke the chair is my friend.
3. The man who lost his money came to see us. 4. The woman who saw the accident wants
to see you. 5. The man who stole the money was caught by the police. 6. The player who
scored the goal was very happy. 7. The man who told you about the fire is my uncle.
Exercise 5
1. The man whom you gave money is a beggar. 2. The girl whom you teach is my daughter.
3. The boy whom she gave some money is very poor. 4. This is the boy whom all like.
5. The man whom you met is my friend. 6. The writer was the only person whom the
conductor took very friendly. 7. I know the boy whom the principal punished.
Exercise 6
1. The boat which sank yesterday is still at the bottom of the river. 2. The car which hit the
truck was badly damaged. 3. The dog which bit him yesterday had been chained up. 4. The
tree which fell on their house was very big. 5. The dress which she made last week was very
nice. 6. The camera which she bought last month was very expensive. 7. The grass which
the cows were eating was green.
Exercise 7
1. I don't remember the school in which I was taught. / I don't remember the school that
I was taught in. 2. I got the job for which I had applied. / I got the job that I had applied
for. 3. Who was that man with whom I saw you ? / Who was that man that I saw you
with ? 4. Where is the doctor about whom you were talking ? / Where is the doctor that you
were talking about ? 5. There is a cottage in which a saint lives. / There is a cottage that a
saint lives in. 6. This is the pen for which I was looking. / This is the pen that I was looking
for. 7. This is the man about whom I was talking. / This is the man that I was talking about.
Exercise 8
1. The man whose daughter is your student wants to see you. 2. This is the man whose son
is our college captain. 3. The girl whose father gave you this letter is waiting outside. 4. This
is the car of which owner has disappeared. 5. The officer whose son has joined IIT Delhi
wants to give a party. 6. I met a man whose leg was broken 7. The teacher whose knowledge
is limitless is very kind by nature.
Exercise 9
1. Before 1990, I lived in the town where my father lived. 2. This is the time when he will
make you a call. 3. It was the year 1947 when India won freedom. 4. Can you show me the
school where you teach ? 5. We visited the place where the accident had happened. 6. Listen
to what your father says. 7. We remember the day when we first met.
Exercise 10
1. I met Meera, whose friends like dogs. 2. I met Dolly, whose request was for a sweet song.
3. I saw Sohan who was a bus conductor. 4. This is Anil, whom all like. 5. This is Ram, whom
 72 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
your father was calling. 6. Where is Dr Singh, about whom you were talking ? 7. Mother told
stories of Hari Ram who used to cheer his soldiers. 8. Puneet, whose parents are in abroad,
is living with his uncle. 9. Prachi, who is my niece, is studying in Pune. 10. The Taj Mahal,
which is exquisitely beautiful, was built by Shah Jahan.
Exercise 11
1. Pt Nehru, who was a great leader, always thought of public welfare. 2. Akbar, who loved
all, was kind enough. 3. Sit down and listen to Mrs Rita, who has just come. 4. Hari, who
is a painter, lives in Jhalawar/Hari, who lives in Jhalawar, is a painter. 5. This is Geeta, whom
Mohit loves very much. 6. She is Anju, whom I gave a watch. 7. Pinky, whom someone beat,
is a nice girl. 8. I know Ansul, whom Saroj beat. 9. Kavita, whose father is a police officer,
helped me. 10. This is Mr Sharma, whose son won scholarship last year.
Exercise 12
1. I do not know the time when my brother will come from Delhi. 2. The pen which is on
the table, is mine. 3. Ramesh, who belongs to a good family, is a good boy. Or Ramesh, who
is a good boy, belongs to a good family. 4. I have a dog which is very faithful. 5. The boy
who is standing there is my brother. 6. Do you know the reason why he did not come to
school today ? 7. Will you give me the watch that is on the table ? 8. I have lost the pen which
I bought a few days back. 9. The book which I like most is in my hand. 10. The doctor whom
she visited is famous.

Conditional sentences are framed out of two clauses.

Conditional Sentence

(i) Conditional Clause (ii) Main Clause

or or
If – Clause Principal Clause
Example- If you call him, he will come.
In the above sentence -
(1) Here 'If you call him' is, If-clauses or conditional clause or sub-ordinate clause
(2) He will come main clause or principal clause
(It expresses consequence/result condition)
Note : It is not necessary that the sentence structure will be in the form of (Conditional
clause + Principal clause), instead it may be in this form also -
Principal Clause + Conditional Clause.
i.e. "If you call him, he will come" can be written as
He will come, if you call him.
We can expresses three types of conditions by means of conditional sentences :
(A) Open or Probable Conditions.
(B) Hypothetical, Unlikely, Improbable or Imaginary Conditions.
(C) Impossible or Unfulfilled Conditions.
 CLAUSE 73

(A) Open or Probable Conditions

(Type – I)
These sentences include conditions that are probable or likely to be fulfilled. So, they are
called probable conditional sentences/open conditional sentences. As-
(i) If you work hard, you will pass.
(ii) If I go to Agra, I shall visit the Taj Mahal.
(iii) If you run fast, you will catch the train.
(iv) He will have a sunstroke, if he plays in the sun.
(v) We shall get wet, if it rains.
In open conditional sentences, it is very clear that -
(i) If clause consists present tense (Indifinite)
& (ii) Main clause consists Future tense
Sentences structure- If + Present tense, followed by future tense
If main clause denotes possibility/permission/ability, may/can/must is used.
(a) If + present + may/might (possibility)
If you call him, he may/might come.
(b) If present may (permission)
If you complete your work, you may go home.
(c) If + present + can (permission & ability)
If you bet, I can lift this.
(d) If + present + must / should etc. (command, request or advice)
If you want to lose weight, you must eat less bread.
(e) If + present + present (natural law, habitual reactions, general truth & for scientific fact)
If you heat butter, it melts.

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks using correct tense and form of the verbs given in brackets :
1. If you..............(work) hard, you will get success.
2. If you .............. (have) headache, you can take rest.
3. If you don't complete your home work, the teacher .............. (punish) you.
4. If she .............. (be) careless, she will hurt her finger.
5. If he .............. (not work) hard, he will not get through.
6. They will get wet, if it .............. (rain).
7. We .............. (play) chess, if you come to my house tomorrow.
8. The water will suit the patient, if the water .............. (be) fresh.
9. Plants grow quickly, if you .............. (water) them.
10. I cannot understand you, if you .............. (speak) Chinese.

(B) Hypothetical, Unlikely, Improbable or Imaginary Conditions

(Type – II)
This condition is also called 'unfulfilled condition of the present'. If clause presents unreal
situations in the sentences of such conditions.
 74 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
If clause is either contrary to the facts or unlike to happen.
If + Past tense, ............ would / should + V1
Sentence Pattern :
In such sentences :- If clause takes past tense and main clause is in the (would, should,
could, might + V1) form.
(i) If I knew his address, I would give you.
(ii) If I had money, I would lend you.
(iii) If a ghost appeared here, all would flee away.
To present imagination contrary to known facts :
If + .............. were ............. , ........... would/should............ is used such as -
(i) If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
(ii) If I were a lion, I would roar.
(iii) Were I you, I would buy this.

EXERCISE 2
Fill in the blanks using correct form and tense of the verbs given in brackets :
1. I would lend you, if I ............(have) money.
2. If I were the Prime Minister, I ............(make) you the Home Minister.
3. I ............(read) this book, if I knew Chinese.
4. If I were you, I ............(help) her.
5. If he............(work) hard, he would pass.
6. I would not do it, if I ............(be) you.
7. If I saw Radha, I ............ (be) delighted.
8. The bridge............(collapse), if a heavy truck went over it.
9. What would happen, if she............(call) me ?
10. He ............(speak) to you, if he saw you.

(C) Impossible or Unfulfilled Condition

(Type
– III)
This type of condition is also called 'unfulfilled condition of past'. The verb in the if-clause
is in the past perfect tense and the verb in the main clause is in the perfect conditional. The time
is past and the condition cannot be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause didn't happen.
As:-
(i) If I had run fast, I would have caught the train.
(ii) If Neeraj had worked hard, he would have succeeded.
(iii) If the gardener had watered the plants, they would not have withered.
Note : We can use 'had' in place of 'If' in such type of conditional sentences. By doing so,
meaning of sentence will not change.
Had he gone to Agra, he would have seen the Taj Mahal.
Sentence Structure -
If + Past perfect tense, ........... would/should + have + V3 (perfece conditional)
 CLAUSE 75

EXERCISE 3

Fill in the blanks using the correct form and tense of the verbs given in brackets :
1. If she had caught the train, she..............(reach) in time.
2. You wouldn't have been hungry now, if you ..............(take) lunch.
3. If I had known that you were ill, I ..............(visit) you in the hospital.
4. You would have saved money, if you ..............(buy) this bike last year.
5. If they had played better, they..............(win) the match.
6. If you .............. (be) at the meeting, I should have seen you.
7. They would have heard better, if you .............. (speak) louder.
8. It would have been better, if they .............. (not come).
9. If he hadn't explained it to me, I ................. (never understand).
10. She would have done it, if they .............. (know) how to.
Shortcut
Type – I Type – II Type – III
Open Condition Imaginary Condition Unfulfilled Condition
If + Present tense, If + Past Indifinite, If + Past Perfect, followes
followed by future tense followed by would/ by would have/should
should + V1 (conditional) have + V 3 (perfect
conditional)
If you call her, she will If you called her, she If you had called her, she
come. would come. would have come.

Different Ways of Expressing Conditions

1. By using 'Unless' in place of 'if ........... not' :
If you do not work hard, you will not pass.
Unless you work hard, you will not pass.
We do not use 'not' in the clause in which 'unless' is used.
2. The sentences which begin with the auxiliaries like 'should/were/had' they have the
sense of condition. As -
(i) Should you be feeling unwell, you may go.
Or If you should be feeling unwell, you may go.
(ii) Were I a king, I would reward you.
Or If I were a king, I would reward you.
(iii) Had I been at fault, I would have confessed it.
Or If I had been at fault, I would have confessed it.
3. By using Conjunctional Phrase (for example - 'in case')
It shows 'carefulness' towards some unwanted possibility. It is normally placed after the
main clause and before the subordinate clause. It gives a reason for the action in the
main clause.
76 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
main clause + in case + subordinate clause
(i) Take an umbrella in case it rains.
(ii) Call me in case you need my help.
4. By using Participle Phrases like - provided/provided that, on condition that, so long as”
etc. to express strong conditions :
(i) You can use my bike so long as you don't give it to anybody else.
(ii) Provided you allow me, I shall speak to him.
5. By using Imperative Mood. As -
(i) Work hard and you will pass. Or If you work hard, you will pass.
(ii) Neglect your work and you will fail.
Or If you neglect your work, you will fail.
(iii) Bring your book or you will be turned out.
Or If you do not bring your book, you will be turned out.
6. By means of Interrogative sentences. Such as -
(i) Will you go there ? Then I will also go with you.
Or If you go there, I will also go with you.
(ii) Have you paid the cost ? Then take away the cycle.
Or If you have paid the cost, take away the cycle.
(iii) Have you paid your fare ? Then come in.
Or If you have paid your fare, come in.
7. By using Prepositional Phrase 'But for' with its object, As -
(i) But for your help, I should have been ruined.
= If it had not been your help, I should have been ruined.
(ii) But for the car we wouldn't be in time.
= If it weren't the car, we wouldn't be in time.
8. By using Phrase 'One more'. As :
(i) One more such loss and we are ruined.
(ii) One more absence and we shall be turned out of the class.
9. By using Suppose/Supposing : As -
Suppose/Supposing + past + past (to express impossible imagination)
Suppose/Supposing + present + future (imagination that can be fulfilled)
(i) Suppose you get a hundred rupee note, what will you do ?
= What will you do if you get a hundred rupee note ?
(ii) Supposing the plane came late, what would happen ?
= What would happen if the plane came late ?
10. By using Whether ........ or = if ............ or
As:- You will have to do it whether you are ready or not.
= You will have to do it if you are ready or not.
 CLAUSE 77
11. If only = to express wish, hope and regret. As -
(i) If only + Present / Future = to express hope.
If only he comes in time. =
(ii) If only + Past / Past Perfect = to express regret
If only she didn't come. =
(iii) If only + would = to express wish
If only it would rain. = We wish it would rain.
12. By using Once, As :
Once you read this book, you will like it.
= If you read this book once, you will like it.
13. By using even if
As:- You must do it even if you are not ready.
14. By using Otherwise (exprssing the meaning 'if this doesn't happen / didn't happen/
hadn't happened') As:-
You must do it; otherwise I will punish you.
15. By using Let
As:- Let it be a cone.
It expresses imagination as well as instructions.
We can change a sentence into different conditional sentences in the following manner.
As- : (i)If you permit me, I shall go there.
(ii) Unless you permit me, I shall not go there.
(iii) Supposing you permit me, I shall go there.
(iv) Provided you permit me, I shall go there.
(v) I shall go there, in case you permit me.
(vi) Permit me and I shall go there.

EXERCISE 4
Write the correct form of the verbs given in brackets so as to complete the following
Conditional Sentences :
1. If he ............. to me, I shall give him a book. (come)
2. If you had enough money, you ............. a moped. (buy)
3. If you had not gone by taxi, you ............. the train. (miss)
4. If you practised hard, you ............. the race. (win)
5. The milk will turn sour if you ............. it at times. (not boil)
6. If you heat ice, it ............. into water. (turn)
7. If you want to get success, you ............. very hard. (work)
8. If she had come to me, I ............. her a nice gift. (give)
9. If you insulted me, I ............. you. (beat)
10. If you had said me, I ............. meal for you. (cook)
 78 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
EXERCISE 5
Write the correct form of the verbs given in brackets so as to complete the following
Conditional Sentences :
1. If you.............him, he might come. (call)
2. He ............... the tree if you had given him an axe. (cut)
3. Mamta ............... good marks if you guided her. (get)
4. You would not have got wet if you ............... an umbrella with you. (have)
5. The stranger could have been saved if someone .............. treatment in time. (give)
6. If I ............... wings, I would fly in the sky. (have)
7. If he had started earlier from his house he ............... the train. (get)

EXERCISE 6
Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verbs given in brackets :
1. If you .......... (find) a skeleton in the cellar, don't mention it to anyone.
2. If you pass your examination, we .......... (have) a celebration.
3. What .......... (happen) if I press this button ?
4. I should have voted for her if I ............ (have) a vote then.
5. If you go to Paris, where you .......... (stay).
6. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you ....... (choose).
7. The flight may be cancelled if the fog .......... (get) thicker.

EXERCISE 7
Complete the conditional sentences. Decide whether to use Type I, II or III.
1. If I had time, I ................... (go) shopping with you.
2. If you ................... (speak) English, you will get along with them perfectly.
3. If they had gone for a walk, they ................... (turn) the light off.
4. If she ................... (come) to see us, we will go to the zoo.
5. I should have told you, if I ................... (see) him.
6. Would you mind, if I ................... (open) the window ?
7. If they ................... (invite) me, I wouldn't have said no.

Exercise 1
1. work, 2. have, 3. will punish, 4. is, 5. does not work , 6. rains, 7. shall play, 8. is,
9. water, 10. speak.
Exercise 2
1. had, 2, would make, 3. would read, 4. would help, 5. worked, 6. were, 7. would be,
8. would collapse, 9. called, 10. would speak.
Exercise 3
1. would have reached, 2. had taken, 3. would have visited, 4. had bought, 5. would have
won, 6. had been, 7. had spoken, 8. had not come, 9. would never have understood,
10. had known.
 CLAUSE 79
Exercise 4
1. comes, 2. would buy, 3. would have missed, 4. would win, 5. do not boil, 6. turns
7. must work, 8. would have given, 9. would beat, 10. would have cooked.
Exercise 5
1. call, 2. would have cut, 3. would get, 4. had, had 5. had given, 6. had, 7. would have
got.
Exercise 6
1. find, 2. will have, 3. will happen, 4. had had, 5. will stay, 6. would choose, 7. gets.
Exercise 7
1. would go, 2. speak, 3. would have turned, 4. comes, 5. had seen, 6. opened , 7. had invited.

Adverbial clauses of Time are introduced by subordinating conjunctions like when, when-
ever, while, as, after, since, before, till. As:-
(i) I met Kavita after she had taken food.
(ii) I have not seen him since he left Mathura.
(iii) While I was watching TV, my brother was studying.
Above mentioned all the three sentences are complex sentences and italicized items in them
are Adverbial Clauses of Time.
Position of Time Clauses :
(i) After the Main Clause
As:- She phoned me when I was not at home.
(ii) Before the Main Clause
After I had taken food, I went home.
(iii) In the middle of the Main Clause
As:- His father, when he was at Kota, was a manager in Career Point.
Chief Conjunctions
Following conjunctions are used with time clauses -
when, whenever, as soon as, as long as, until (till) before, after, by the time, while, as, since,
till, no sooner ................ than, scarcely (hardly) ................. when etc.
'Time clause' can never be mentioned in future tense. Whenever any sentence expressing
future tense is used as a time clause, it is changed into present tense. As -
(i) He will come. We will take food.
When he comes, we will take food.
(ii) I will be at school. I will learn English.
When I am at school, I will learn English.
Use of Some important Subordinate Conjunctions
(A) When
(1) (i) They were watching TV when they heard the door bell.
80 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
(ii) She was cooking food when the milkman called.
(iii) I was reading a novel when someone called me.
(2) When second incident takes place after the first one -
(i) When the lights went out, I lit some candles.
(ii) When the rain stops, we will go out.
(3) To express Past or past period of life -
(i) When I was a baby, I was called Guddu.
(ii) When we lived in Kota, we had three servants.
(4) To express frequently repeated action -
(i) When my mother comes in my room, I am studying.
(ii) He was standing every time, when his wife came in.
(B) As
(1) When two incidents take place at the some time -
(i) As you turn, you will see me.
(ii) As I entered the room, the phone started ringing.
(iii) My mother slipped as she was going downstairs.
(iv) He was seen as he was climbing over the wall.
(2) As + a situation = because.
(i) As he was not there, he didn't know anything.
(C) While
To express the durability of an action.
(i) I met a lot of people while I was on a holiday.
(ii) What did you say about me while I was out ?
(D) As soon as
When first action is over and second begins -
(i) He saw me. He called me.
As soon as he saw me, he called me.
(ii) Come back as soon as you can.
(E) No sooner..................than.
Pattern –
No sooner + H.V. + subject + M.V. + .......+ than + subject + verb
(i) He saw me. He called me.
No sooner did he see me than he called me.
(ii) He had taken food. He began to feel drowsy.
No sooner had he taken food than he began to feel drowsy.
'Than' is always used with 'no sooner'
(F) Hardly / scarcely ........... when.
It is used in the same way as 'no sooner......... than'
Pattern –
Hardly/Scarcely + H. V. + Subject + M. V. ... + when + Subject + Verb ...
 CLAUSE 81
Hardly/Scarcely had he taken food when he began to feel drowsy.
'Hardly/scarcely' always takes 'when' as co-relative conjunction.
(G) Before
When one action is completed before the other one out of two actions.
Pattern — Past Perfect + before + Past Indefinite Or
Before + Past Indefinite + Past Perfect
(i) The patient had died before the doctor came. Or
Before the doctor came, the patient had died.
(ii) The film had started before we reached the theatre.
(H) After
When an action is completed after the other one out of two actions.
Pattern — After + Past Perfect + Past Indefinite. Or
Past Indefinite + after + Past Perfect.
(i) The patient died after the doctor had come.
(ii) After we had reached the station, the train departed.
(I) Since
It is used with perfect tenses : As -
(i) I haven't seen her since I left school.
(ii) He has been studying since they came here.
( J) Till/Until
(i) Wait here till (until) the light changes to green.
(ii) Don't move until I say.
There is no difference in the use of till and until.
Such as-
Do not go till I get ready. Or Do not go until I get ready.
(K) Some More Examples of Time Clauses
(i) I'll have completed it by the time you get back.
(ii) Now you tell it, I suppose I must have seen you somewhere before.
(iii) She has not phoned me since she went to Kota.
(iv) No sooner had he arrived than he demanded a meal.
(v) Scarcely had he left the house when we missed the train.

EXERCISE 1
Put the most suitable words in the space to complete the following sentences choosing
from the bracket given against each space :
1. I will cook food .................. (as soon as/till/before) I come home.
2. I want to finish my work .................. (till/after/before) we go out.
3. She is going to look after the cat .................. (as/before/while) I am away on holiday.
4. I'll send you .................. e-mail (as soon as/while/till) I arrive.
5. We'll find a hotel .................. (when/till/no sooner) we arrive in Mathura.
6. Don't cross the road .................. (as/when/until) you see the red signal.
7. I'll give you a ring .................. (when/before/until) we get back from our vacation.
 82 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
EXERCISE 2
Put the most suitable words in the spaces to complete the following sentences choosing
from the bracket given against each space :
1. .................. (When/As/Since) I was much younger, I enjoyed camping out.
2. ........ (After/As long as/Before) the man had stopped his car to help, Ramesh recognized
him.
3. You seem happy .................. (till/when/after) you help others.
4. .................. (When/As/Since) the cat is away, the mice will play.
5. I will wash up .................. (before/when/while) he goes to bed.
6. .................. (No sooner/When/Hardly) it gets cold, I'll light the fire.
7. .................. (When/Till/Then) the queen arrives, the audience will stand up.

EXERCISE 3
Combine the following sentences using the conjunction that is provided in the brackets :
1. She will give the children their dinner. He comes home. (before)
2. She will stay in bed. The clock strikes seven. (till)
3. She will go on. He tells her to stop. (until)
4. The lift will not start. You press that button. (until)
5. Rani studied very hard. She took the exam on Thursday. (before)
6. The door bell rang. Rani was taking a shower. (When)
7. Govind was backing His car into a parking space. He heard a crunch. (While)
8. I met him. I was in Udaipur. (When)
9. Anurag was thoroughly exhausted. He ran the Boston Marathon (26 miles). (after)
10. John was eating his dinner. He was watching the news on TV. (When or while)

EXERCISE 4
Combine the following sentences using the conjunction that is provided in the brackets :
1. Priya comes tonight. She will help you. (as soon as)
2. Only two hostages were released. The governor sent in food. (after)
3. We were all watching carefully. The two hostages walked out of the house. (while)
4. The governor's assistant grabbed the phone. It rang again. (after)
5. The kidnappers were angry. The governor didn't come to the phone in person. (when)
6. Chitra cried for weeks. Her mother died. (when or after)
7. Aamir was eating dinner. Kajol called to ask about the assignment. (when or while)
8. You seem very happy. You help other people. (where)
9. I was eating. I choked on a bone. (while)
10. Jack is seeing the doctor tomorrow. He will be all right. (as soon as)

EXERCISE 5
(Questions from Board Exams)
Put the most suitable words in the spaces to complete the following sentences choosing
from the brackets given against each space :
 CLAUSE 83
(Sec. Exam 2013)
1. The moon was coming up in the east, ........(a)......... (at/over/behind) me and the stars were
shining ............(b)............ (over/in/under) the clear sky above me. There wasn’t a cloud in the
sky. I was happy to be alone high up above the sleeping country side. I thought about my
father ............(c)............ (who/which/whom) always supported me so that I ............(d)............
(must/shall/might) fulfil his dreams to become the best pilot.
(Sec. Exam 2014)
2. Join the following sentences using the given relative pronouns :
(i) The woodcutter cut down the old tree.
The tree was planted by my grandfather. (which)
(ii) Anil supported the movement.
The movement was started by his friend. (that)
(Sec. Exam 2015)
3. Join the following sentences using the given relative pronouns:
(i) Rajveer helps the needy people.
He is liked by everybody. (who)
(ii) My mother reads the book daily.
My uncle gave it to me. (which)
(Sec. Exam 2016)
4. Join the following sentences using the relative pronouns given in brackets :
(i) The merchant cheated him.
He trusted the merchant very much. (who)
(ii) The woman was selling balloons.
The police caught her. (whom)
(Sec. Exam 2017)
5. Join the following sentences using the relative pronouns given in brackets :
(i) Abhijit lives in Jaipur.
His son is an engineer. (whose)
(ii) All men and women took rest at school.
The school was situated in Indore. (which)
6. Join the following sentences using the relative pronouns/adverb given in brackets :
(i) Thye boy was intelligent.
He topped the class. (who)
(ii) This is the hotel.
We stayed here last month. (where)

Exercise 1
1. as soon as 2. before 3. while 4. as soon as 5. when 6. until 7. when.
Exercise 2
1. When 2. After 3. when 4. When 5. before 6. When 7. When.
 84 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
Exercise 3
1. She will have given the children their dinner before he comes home.
2. She will stay in bed till the clock strikes seven.
3. She will go on until he tells her to stop.
4. The lift will not start until you press that button.
5. Rani had studied very hard before she took the exam on Thursday. Or
Before Rani took the exam on Thursday, she had studied very hard.
6. When the door bell rant, Rani was taking a shower.
7. While Govinds was backing his car into a parking space.
8. When I was in Udaipur, I met him.
9. Anurag was thoroughly exhausted after he had run the Boston Marathon. (26 miles)
10. While he was watching the news on TV, John was eating his dinner. Or
John was eating his dinner while he was watching the news on TV.
Exercise 4
1. As soon as Priya comes tonight, she will help you.
2. Only two hostages were released after the governor had sent in food.
3. The two hostages walked out of the house while we were all watching carefully.
4. The governor's assistant grabbed the phone after it had rung again.
5. The kidnappers were angry when the governor didn't come to the phone in person.
6. Chitra cried for weeks when her mother died. Or
Chitra cried for weeks after her mother had died.
7. Aamir was eating dinner when Kajol called to ask about the assignment. Or
Kajol called to ask about the assignment while Aamir was eating dinner. Or
While Aamir was eating dinner, Kajol called to ask about the assignment.
8. You seem very happy when you help other people.
9. While I was eating, I choked on a bone.
10. Jack will be all right as soon as he sees the doctor tomorrow.
Exercise 5
1. (a) behind (b) in (c) who (d) might
2. (i) The woodcutter cut down the old tree which was planted by my grandfather.
(ii) Anil supported the movement that was started by his friend.
3. (i) Rajveer, who helps the needy people is liked by everybody.
(ii) My mother reads the book daily which my uncle gave to me.
4. (i) He trusted the merchant who cheated him.
(ii) The woman whom the police caught was selling balloons.
5. (i) Abhijit, whose son is an engineer, lives in Jaipur.
(ii) All men and women took rest at school which was situated in Indore.
6. (i) The boy who topped the class was intelligent.
(ii) This is the hotel, where we stayed last month.
 CLAUSE 85

Miscellaneous Exercises

Practice Exercise 1
[Sentences from Textbook]
Join the following sentences using the adverbs given in brackets :
1. Spotlight shines on Historian. He is sitting at a table. (who)
2. The place is undoubtedly a crude refreshment stand. You find yourself in the place.
(where)
3. I don't know. How can the Earthlings get those sandwiches down without water? (how)
4. I seem to recall it. The Earthlings did not listen to the sandwiches. (that)
5. Tell me that. What do you observe? (what)
6. You will have to consider the inward violence. You do not know it. (which)
7. You are young. You have to know all these things. (while)
8. You woke up this morning. Did you look out of the window? (when)
9. We feel secure. We are in a state of positive health. (when)
10. We should remember it. A contened mind and healthy living can help to keep us free
from many diseases. (that)

Practice Exercise 2
[Sentences from Textbook]
Join the following sentences using the adverbs given in brackets :
1. We need an understanding. How do our bodies function? (how)
2. This does not mean it. We do not need medical care. (that)
3. Children cannot reach the level of their parents' ambition. They can suffer from
tremendous frustration and stress. (when)
4. Jambaji was twenty-five years old. A great disaster overtook the whole region. (when)
5. The people had hacked and hacked the last bit of foliage from all the trees. They finally
began to dry up. (which)
6. The stored grain was exhausted. People ate Khejadi pods and the flour of dried ber
seeds. (when)
7. This too was exhausted. They tore the bark off the sangri trees. (when)
8. The workers got ready to cut the trees for fuel. They found that the Bishnols would not
let them touch the trees. (as)
9. They begged. Their religion must not be desecrated. (that)
10. The trees will never be cut down if you do not cut down us first. (unless)

Practice Exercise 3
[Sentences from Textbook]
Join the following sentences using the adverbs given in brackets:
1. The Maharajah's men were now truly frightened. They had never imagined that things
could come such a pass. (who)
2. The thousands upon thousands of blackbuck have all vanished without a trace. They
once roamed the Indian plains. (that)
3. There is one ancient Khejadi tree. It escaped that massacre. (which)
 86 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
4. It is an occasion. Every tree lover of India should witness it at least once in his lifetime.
(which)
5. Father looked over the newspaper. He was reading it under the hall lamp. (which)
6. The paragraph described the fight the boy had with the tiger and his flight up a tree. He
stayed there for half a day. (where)
7. Swami realized it. The matter had gone beyond his control. (that)
8. I shall not sleep. I shall perhaps die at once. (if)
9. You will not do it. I will make you the laughing-stock of your school. (if)
10. All three of them fell on the burglar. He lay amidst the furniture. (who)

Practice Exercise 4
[Sentences from Textbook]
Join the following sentences using the adverbs given in brackets :
1. Why don't you join the police? You are grown up. (when)
2. They forget it. They have paid for journey and not for spoiling the train. (that)
3. Added to this malady is the free movement of stray animals. They spoil the roads,
houses, public places and hamper traffic. (who)
4. Long, long ago there lived a king. He was crude and very much like a savage. (who)
5. His personality was normally calm. Everything was in order. (when)
6. The criminal could not know. Which door was the lady behind? (which)
7. The semi barbaric king had a daughter. He loved her deeply. (whom)
8. The date arrived. Everyone in the kingdom wanted to attend. (when)
9. She also knew something. It made the whole process more complicated. (which)
10. You will go to pieces. Your mission in life is service of your fellow men. (whose)

Practice Exercise 5
[Sentences from Textbook]
Join the following sentences using the adverbs given in brackets :
1. The feast was over and guests had gone away. The man went towards the place where
the gifts were. (when)
2. Then he looked at the man. He was hiding in the roof. (who)
3. The old man opened the box. He found inside it a precious pearl. (as)
4. The old gentleman remembered. How had he found the thief hiding in his roof? (how)
5. I reached my desk in the office My eyes stopped over a letter. (as)
6. It was my second brother. He was so particular and adamant about the division. (who)
7. It was generally late and dark. I returned from my studies then. (when)
8. He sometimes used to carry me on his shoulder. We are going to the fields for a stroll.
(while)
9. You are my land. I could harvest everything in life from it. (where)
10. You will deny. I shall never show my face to you again. (if)

Practice Exercise 1
1. Spotlight shines on Historian who is sitting at a table.
 CLAUSE 87
2. The place where you find yourself is undoubtedly a crude refreshment stand.
3. I don't know how the Earthlings can get those sandwiches down without water.
4. I seem to recall that the Earthlings did not listen to the sandwiches.
5. Tell me what you observe.
6. You will have to consider the inward violence which you do not know.
7. While you are young, you have to know all these things.
8. Did you look out of the window when you woke up this morning?
9. We feel secure when we are in a state of positive health.
10. We should remember that a contented mind and healthy living can help to keep us free
from many diseases.
Practice Exercise 2
1. We need an understanding how our bodies function.
2. This does not mean that we do not need medical care.
3. When the children cannot reach the level of their parents' ambition, they can suffer.
4. When Jambaji was twenty five years old, a great disaster overtook the whole region.
5. The people had hacked and hacked the last bit of foliage from all the trees which they
finally began to dry up.
6. When the stored grain was exhausted, people ate kheajdi pods and the flour of dried
ber seeds.
7. When this too was exhausted, they tore bark off the sangri trees.
8. As the workers got ready to cut the trees for fuel, they found that the Bishnois would
not let them touch the trees.
9. They begged that their religion must not be desecrated.
10. The trees will never be cut down unless you cut down us first.
Practice Exercise 3
1. The Maharajah's men who had never imagined that things could come such a pass were
now truly frightened.
2. The thousands upon thousands of blackbuck that once roamed the Indian plains have
all vanished without a trace.
3. There is one ancient Khejadi tree which escaped that massacre.
4. It is an occasion which every tree lover of India should witness at least once in his
lifetime.
5. Father looked over the newspaper which he was reading under the hall lamp.
6. The paragraph described the fight the boy had with the tiger and his flight up a tree
where he stayed for half a day.
7. Swami realized that the matter had gone beyond his control.
8. If I don't sleep, I shall perhaps die at once.
9. If you do not do it, I will make you the laughing-stock of your school.
10. All three of them fell on the burglar who lay amidst the furniture.
Practice Exercise 4
1. Why don't you join the police when you are grown up?
2. They forget that they have paid for journey and not for spoiling the train.
3. Added to this malady is the free movement of stray animals who spoil the roads, houses,
 88 ENGLISH Grammar — 10
public places and hamper traffic.
4. Long, long ago there lived a king who was crude and very much like a savage.
5. His personality was normally calm when everything was in order.
6. The criminal could not know behind which door the lady was.
7. The semi barbaric king had a daughter whom he loved deeply.
8. When the date arrived everyone in the kingdon wanted to attend.
9. She also knew something which made the whole process more complicated.
10. You, whose mission in life is service of your fellow men, will go to pieces.
Practice Exercise 5
1. When the feast was over and guests had gone away, the man went towards the place
where the gifts were.
2. Then he looked at the man who was hiding in the roof.
3. As the old man opened the box, he found inside it a precious pearl.
4. The old gentleman remembered how he had found the thief hiding in his roof.
5. As I reached my desk in the office, my eyes stopped over a letter.
6. It was my second brother who was so particular and adamant about the division.
7. It was generally late and dark when I returned from my studies.
8. While we are going to the fields for a stroll, he sometimes used to carry me on his
shoulder.
9. You are my land from where I could harvest everything in life.
10. If you deny, I shall never show my face to you again.
qq