MALLAREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
[Link] ECE – MW&DC LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT NO-4
DETERMINATION OF STANDING WAVE RATIO AND
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
Aim: To determine the standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient of X-band
waveguide.
Apparatus:
Klystron power supply, klystron mount, isolator, frequency mount, variable
Attenuator, detector mount, wave guide stands, oscilloscope, BNC cable, cooling fan
Slotted line tunable probe, S-S tuner.
Theory: The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be
considered as the sum of two travelling waves, the incident wave, which propagates
from the source to the load and the reflected wave which propagates towards the
generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of incident wave from a
discontinuity in the line or from the load impedance. The superposition of the two
travelling waves, gives rise to a standing wave along the line. The maximum field
strength is found where the waves are in phase and minimum where the two waves
add in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (maximum) is
half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength and
incident wave is called reflection coefficient.
The voltage standing wave ratio VSWR is defined as ratio between maximum
and minimum field strength along the line.
Hence VSWR denoted by s is as follows
S= Emax/Emin = [iEi1 + iEr1]/[iEi1 – iEr1].
Reflection co efficient (ρ) is
ρ=Er/Ei = [Z l - Zo]/ [Z l + Zo]
Where Zl is the load impedance, Zo is characteristics impedance.
The above equation gives following equation
ρ= S-1/S+1.
Block diagram:
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MALLAREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
[Link] ECE – MW&DC LAB MANUAL
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the block diagram.
2. Keep variable variable attenuator in the minimum attenuated position.
3. Keep the control knobs of VSWR meter as below:
Range db --- 30 db/ 40 db.
Input selector switch----- crystal 200k ohm.
Meter switch ----- normal.
Gain (coarse fine) ----- mid position approx.
4. Keep the control knobs of klystron power as below:
Beam voltage (HT) ---- off.
Mod. Switch ---- AM.
Beam voltage knob ---- fully antic lock wise.
Reflector voltage knob----- fully clockwise.
Am- amplitude knob----- around fully clockwise.
Am- frequency ----- mid position.
5. Switch on the klystron power supply. VSWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Switch on the beam voltage (ht) switch and set beam voltage at 300v.
7. Rotate the repeller voltage knob to get deflection in VSWR meter.
8. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage, amplitude and frequency of
AM modulation.
9. Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in
VSWR meter=1.
10. If required, change the range db- switch, and gain control knob to get
deflection in the scale of VSWR meter.
11. As you move probe along the slotted line, the deflection will change.
A. Measurement of low VSWR:
1. Move the probe along the slotted line to get maximum deflection in
VSWR meter.
2. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob until the meter indicates 1.0 on
normal VSWR scale.
3. Keep the entire control knob as it is, move the probe to next minimum
position. Read the VSWR on scale.
B. Measurement of high VSWR:
1. Set the depth of S S-S tuner slightly more for maximum VSWR.
2. Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
3. Adjust the VSWR meter gain control knob to obtain a reading of 3 db in
the normal db scale (0- 10 db) of VSWR.
4. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until the deflection is 6 db or 0
db obtain on 0 ---10 db scale. Note the record the probe position on slotted
line let it is d1.
5. Repeat the step 3 and then move the probe right along the slotted line until
deflection is 6 db or 0 db obtain on 0--- 10 db normal db scale. Let it be
d2.
6. Replace the S-S tuner and termination by short.
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MALLAREDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
[Link] ECE – MW&DC LAB MANUAL
7. Measure the distance (d) between two successive minima position of
probe. Twice this distance is guide wavelength : λg
8. Compute SWR from the following equation :
VSWR (s) = λg/ (π(d1~ d2)).
Observations:
Beam voltage: Volts.
Beam current: mA.
Operating frequency of klystron = GHz.
d1 =( )mm, d2 =( )mm, d11 =( )mm,d12=( )mm ,λg= 2( d12 ~ d11).
VSWR(S) = λg/ 3.14( d1 ~ d2).
Result:
Questions:
1) What is standing wave?
2) What is reflection coefficient?
3) When do standing waves form?
4) How they are useful in microwave engg?
5) What is min. value of VSWR?
6) What is range of reflection coefficient?
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