Oxytocin/Pitocin
Also called as Milk ejection hormone
Or milk let down factor
Birth hormone.
Why
Alveoli wall made up of
cuboidal epithelial
cell/mammary epithelial
Mammary secretory cell.
Alveoli cavity (lumen)
Oxytocin causes MECs to
contract. This contraction
reduces the diameter of alveolar
lumen which forces the milk
comes into ductules & out of
breast.
Hypothalamic– releasing hormone (RH) & Inhibitory hormone (IH).
GH-RH Inhibitory hormone
PRL-RH MSH-IH
TSH –RH (TRH) 6
PRL-IH
ACTH-RH
GnRH STH-IH
MSH –RH GH-IH/SOMATOSTATIN
Hypothalamus
Release
Somatotropic hormone inhibiting hormone (STH-IH)/GHIH
Inhibit the production & secretion of STH/HGH/somatotropin from anterior pituitary
NOTE
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) also called as
somatostatin.
Somatostatin also secretes from the delta cell of pancreas
which regulate the secretion of insulin & glucagon
Growth hormone
Hyposecretion/under secretion of GH Hypersecretion/over secretion
Childhood/by birth
GH stimulate longitudinal bone growth cause elongation of bone.
Causes – stunted growth
Disorder -Dwarfism
Under secretion of thyroid hormone in childhood – causes dwarfism.
But thyroid hormone is responsible for physical, mental & sexually.
Those child – dwarf, mentally retarded, infertile.
Hypersecretion/over secretion of GH.
In childhood
Over-secretion of GH stimulates
abnormal growth of the body leading
to gigantism.
Gigantism.
Growth hormone
Hyposecretion/under secretion of GH in adulthood (especially in middle age).
Height normal
Hand, feet & jaws remain small.
ACROMICRIA.
Growth hormone
Hypersecretion/over secretion of GH in adulthood (especially in middle age).
But in adulthood, a change in height doesn't occur.
Instead, the increase in bone size is limited to the
bones of your hands, feet and face, and is called
acromegaly.
NCERT
Excess secretion of growth hormone in adults especially in
middle age can result in severe disfigurement (especially of
the face) called Acromegaly, which may lead to serious
complications, and premature death if unchecked. The
disease is hard to diagnose in the early stages and often
goes undetected for many years, until changes in external
features become noticeable.
NCERT
ADH/Vasopressin acts mainly at the kidney and stimulates
resorption of water and electrolytes by the distal tubules and
thereby reduces loss of water through urine (diuresis). Hence, it is
also called as antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
An impairment affecting synthesis or release of ADH results in a
diminished ability of the kidney to conserve water leading to water
loss and dehydration. This condition is known as Diabetes
Insipidus.
Pineal gland
Secretes hormone melatonin
Our body – 24 hour’s biological clock/day-night cycle (diurnal) called
circadian rhythm.
24 hour’s rhythm of our body is regulated by melatonin hormone.
This is the main function of melatonin hormone.
Pineal gland (NCERT)
The pineal gland is located on the dorsal side of forebrain.
Pineal secretes a hormone called melatonin.
Melatonin plays a very important role in the regulation of a 24-
hour (diurnal) rhythm of our body. For example, it helps in
maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep-wake cycle, body
temperature. In addition, melatonin also influences metabolism,
pigmentation (skin lightens) the menstrual cycle as well as our
defense capability.
Melatonin antagonistic to melanin.
Melatonin suppress FSH, LH
Melatonin delay the puberty
Thyroid gland (NCERT)
The thyroid gland is composed of two lobes which are located on
either side of the trachea. Both the lobes are interconnected
with a thin flap of connective tissue called isthmus.
Thyroid gland
Largest endocrine gland
Butterfly shaped structure
H – shaped
Bilobed – in birds and mammals
Reptiles – single lobe
Origin- Endodermal in origin
Weight – 30 gm
Highly vascular
Receive – 80- 120 ml of blood/min.
Location: Below larynx on both side of the trachea.