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SCIENCE
DIVERSITY OF MATTER
Materials
Matter
Matter is anything that has mass (weight) and
volume (take up space).
Diversity of Matter
Thisrefers to wide range of substances and
materials around us.
They have unique properties and
characteristics.
Materials
These are substances or matter we used in our
everyday life.
We used them for construction, manufacturing,
packaging, as source of energy, health, etc.
Classification of Materials (States of Matter)
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Solids
These are substances that have a fixed shape
and volume.
The particles in solid are closely packed.
Examples: Metals, rock, wood, glass, plastic,
stone, table salt, sugar, ice.
Liquids
These are substances that have a fixed volume
but take the shape of their container.
The particles in a liquid are close together but
are free to from each other.
Examples of Liquids
Water
oil
honey
milk
petrol
diesel
kerosene
Gases
These are substances have neither a fixed shape nor a
fixed volume.
Theparticles in a gas are widely spaced and are free
to move in any direction (constant random motion).
Gashas no fixed volume because the force of
attraction between the particles of gases are very
weak and negligible.
Examples of Gases
Oxygen Helium
carbon dioxide Argon
vapour/steam Propane
Hydrogen Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Nitrogen
(LPG).
Examples of Gases
Oxygen Helium
carbon dioxide Argon
vapour/steam Propane
Hydrogen Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Nitrogen
(LPG).
Characteristics and Properties Of Gas
Gas particles are widely/loosely packed: The particles
are free to move in any direction.
It does not have fixed shape nor volume: Gas expand to
fill the available volume of a container.
Particles are highly compressible. Gas can be compressed
to small fraction of their original quantity.
Gas can flow: They can flow and change shape to
external forces.
Difference between solid, liquid and gas
Characteristics Solid liquid Gas
Shape It has fixed shape Takes container shape No fixed shape
Volume It has fixed volume It has fixed volume It volume varies
Particles/molecule Particles are closely Relatively packed Widely spaced
arrangement packed
Diffusion rate Rate of diffusion is Rate of diffusion is High diffusion
very low moderate rate
Density High density Moderate density Very low density
Change of state of Matter
Solid Liquid Gas
Evaporating
Melting Vapourizing
Freezing Condensing
Subliming
Melting
This is the process by which a solid changes state
to become a liquid.
The process required an increase temperature or
pressure.
Example: Iced into water.
Evaporation
This is the process by which liquid transforms
into a gas or vapour.
This process occurs when the molecules of the
substance gain enough energy to escape the
surface tension of the liquid.
Example: Water into vapour/steam or gas.
Freezing
The process by which a liquid changes state to
become a solid.
This occurs when the temperature of is decreased
to its freezing point.
Example: Water into Iced
Condensation
This is the process by which gas or vapour
changes into liquids.
This occurs when the temperature of the gas is
decreased and caused the molecules to slow
down and come together.
Example: Vapour/steam or gas into liquid.
Sublimation
This is the process by which a solid changes
directly into gas or vapour without passing
through the liquid state.
Example: Naphthalene ball (camphor).
These processes are all important aspect of
water cycle and other natural phenomena.