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Successive Differentiation & Leibniz Theorem

The document outlines various mathematical concepts related to successive differentiation and Leibnitz's theorem, including proofs and applications of different differential equations. It includes problems involving nth derivatives, partial differentiation, and Euler's theorem, along with specific functions such as trigonometric and logarithmic functions. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for advanced calculus topics.

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gaminggeneral2022
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9 views4 pages

Successive Differentiation & Leibniz Theorem

The document outlines various mathematical concepts related to successive differentiation and Leibnitz's theorem, including proofs and applications of different differential equations. It includes problems involving nth derivatives, partial differentiation, and Euler's theorem, along with specific functions such as trigonometric and logarithmic functions. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for advanced calculus topics.

Uploaded by

gaminggeneral2022
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Successive differentiation and Leibnitz Theorem

1. Leibnitz’s Theorem: (Statement and Proof)

Differentiate n times the equation (1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 + a 2 y = 0 .

2. Find the n th differential coefficients of


1  1+ x 
(i ) x 2 sin 3 x (ii ) x 2e x (iii ) x 3 cos x (iv) (v) ln(ax + b) (vi) tan −1  
x + 5x + 6  1− x 
2

3. If y = a cos(ln x ) + b sin(ln x) , show that


x 2 y2 + xy1 + y = 0, and x 2 yn + 2 + (2n + 1) xyn +1 + (n 2 + 1) yn = 0 .

4. If y = sin(a sin
−1
x) , show that (1 − x ) y2 − xy1 + a y = 0
2 2

and (1 − x ) yn + 2 − (2n + 1) xyn +1 − (n − a ) yn = 0 .


2 2 2

5. If y = cos(ln x) , prove that x 2 yn+ 2 + (2n + 1) xyn+1 + (n2 + 1) yn = 0 .

6. If y = x cos(ln x) , prove that x yn + 2 + (2n − 1) xyn +1 + (n − 2n + 2) yn = 0 .


2 2

7. If y = sin −1 x , prove that (1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 = 0 and


(1 − x 2 ) yn+ 2 − (2n + 1) xyn+1 − n2 yn = 0 .

−1
8. If y = (sin x) 2 , prove that
(1 − x 2 ) y2 − xy1 − 2 = 0 and (1 − x2 ) yn+2 − (2n + 1) xyn+1 − n2 yn = 0 .
−1
9. If y = (tan x) 2 , prove that ( x 2 + 1)2 y2 + 2 x( x 2 + 1) y1 = 2 .
−1 x
10. If y = ea sin , prove that (1 − x ) yn + 2 − (2n + 1) xyn +1 − (n + a ) yn = 0 .
2 2 2

11. If y = ( x 2 − 1)n , prove that ( x 2 − 1) yn+2 + 2 xyn+1 − n(n + 1) yn = 0 .


1 −1
12. If y m + y m = 2 x , prove that ( x 2 − 1) yn+2 + (2n + 1) xyn+1 + (n2 − m2 ) yn = 0 .

13. To find ( yn )0 :
−1
(i) If y = tan x , then prove that (1 + x 2 ) yn+ 2 + 2(n + 1) xyn+1 + n(n + 1) yn = 0 , hence find
( yn ) 0 .

( )
n
(ii) If y = ln x + 1 + x 2  , then prove that ( yn + 2 )0 = −n n ( yn )0 , hence find ( yn )0
 

−1 x
(iii) If y = ea cos , prove that (1 − x 2 ) yn+ 2 − (2n + 1) xyn−1 − (n2 + a 2 ) yn = 0 . Also find ( yn )0 .

Partial Differentiation, Euler’s Theorem:

u u u
1. If u = x 2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x , show that + + = ( x + y + z )2 .
x y z

 x− y u u
2. If u = sin −1   , show that x +y =0.
 x+ y x y
 
2
x2 + y 2  u u   u u 
3. If u = , show that  −  = 4 1 − −  .
x+ y  x y   x y 

 2u  2u
5. If u = f ( x + ay ) +  ( x − ay ) , show that a 2 = .
x 2 y 2
−1
 2V  2V  2V
6. If V = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2 , show that + + =0.
x 2 y 2 z 2
2
     −9
7. If u = ln( x + y + z − 3xyz ) , show that 
3 3 3
+ +  u= .
 x y z  ( x + y + z )2

2 z
8. If x y z = c , show at x = y = z ,
x y z
= −( y ln ey)−1 .
xy

 y x u u
9. If u = tan −1   + sin −1   , prove that x +y =0.
x  y x y

 y x  2u x 2 − y 2
[Link] u = x 2 tan −1   − y 2 tan −1   , xy  0 , then prove that = .
x  y xy x 2 + y 2

u u u
11. If u = ln(tan x + tan y + tan z ) , prove that sin 2 x + sin 2 y + sin 2 z =2
x y z

3u
12. If u = e xyz , show that = (1 + 3xyz + x 2 y 2 z 2 )e xyz .
xyz
x2 y2 z2
13. If + + = 1 , show that u x 2 + u y 2 + u z 2 = 2( xu x + yu y + zu z ) .
a 2 + u b 2 + u c 2 +u

 2u  2u 1
15. If u = f ( ) and x = r sin  , y = r cos  , show that + 2 = f ( ) + f ( ) .
x y
2
r

17. Verify Euler’s theorem for the functions:

 y x y z
(i) u = x n sin   , (ii) u = + + , (iii) u = x3 + y 3 + z 3 ,
x y z x

(iv) V = ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )1/2 .

 x+ y  u u 1
18. If u = sin −1   show x + y = tan u .
 x+ y x y 2
 

 x2 + y 2  u u
21. If u = sec −1   , show x + y = 2 cot u .
 x+ y  x y

 u   x  l2  y   v  l + m
2 2
[Link] u = lx + my, v = mx − ly , show that     = 2 2 
,    = .
 x  y  u v l + m  v  x  y u l2

z z
[Link] z = eax +by f (ax − by ) , show that b + a = 2abz .
x y

[Link] u ( x, y ) is a homogeneous function of degree n , then show


 2u  2u 2  u
2
x2 + 2 xy + y = n(n − 1)u .
x 2 xy y 2

1 1
x4 + y4 u u
[Link] u = , apply Euler’s theorem to find x +y .
1 1
x y
x5 + y5

x u u x
[Link] u = x y 2 sin −1   + ln x − ln y , show that x +y = 6 x 4 y 2 sin −1   .
4

 y x y  y

 x + 2 y + 3z  u u u
29. If u = sin −1   show x + y + z = −3 tan u .
 x8 + y 8 + z 8  x y z
 

u u u
[Link] u = f ( x − y, y − z , z − x) , prove that + + = 0.
x y z

 y   z   x 
31. If  ( x, y, z ) = 0 , show that       = −1 .
 z  x  x  y  y  z
 y−x z−x 2 u u u
32. If u = u  ,  , show that x + y2 + z2 =0.
 xy xz  x y z

 2u  2u
33. If u = f ( x, y ) and x = r cos  , y = r sin  , then transform the equation + = 0 into polar
x 2 y 2
coordinates.

1 u 1 u 1 u
45. If u = f ( 2 x − 3 y,3 y − 4 z , 4 z − 2 x ) , prove that + + =0
2 x 3 y 4 z

w w w
46. If w = f ( x, y ) where x = eu cos v, y = eu sin v ,show that y +x = e 2u
u v y

47. If z = f ( x, y ) where x = eu cos v, y = eu sin v ,show that


  f  
2
 f   f  −2u  f 
2 2 2

    + = e     +
 x   y   u   v  

Common questions

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Successive differentiation reveals patterns when applied to functions like sin(ln x) or polynomial-trigonometric combinations, as higher-order derivatives form sequences or symmetric properties that can be generalized. These patterns provide insights into broad problem classes in mathematical physics and engineering .

Higher powers in mathematical expressions can serve as tools for simplification via differentiation by enforcing symmetrical properties or reduction sequences, predominantly when dealing with polynomials and exponential functions. They often help in reducing complex multiplicative terms into manageable sums or products .

Applying successive differentiation to functions like cos(ln x) involves repeated application of the chain rule and product rule. Successive differentiation yields a systematic pattern relating the derivatives to the trigonometric identities and logarithmic transformations involved, specifically leading to higher-order derivative expressions that become increasingly complex by integrating terms involving n, x, and y in a recursive manner .

Implicit differentiation is essential when dealing with identities involving intertwined trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions, as these expressions often resist simple algebraic manipulation. By focusing on the derivation steps that assume relations between variables, implicit differentiation reveals identities or equations that emerge naturally .

Partial differentiation allows the examination of how a function changes with respect to one variable while keeping others constant. This is critical in multivariable calculus, especially when dealing with transcendental functions that combine trigonometric and exponential terms. By focusing on the partial derivatives, it becomes possible to analyze complex behaviors and interactions of different function components systematically .

Euler's Theorem provides a relationship that simplifies evaluating the sum of these partial derivatives for homogeneous functions by reducing the problem to a function of its degree and derivatives. This theorem reduces computational complexity and indicators for scaling laws, thereby offering insights into the scaling properties of functions, a crucial aspect of solving many physical problems .

Higher-order derivatives provide insight into the curvature, extents of inflection, and stability points of functions. Particularly for inverse functions, examining these derivatives helps clarify how small changes can result in significant shifts in function behavior, which is critical in modeling and predicting dynamic systems .

Partial differentiation of functions like xyz or natural logarithms involving combinations of variables showcases the sensitivity of these functions to changes in individual variables. These derivatives help in determining rates of change, and in assessing multidimensional functions' curvature, fundamental in optimization and dynamic systems analysis .

Leibnitz's Theorem allows the differentiation of a product of functions multiple times. If two functions are successively differentiable, the theorem provides a formula to differentiate their product up to n times. This is particularly useful in reducing complex differentiation problems by recursively applying the rule to simplify the expressions .

Transforming Cartesian expressions into polar coordinates simplifies problems involving circular or radial symmetry. This transformation redefines the derivatives based on radius and angle, reducing the complexity of variables and providing a clearer geometric interpretation. It aids in solving integrals and differentials that are otherwise complicated in Cartesian coordinates .

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