WRITING TASK 1

The bar chart illustrates the number of wiretaps authorized by federal and state
governments between 1997 and 2007.
Overall, federal authorizations consistently outnumbered state authorizations. The
number of state-issued authorizations reached its lowest in 2006 and remained low in
2007, whereas federal authorizations saw a dramatic rise in the same period.
From 1997 to 2000, federal authorizations fluctuated between 700 and 800, while
state-issued authorizations hovered around 500. In 2001 and 2004, both types of
authorizations peaked at approximately 1,000.
However, from 2005 onwards, state authorizations declined to 300 by 2006 and
remained stagnant in 2007. Conversely, federal authorizations surged sharply in 2007,
reaching nearly their highest point over the entire period.

The line chart provides information about the numbers of tourists who went to
a Caribbean island and chose between two different accommodation types from 2010
to 2017.
Overall, the numbers of visitors staying on a cruise ship or on the island had
increased significantly over the time, resulting in a massive leap in the number of
tourists visiting this location.
In 2010 and 2012, the island welcomed around 750000 visitors who decided to
stay at a location on this island. However, this type of accommodation had its
popularity increased afterward, as in 2013, and the next two years afterwards, 1.5
million visitors stayed on it. In 2016, it decreased from this peak before picking up the
increasing momentum again in 2017.
 (After fluctuating between 250000 to 500000 in the first years of this period,
the number of visitors who chose cruise ships surged consistently in the next five
years, eventually peaking at 2 million in 2017. Remarkably, the popularity of this
accommodation type surpassed the preference for staying on the island in the last two
years.)
The number of visitors who traveled to this island and stayed on a cruise ships
stabilized at around 750000 in the first two years before increasing to a peak of 1.5
million in 2013, 2014, and 2015. After experiencing a sightly decrease of around
250000 in 2016, it increased back to the previous peak in 2017. Thanks to the massive
increases in the number of visitors choosing both types of accommodation, the total
number of passengers to this island had jumped impressively from only 1 million in
2010 to 3.5 million in 2017, constituting a more than 3-folds surge.

Overall, instant coffee was more popular than its fresh counterpart based on
the percentage of residents who purchased each of them in the past one month in all
the surveyed cities.
In Sydney and Melbourne, around 42% to 44% of residents living in these
cities purchased fresh coffee in the last four weeks, making them the highest numbers
compared to the three remaining cities. The percentage of individuals in buying the
same product in this time frame was slightly lower, with 38%. In both Brisbane and
Adelaide, around more than one-third of all citizens purchased this coffee version in
the last four weeks.
The percentage of individuals living in Brisbane and Hobart who purchased
instant coffee in the past four weeks were from 52% to 54%, the highest among all
other cities. The rate was slightly lower for Adelaide with 50%, while around 45% to
48% of citizens in Sydney and Melbourne had this type of purchase surveyed time
frame.
 Around 63% of residents living in Melbourne and Hobart went to a coffee
shop for coffee or tea in this past one month, the highest numbers among the figures
for the remaining cities.

The process provides information about the steps that need to be taken to
produce bricks. Overall, the entire procedure consists of three main phases, including
the extraction of raw materials and shaping the bricks, applying heat on them, and
delivery and packaging.
The first step begins with the extraction of clay from the ground using a
digger. This extracted clay is then sifted to ensure consistency as a metal grid breaks
down clumps in the clay. The sifted clay is then conveyed on a roller before being
mixed with sand and water and taken on the shape of a brick using either a mould or a
wire cutter.
The second stage begins with the dehydration of the freshly shaped bricks in
an oven from one to two days. They are then treated by heat in two kilns. The first one
has a temperature level from 200 to 980 degrees Celsius, while the second one utilizes
a higher level of 870 to 1300 degrees Celsius. In the last chamber, the bricks are left
to cool down from two to three days.
In the last stage, the bricks are then packaged into large prism blocks before
being transported to consumers by a truck.
 Overall, a prominent area at the bottom of the map has its size reduced to
accommodate more teaching facilities. Also, a conventional teaching facility on the
left side of the map has been upgraded with modernized equipment.
One of the most remarkable changes in the map is that the playing fields have
their sizes reduced by roughly 50%. This reduction allows the construction of a
classrooms block, a pool, and a fitness centre on the left side. On the right side, a new
storey has been added to the existing block, while another block has been built closer
to the playing fields.
Importantly, the library and its surrounding components have also changed
drastically. This learning facility has become a learning resources centre with a built-
in computer room. The car park has also been altered. Its shape has changed from
being rectangular to more circular, while the middle route previously connecting it
with the playing fields has been removed.
 In 2017, 175.5 million pounds were funded for this police force by the
national government.
In 2017, the national government funded 175.5 million pounds for the police
force in this area of the UK.
In 2017, the amount of money funded by the national government for this
police force was 175.5 million pounds.

In 2017, 75% of the spending of this police force was to pay salaries.
In 2017, expenditure on salaries accounted for 75% of the entire spending of
this police force.
In 2017, the percentage of the entire spending of this police force which was
spent on paying salaries was 75%.

The table provides information about the amounts of money funded for the
police force in an area in the UK from 3 primary sources in 2017 and 2018.
Additionally, the pie chart gives data about the percentages of the entire spending of
this police force in these 2 years on 3 distinctive sectors.
Overall, the amounts of funding from all these 3 sources had increased to
various extent. Furthermore, while spending on salaries occupied a smaller proportion
in 2018, expenditure on technologies had received a larger percentage of the budget
allocation.
(Although the amount of funding from the national government had increased
modestly, it had remained the largest source of money for this police force in both
years. Specifically, 175.5 million pounds were provided in 2017, while around 177.8
were supplied in the year after.
The amount of money gathered from local taxes had increased the most
significantly, surging from 91.2 million pounds in 2017 to 102.3 million pounds in
2018.
 Although other sources with the inclusion of grants had provided more money
from 2017 to 2018, the increase was extremely modest. In 2017, this source of
funding was responsible for 38 million pounds, and in 2018, the amount was 38.5
million pounds.
Thanks to all these increases, the total amount of money that the police force
operated on had surged from 304.7 to 318.6 million pounds between 2017 and 2018.
 Regarding the table, the national government was responsible for the
largest amount of funding, increasing from 175.5 to 177.8 million pounds between
these years. Although the amount of money collected from the local taxes had
remained smaller, it had observed the most significant increase, from only 91.2 to
more than 100 million pounds after only 1 year. Other sources with the inclusion of
grants provided a stable amount of funding, slightly inclining from 38 to 38.5 million
pounds. These increased had expanded the total budget of the police from 304 million
pounds to 318.6 million pounds.
The pie chart also witnesses notable changes regarding the budget allocation
of this police force. Although paying salaries still consumed the most resources in
both years, there had been a small decline in its proportion from 75% to 69%. This
plunge had allowed the police to increase spending on technologies, initially
comprising only 9% in 2017 but up to 14% in 2018. The percentage of spending used
for buildings and transport had remained unchanged at 17%.

1. In 1970/71, 1 million male pursued further education in the UK by

entering a part-time educational program.
 2. In 1970/71, part-time education was the path towards further education for
1 million males in the UK.
3. In 1970/71, the number of males who chose a part-time program for their
further education in the UK was 1 million.
The bar chart provides information about the numbers of males and females
who pursued further education in the UK by either entering a part-time or a full-time
program in 3 different periods from 1970/71 to 1990/91.
Overall, the numbers of men and women choosing a full-time program had
increased. Regarding part-time educational programs, the number of male learners
had plunged, while the reverse had been true for the figure for their counterparts.
One of the most important features in the chart is that the number of males
choosing a part-time program was initially higher, while in the latter period, there
were more women entering this type of further education. In 1970/71, around 1
million males chose a part-time education versus only around 800000 women who
had the same preference. However, in 1990/1991, the number of male learners
decreased to about 900000, while a whopping 1.1 million females entered these
programs.
While the numbers of males and females entering a full-time program for their
further education had increased, the figure for women had surged at a much faster
rate. In 1970/71, the numbers of males and females following this educational path
were around 100000 and 50000, respectively. Due to the massive increases regarding
the numbers of females with this educational option, the figures for both groups
reached a similar level of around 200000 in 1990/91.
Despite these drastic changes, part-time education had remained the popular
option when it comes to pursuing further education in the UK.

Overall, an important economic activity has been removed due to the absence
of its previous supporting facilities.
Overall, a prominent economic activity in this area in 1995 has been removed
along with its supporting facilities. The region has witnessed a potential increase in
population due to the escalated number of houses and the newly-constructed facilities
for sports entertainment.
One of the most remarkable changes in the map is that the fishing port at the
Southern part of the map has been removed. While the fish market has been converted
into a set of apartment, the shop has become a restaurant. The hotel, which is close to
the sea, has remained unchanged, but it has been further equipped with a car park.
Another notable alternation is at the Northeastern part of the map. The
farmland and the forest park have been utilized to accommodate sports entertainment,
being converted into a golf course and a tennis court, respectively.
Lastly, the road heading towards the Northwestern direction has more houses
being constructed. Along its newly built branch the heads to the West, two major
housing components have been constructed. On its main direction, the same situation
has been observed as more houses have built.

Thêm:

Ex C: The chart illustrates the frequency of UFO sightings in England

between 1997 and 2007.
Overall, UFO sightings nearly reached their peak in the late 1990s, remained
consistently high during this period, but gradually declined throughout the 2000s.

The bar chart compares and contrasts data on the changes in the number of
UFOs seen in Great Britain over an 11-year period from 1997 to 2007.
In general, despite the occurrence of fairly extreme fluctuations in UFO
sightings, figures decreased over this time period.

Ex D: The table compares and contrasts data on the changes in the emission of
CO2 in five different countries as a result of the production of energy and their
relatives ranks over a 21-year period from 1985 to 2005.
In general, CO2 levels for all countries rose over this time period with the
notable exception of Japan which remained the same.

LINE:
The line graph countries compare the urban populations of four Asian
countries between 1970 and 2020, with predicted figures for 2030 and 2040.
Overall, projections show that all countries will witness a dramatic increase in
the proportion of city residents, with Malaysia being expected to see the greatest
growth.
In 1970, the percentages of urban inhabitants of the Philippines and Malaysia
were roughly the same, at around 30%, compared to 20% for Thailand and 15% for
Indonesia. Malaysia witnessed the most dramatic increase, with figures rising to
nearly 75% by 2020. Indonesia overtook the other two to become the country with the
second largest urban population, with nearly half of the total population living in
cities in 2020. While the Philippines saw a drop in the proportion of urban residents
between 1990 and 2010, Thailand’s figure rose steadily to nearly 30% by 2020.
By 2040, it is predicted that the urban populations of all these countries will
grow, with Malaysia still top of the list, at nearly 85%, followed by Indonesia, at more
than 60%. The figures for the other two countries are also expected to increase, but at
a slower rate, with more than 55% of Filipines and around 45% of Thai being
projected to live in cities by 2040.
 PROCESS:
1. Structure
2. How it works
Serve as a:
A home smokery
The diagram shows the design and operation for a home smokery.
Overall, there are 3 main stages in the home smoking process, beginning with
fresh air entering the system, and ending with the smoking of food in a chamber.
(The system has two main sections: an underground smoke-generation section
and an above-ground smoking box where food is processed)
The underground consists of three interconnected chambers. The first chamber
equipped with a lid, is responsible for regulating airflow, while the second
compartments, also fitted with a lid, contain logs that are burned to generate smoke.
The third chamber, located right under the food box, allows smoke to rise to the top of
the box where food items are waiting to be cooked.
To operate the smoker, the lid on the first chamber is opened to allow fresh air
to enter, providing a sufficient supply of oxygen to the second chamber, where logs
are burned. The combustion produces smoke, which travels through a pipe to the food
box. Here, food items such as fish or meat are exposed to the rising smoke gradually
cooking them through the smoking process.

NATURAL PROCESS:
The diagrams illustrate the life cycle of the salmon, which is a large fish
species.
Overall, salmon have an average lifespan of nine years and their life cycle
consists of four main stages: egg, fry, and adult. While the first three stages occur in
freshwater, the last one takes place in saline water.
The life cycle begins when salmon eggs are laid among small stones at the
base of reeds in the upper part of a river, where the current is slow. After
approximately 5 to 6 months, fry which measures 3 to 8 centimeters long can be seen
in the water. The fry then swim to the lower, faster-flowing part of the river. After
growing and feeding there for about 4 years, they reach 12 to 15 centimeters and are
considered Smoltz.
They then head to the ocean where they mature into adult salmon which
average 70 to 76 centimeters long. They spend around 5 years there, after which they
mature upstream to their birthplace to spawn and the entire journey is repeated all
over again.
 The diagram illustrates the various stages involved in the natural process of
the water cycle, which demonstrates how water moves through different phases in a
continuous cycle.

Overall, the water cycle consists of three main stages: evaporation, condensation, and
precipitation. This is a cyclical process that ensures the constant movement of water
between the earth's surface and the atmosphere.

The process begins with the evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, and
rivers due to the heat of the sun. As the water is heated, it transforms into water vapor
and rises into the atmosphere. Additionally, plants contribute to this stage through a
process called transpiration, where water is released from their leaves into the air.
Once the water vapor reaches higher altitudes, it cools and condenses into tiny
droplets, forming clouds.
Following condensation, the next stage is precipitation. When the water
droplets in the clouds become too heavy, they fall back to the earth in the form of
rain, snow, or hail, depending on the temperature. Some of this water flows into rivers
and streams, eventually returning to larger water bodies such as oceans. The
remaining water seeps into the ground, replenishing underground water reserves. This
groundwater may later re-enter the cycle through springs or human usage, completing
the process.
 The pie charts illustrate the proportion of wristwatch sales by six watchmakers
in Switzerland in 2020 and 2021.
Overall, Rolex was the most significant suppliers by far in both years. Rolex
also increased its dominance, while all other companies lost market share.
The three biggest watch manufactures in 2020 were Rolex, Omega, and
Cartier, with 39.5%, 15.6%, and 14.5%, respectively. However, while Rolex
increased its share to almost half, Omega saw a notable decrease to 12.7%. Despite a
minor decrease of 0.7% to 13.8% in 2021, Catier replaced Omega as the second-
highest watch brand in 2021.
The remaining three competitors had around a tenth of the total in 2020 each,
but all fell by ground 1% in 2021. Of the three smallest brands, Patek fell the most,
dropping from 10.3% to 8.8%. AP went from the smallest share in 2020 to the fourth
largest in 2021, achieving a percentage of 9.1%.
 The diagram provides information about the steps that need to be taken to
recycle plastic bottles. Overall, the entire process contains two mains steps, including
the collection and initial categorization of the bottles and treating them in multiple
stages to create new plastic products.
In the first main stage, bottles are collected in large bins by having people
dropping them inside before being moved to a specific facility by a large truck.
Afterwards, the collected bottles are sorted out manually by workers to separate them
based on recyclability.
Moving on to the next main phase of the entire process, the sorted bottles are
compressed into large blocks before a crushing force is applied onto them. By using
two large wheels, the used bottles are broken down into smaller pieces, which are
washed in a tank filled with liquid. These chunks are then fed into a machine to
produce plastic pellets, which are further heated to produce raw materials. From these
materials, many plastic products, such as bottles, containers, pens, bags or even
clothes, are produced.
Nfg
 The pie graphs illustrate the working agencies of psychology learners after
course completion.
Overall, private clinics represent the major expectation, while psychologists
are primarily employed in schools and universities.
As for/In terms of/Concerning/Regarding expectation, 69% and 13% of
future psychologists predict that private clinics and community agencies will be their
working sectors, respectively; which are the highest results. This is followed by
comparable percentages of hospitals or medical centers and schools or universities at
8%. Moreover, an insignificant share of 2% of potential psychologists forecast that
they will pursue other lines of work.
In reality, educational institutions are the workplaces of nearly half of
psychologists, whereas slightly over a quarter are hired by hospitals and medical
centers. The figure for private clinics is 16% which is precisely double that of the
others/unidentified/unspecified/unnamed/ categories. Finally, only 3% actually
work for community agencies, representing the lowest figure.