prepared by:
ALLYSON Q. FLORENDO, RRT
MAGNETISM
• Around 1000 BC, shepherds and dairy farmers near the
village of Magnesia (what is now Western Turkey)
discovered magnetite, an oxide of iron (Fe3O4).
• Magnetism is a fundamental property of some forms of
matter. Ancient observers knew that lodestones would
attract iron filings.
• This rod like stone would rotate back and
forth when suspended by a string. When
it came to rest on the string, it
supposedly pointed the way to water. It is
called a lodestone or leading
stone.
• Magnetite was also used as a
compass by ancient people
• From any spot-on Earth, magnetite
pointed toward the North Pole and
following the lodestone north would lead
to water.
• A lodestone is a naturally magnetized
piece of the mineral magnetite.
• They are naturally occurring magnets that
can attract iron.
• The property of magnetism was first
discovered in antiquity through
lodestones.
• Lodestone is easily identified because it is
usually covered with small particles of
magnetite and other magnetic minerals.
MAGNETISM is perhaps more difficult to
understand than other characteristic properties of
matter, such as mass, energy, and electric charge,
because magnetism is difficult to detect and
measure. We can feel mass, visualize energy, and
be shocked by electricity, but we cannot sense
magnetism.
MAGNETISM
• A fundamental property of some forms of matter.
• The polarization of a material.
• Difficult to understand, detect, and measure.
• Magnet- any material that produce magnetic field.
• Bipolar/Dipolar- magnets that have two poles.
• Poles- ends of the magnets.
• Magnetic lines of induction- the imaginary magnetic field lines.
MAGNETISM
1. Every magnet has a north pole and a south pole.
2. Like poles repel; unlike poles attract.
3. Gauss’s law:
MAGNETISM is one of the fundamental forces.
▪ Materials that have the ability to attract iron are
classified as having a strong magnetic force.
▪ To understand magnetism, it is important to return to
atomic structure for a detailed examination of the effects of
particle movement around the nucleus.
▪ In the case of the negatively
charged electrons orbiting
the nucleus of an atom, the
closed loop of the orbit
cancels all but the field that
is perpendicular to the plane
of the motion.
▪ This perpendicular magnetic
orbital
force is called Magnetic field created by a charged particle in
motion. The movement of a charged particle
magnetic moment. creates a magnetic field perpendicular to the
motion of the particle.
▪ A magnetic effect is also Two different vectors are in use to represent a
magnetic field: one called magnetic flux density, or
established by electrons spinning magnetic induction, is symbolized by B ; the other,
called the magnetic field strength, or magnetic field
on their axes. The effect created intensity, is symbolized by H .
by the movement of these
electrons is called spin
magnetic moment.
▪ The disruption of this axial
spinning and the energy
released as it reorients itself are
the physical basis that permits
magnetic resonance imaging.
▪ Atoms having a significant
number of electrons with their
magnetic moments in the same
direction, especially when the
outer shells are involved, will exhibit a
net magnetic field in a distinct
direction.
▪ Groups of atoms with this net
magnetic field are known as
magnetic dipoles or magnetic
domains.
DOMAIN THEORY OF
MAGNETISM
▪ It has been theorized that 1015
(1,000,000,000,000,000 or 1 million billion) atoms make
up a single dipole.
▪ This is not a standard number, as it has been shown
that dipoles vary in size and actually grow or shrink,
depending on local conditions.
In nonmagnetic objects the magnetic
dipoles are randomly arranged,
essentially cancelling out each other.
If an external force field has the time
or strength to orient enough of the
dipoles in the same direction and/or
cause those dipoles to grow in size,
the object exhibits a uniformly strong
magnetic field and is referred to as a
MAGNET.
▪ The force fields that are created
when magnetic dipoles orient to
create a magnet are called The stronger the magnetic field, the more lines of flux.
lines of force, lines of
flux, or the magnetic field.
▪ These lines of force flow not
only through the magnet itself
but outside the magnetic
material, forming a three-
dimensional field surrounding
the magnet.
MAGNETIC FIELD
of a charged particle such as an
electron in motion is
perpendicular to the motion of
that particle.
Note: Any charged particle in motion
creates a magnetic field.
The ends of a magnet
are defined as the
north and south
poles; lines of force
always flow from north
to south outside a
magnet and from south
to north within a
magnet. NOTE: It is important to remember that lines of force never
intersect. In some cases they are described as being parallel.
The concept of magnetism:
(A) The spinning of an individual electron is
the spin magnetic movement, and
the magnetic field created by the spin is the
orbital magnetic moment (heavy
arrows). Groups of atoms with most of the
magnetic moment force in a single direction
form a magnetic dipole or domain.
(B) When the magnetic dipoles or domains
are in a predominant direction, a
magnet is formed with an external
magnetic field.
(C) When the magnetic dipoles or domains are not in
predominant direction, the object is not magnetized.
▪ The stronger the magnetic field, the greater the
number of lines of flux or the greater the flux
density.
▪ Flux density is determined both by field strength
and by the area in which the lines of flux are
located;
field strength
Magnetic flux=
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
▪ There are two primary units used to measure the strength of magnetic fields.
▪ The SI unit for magnetic flux is the Weber, represented by the symbol Wb (for
the German physicist Wilhelm Weber [1804–1891], who proposed the basic
theory of magnetism).
▪ 1 Wb = 108 lines of flux.
▪ The units for magnetic flux density are the tesla, represented by the symbol T
(for the American physicist Nikola Tesla [1857 1943]), and the gauss,
represented by the symbol G (for the German mathematician Johann Gauss
[1777–1855].
▪ 1 tesla = 10,000 gauss.
▪ 1 T = 1 Wb/ m2, or 1 Wb per square meter.
Magnetism has NO smallest unit. A spinning charged particle will
induce a magnetic field along
the axis of spin.
• If the electron’s motion is a
closed loop, as with an electron
circling the nucleus, magnetic
field lines will be
perpendicular to the plane
of motion.
• Electrons behave as if they
rotate on an axis clockwise or
counterclockwise. This rotation
creates a property called
electron spin. Electron spin creates magnetic field.
Note:
• The lines of a magnetic field
are always closed loops.
• Spinning electric charges also induce
a magnetic field.
• The proton of a hydrogen nucleus spin
on its axis and creates a nuclear
magnetic dipole called a magnetic
moment..
• This forms the basis of MRI.
When a charged
particle moves in a
circular or elliptical
path, the perpendicular
magnetic field moves with
the charged particle.
The lines of a magnetic field do not start or end as the lines of
an electric field do. Such a field is called bipolar/dipolar; it
always has a north and a south pole. The small magnet created
by the electron orbit is called a magnetic dipole.
• An accumulation of many
atomic magnets with their
dipoles aligned creates a
magnetic domain.
• If all the magnetic domains
in an object are aligned, it
acts like a magnet.
• Under normal
circumstance, magnetic
domains are randomly
distributed.
Magnetic permeability is the ability of a material to
attract the lines of magnetic field intensity.
THREE (3) TYPES OF MAGNETS:
[Link] occurring magnets –Earth and Lodestone
[Link] induced permanent magnet –available in many sizes and
shapes but principally as bar or horseshoe-shaped magnets, usually made of
iron. Example the compass, such permanent magnets do not necessarily
stay permanent. One can destroy the magnetic property of magnet by
heating or hitting it with a hammer.
[Link] –consist of wire wrapped around an iron core. When an
electric current is conducted through the wire, a magnetic field is created.
Naturally occurring Artificially induced
Electromagnets
magnets permanent magnet
▪ Permeability is the ease The major classifications of the magnetic
properties of materials according to their
with which a material can be relative permeabilities are:
magnetized, whereas
retentivity is the ability of a NONMAGNETIC
material to stay magnetized.
▪ These two factors are inversely DIAMAGNETIC
proportional because if it is
difficult to orient the dipoles PARAMAGNETIC
(low permeability), it is also
difficult to disorient them (high FERROMAGNETIC
retentivity).
ALNICO RARE EARTH
One of the most useful CERAMICS
magnets produced from Developed recently
ferromagnetic material. and considerably
stronger magnets
Dividing a magnet simply creates two
smaller magnets, which when divided
again and again make baby magnets.
In contrast to the case with
electricity, there is no smallest
unit of magnetism.
• If a magnet is placed on a surface with small iron
filings, the filings attach most strongly and with
greater concentration to the ends of the
magnet.
• These ends are called poles, and every
magnet has two poles, a north pole and a
south pole, analogous to positive and negative
electrostatic charges.
• As with electric charges, like magnetic poles
repel, and unlike magnetic poles attract.
• Also by convention, the imaginary lines of the
magnetic field leave the north pole of a magnet
and return to the south pole.
MAGNETIC INDUCTION
▪ Just as an electrostatic charge can be induced
from one material to another, so some materials
can be made magnetic by induction.
▪ The imaginary magnetic field lines just described
are called magnetic lines of induction,
and the density of these lines is proportional to
the intensity of the magnetic field.
This principle is used with
many MRI systems that
use an iron magnetic shield
to reduce the level of the
fringe magnetic field.
Ferromagnetic material
acts as a magnetic sink by
drawing the lines of the
magnetic field into it.
The electric and magnetic forces were joined by
Maxwell’s field theory of electromagnetic radiation:
➢ The force created by a magnetic field and the force of
the electric field behave similarly.
➢ This magnetic force is similar to electrostatic and
gravitational forces that also are inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between the
objects under consideration.
➢ If the distance between two bar magnets is halved, the
magnetic force increases by four times
The Earth behaves as though it has a
large bar magnet embedded in it.
➢ As one travels toward the North Pole,
the attraction of the compass becomes
more intense until the compass needle
points directly into the Earth, not at the
geographic North Pole but at a region
in northern Canada -the magnetic
pole.
➢ The magnetic pole in the southern
hemisphere is in Antarctica. There,
the north end of the compass would
point toward the sky.
The use of a compass might suggest that the
Earth has a strong magnetic field, but it does
not.
▪ The Earth’s magnetic field is:
▪ At the equator = 50 μT
▪ At the poles = 100 μT
This is far less than the magnet on a cabinet door
latch, which is approximately 100 mT, or the magnet
of an MRI system, which is 3 T .
The laws governing magnetism are similar to the laws
of electrostatics. However, only three are of importance for
this text:
1. Repulsion-attraction. Like poles repel; unlike poles attract. In
addition, like lines of force repel and unlike lines of force attract,
when placed within each other’s force fields.
2. The inverse square law. The force between two magnetic fields
is directly proportional to the product of their magnitudes and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Exactly as with electrostatics, as an object gets further away, the
influencing field decreases because of the increased area it affects.
3. Magnetic poles. Every magnet has two poles, a north and a
south, as discussed earlier. No matter how much a magnet is
divided, even into individual moving electrons, both poles continue
to exist.
Repulsion-attraction of magnetic lines of force: (A) Lines of force in the same direction
will repel each other. (B) Lines of force in opposite directions will attract each other.
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