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Nuclear
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National Power Corporation
PRE-EPIRA REGIME – vertically integrated state monopoly
The Electrical Power System
Generation Sector
Renewable
Fossil-based o Biomass
o Coal o Geothermal
o Natural Gas o Solar
o Oil-based o Hydro
o Liquified Natural Gas o Ocean
o Nuclear o Tidal
o Wind
Generation Sector
Fossil-based
o Coal
o Natural Gas
o Oil-based
o Liquified Natural Gas
o Nuclear
Generation Sector
Renewable
o Biomass
o Geothermal
o Solar
o Hydro
o Ocean
o Tidal
o Wind
Load Sector
Load is a power required of or consumed by a circuit.
C u sto m e r Ty p e o f L o a d s :
➢ Re s i d e nt i a l
➢ C o m m e rc i a l
➢ I n d u st r i a l
➢ O t h e rs
➢ Tra n s p o r tat i o n
Load Curve
is a plot of load (or load per end-user) variation as a function of time for a
defined group of end-users. Daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly load curves are
commonly developed.
Typical 24-hour Load Profile
Residential Sector
Load curve for a single residential
end-user. The multiplicity of high
peaks is due to the intermittent
operation of large appliances such
as refrigerators, air conditioners, and
stoves, where the highest peaks are
a result of simultaneous operation of
such devices.
Commercial & Industrial Sector
The industrial load curves are similar
to the commercial except that the
valley’s only dip to about 50% of
peak rather than 20% in the case of
commercial. This is the case since
many industrial end-users operate
24 hours a day.
Peak Load/Maximum Demand
the maximum load consumed or produced by a unit or group of units in a stated period
of time.
50,000 MW
23,000 MW
13 kW 18,000 MW
Demand Factor
Is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system or part of a system to the connected
load of the system under in consideration
𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅
𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 =
𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅
Demand Factor
Typical Demand Factor Factor
¼ kW 100%
Residential Lighting ½ kW 60%
Over 1 kW 50%
Restaurants 70%
Stores and Offices 70%
Theaters 60%
Commercial Lighting Small Industry 60%
Schools and Churches 55%
Hotels 50%
Hospitals 40%
Demand Factor
Typical Demand Factor Factor
Less than 7.5kVA 75%
7.5 – 15kVA 65%
Industrial and General Power
Service 15 – 75kVA 55%
Over 75kVA 50%
Diversity Factor
Is the ratio of individual maximum demands of various subdivision of a system or part of
the system to the maximum demand of the whole system or part under consideration
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟, 𝐷𝑖𝑣 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Diversity Factor
Typical Diversity Factor
Industrial and
Residence Commercial
Location General Power
Lighting Lighting
Service
Between Consumers 3–4 1.5 1.5
Between Transformers 1.3
Between Feeders 1.2
Between Substations 1.1
Utilization Factor
Is the ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or part of the system
to the rated capacity of the system or part of the system under in
consideration
.
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑃𝑒
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝐼𝐶
Operation Factor
Is the ratio of the duration of the actual service of a machine or
equipment to the total duration of the period of time considered
.
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Sample Problem
(a). Compute the max demand of a service transformer supplying three
residential blocks with connected lighting loads of 5kW, 10kW and 15kW
respectively. What is the maximum demand of a service transformer?
(b). If the 15kW load is a commercial establishment, what is the maximum
demand of a service transformer?
Solution
Given:
Connected Loads: (Residential)
Residential 1 = 5kW, Residential 2 = 10kW, Residential 3 = 15kW
Find:
Maximum Demand of Transformer
Solution
Solution:
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟=(𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑)/(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑠)
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑=(𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑)
Residential 1: 0.5∗5𝑘𝑊 =2.5𝑘𝑊
Residential 2: 0.5∗10𝑘𝑊=5𝑘𝑊
Residential 3: 0.5∗15𝑘𝑊= 7.5𝑘𝑊
Solution
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 2.5𝑘𝑊 + 5𝑘𝑊 + 7.5𝑘𝑊
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 15𝑘𝑊
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 =
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟
σ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑟 =
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠
15𝑘𝑊
= 3.5
𝑴𝒂𝒙 𝒅𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕𝒌𝑾
ACTIVITY 1: Simple Energy Assessment
END OF PRESENTATION