Chemical Engineering Department
CHE 371
Lecture 1
Lec 1
Wastewater Treatment
“2024-2025”
Instructor :Dr / Marwa Maher
Hours : 2 Lec. - 2 Tut.
Course Aims: The course aims to develop a higher level of expertise, principally in the
areas of water and wastewater treatment methodology, and the design of wastewater
treatment facilities
Course Objectives:
At the end of this course, student should be able to :
1. Justify the physical and chemical processes involved in the treatment of surface
water including detailed theories of sedimentation
2. Design a typical water treatment system for a small
community Describe wastewater characterization
3. Analyze the principles and biological processes involved in advanced
biological wastewater treatment of a typical urban wastewater having
organic and nutrient contaminants
4. Design the components of wastewater treatment systems tailored to
cater for different wastewater compositions
5. Evaluate the options available for disposal of treated wastewater and sludge
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Assessment Schedule and Grades Distribution:
Assessment Method Mark Percentage Week
Final 30 60 % 16 th
Examination
(written)
Mid term 10 20 % 8 th
written
Examination1
(Term Work)
Quizzes 10 20 % According the
schedule
Total 50 100%
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Source and Characteristics of Industrial Wastewaters - Wastewater
treatment processes: pre - and primary treatment (equalization,
neutralization, sedimentation, oil separation, flotation) - Coagulation
and precipitation - Aeration and mass transfer - Principles of
biological oxidation: Mechanisms of organic removal by bio -
oxidation, Considerations, Nitrification and Denitrification -
Development of process design parameters - Biological wastewater
treatment processes: Lagoons and stabilization basins, Aerated
lagoons, Activated sludge processes, Trickling filtration, Rotating
biological contactors, Anaerobic decomposition - Adsorption: theory
of adsorption, properties of activated carbon, the Powdered
Activated Carbon Treatment (PACT) process - Ion exchange - Chemical
oxidation- Sludge handling and disposal - Miscellaneous treatment
processes: Land treatment, Deep - well disposal, Membrane
processes, Phosphorous removal, Filtration.
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Textbook:
❑ W. Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr., Principles of Water Quality
Management, CBI Publishing, 1980.
❑ A. P. Sincero and G. A. Sincero, hysical - Chemical
Treatment of Water & Wastewater, IWA publishing, CRC
Press, 2003.
❑ Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water & Wastewat
Treatment Plant Operations Lewis Publishers, CRC Press
Company, 2003.
References:
W. Wesley Eckenfelder, Jr., Industrial Water Pollution Control,
Mc Graw - Hill Companies Inc., 3rd. Ed., 2000.
Assessment:
Final Exam: 60% , Quizzes: 20% , Mid Term Exam: 20% ,
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"Wastewater is simply that part of the water
supply to the community or to the industry
which has been used for different purposes and
has been mixed with solids either suspended or
dissolved." Wastewater is 99.9% water and
0.1% solids. The main task in treating the
wastewater is simply to remove most or all
of this 0.1% of solids.
Wastewater = clean water supply + solids
Wastewater treatment is simply the separation of
solids from water.
Clean water =Wastewater– Solids
Wastewater Characteristics
❖ Physical
❖ Chemical
❖ Biological
Physical characteristics
Physical properties are subject to natural forces making it easier to measure
& determine their values & effects. Physical properties of significance include:
concentration of solids, turbidity, taste, odor, color, temperature, electrical
conductivity, salinity, density, standard volume, viscosity, surface tension,
moisture content, humidity, radiation and dissolved oxygen.
Temperature
Temperature of water & wastewater may change due to climatic
effects, hot discharge (thermal pollution) & industrial
discharges.
❖ Increase in temperature affect performance purification or
treatment units.
❖ reduces concentration of dissolved oxygen.
❖ accelerating rates of chemical & biochemical reactions.
❖ reduce solubility of gases.
❖ increase rate of corrosion of materials.
❖ increase toxicity of dissolved elements.
❖ increase undesired growth,
and increase problems of
taste & odor.
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Conductivity
❖ Conductivity denotes intensity of an aqueous solution to carry an
electric current. This ability is influenced by: concentration, type
mobility, valence & relative concentration of ions; & temperature.
❖ Generally, solutions of most inorganic acids, bases & salts are
relatively good conductors.
❖ Electrical conductivity is an important indicator of water quality and
can be used for:
Monitoring water salinity:
Water with high conductivity contains a large amount of dissolved salts.
Determining pollution levels in wastewater:
Wastewater contains numerous ions, which increase electrical
conductivity compared to freshwater.
Monitoring water quality in treatment plants:
Conductivity measurements can be used to ensure that water has been
properly treated and is free from harmful dissolved substances.
What is Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)?
Definition:
TDS represents the total amount of dissolved substances
(salts, minerals, metals, organic compounds) in water.
Unit: Measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or parts
per million (ppm).
Formula for Estimation:
TDS (mg/L) ≈ EC (mS/cm (millisiemens per cm) ×
Conversion
Density
Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume or in a
qualitative manner it is the measure of the relative
"heaviness" of objects with a constant volume. Density is
temperature dependent.
ρ = m/V (1)
where: ρ = Density of the fluid, kg/m3 . m = Mass, kg. V =
Volume, m3.
Specific volume Specific volume is the volume per unit mass,
i.e. it is the reciprocal of the density.
κ = 1/ρ (2)
Where: κ = Specific volume of the fluid, m3 /kg. ρ = Density
of the fluid, kg/m3.
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Specific weight Specific weight is the weight of unit volume.
γ = m*g/V = ρ*g (3)
Where: γ = Specific weight, N/m3.
m = Mass, kg.
g = Gravitational acceleration, m/s2.
V = Volume, m3.
ρ = Density of the fluid, kg/m3. Specific gravity Specific gravity is the
ratio of the density of fluid to the density of water at some specified
temperature.
Viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to shear or angular
deformation. Viscosity is the property that relates the applied forces to
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the rates of deformation of the fluid.
Bulk Modulus (Bulk Modulus of Elasticity) (is a property that is
used to evaluate the degree of compressibility. Large values of
bulk modulus indicates fluid is relatively incompressible (i.e. a
large pressure change is needed to create a small change in
volume).
Where: Ev = Bulk modulus, N*m-2. dP = Differential change in
pressure, Pa. dV = Differential change in volume, m3 . V =
Volume, m3. ρ = Density of fluid, kg/m3.
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Radioactivity
❑ Radioactivity is property of unstable atoms.
❑ It arises from the spontaneous breaking up of certain
heavy atoms into atoms of other kinds which might
themselves be radioactive.
❑ Radioactivity continues forming a transformation series.
The disintegration results in emission of alpha particles,
beta particles, & gamma rays.
❑ Ea ch radioactive substance is characterized by a certain
time known as its half-life period.
❑ The half-life period is the time taken for half the atoms in
any given sample of the substance to decay.
❑ Half-life periods are different for each element. Amounts
of radiation can be measured in curies, rems, millirems
&rads.
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Curie
is intensity of a sample of radioactive material in terms of
atoms of the material that decay each second, or is the
number of disintegrations occurring per second in one gram
of pure radium.
❑ This rate (37 billion atoms per second for one gram of
radium) is the basis of this measurement.
❑ Rem : is a measurement of effects of radiation on the
body.
❑ Rad is the unit of measure for physical absorption of
radiation.
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