VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI, KARNATAKA- 590 018

PROJECTREPORTON
“ECOFRIENDLYBRICK:EVALUATINGTHEEFFECTSOFNATURALANDWASTE
MATERIALS WITH AND WITHOUT TERRAZYME”
Submittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementsfortheawardofthedegreein

BACHELOROFENGINEERING
in
CIVILENGINEERING
Fortheacademicyear2024-2025 Submitted
By

MYTHRABG (1VI21CV007)

NIRIKSHASSHETTY (1VI21CV008)

REDDEPPAREDDY (1VI22CV403)

TJAYAKRISHNAREDDY (1VI22CV404)

Undertheguidanceof

[Link]
AssistantProfessor
 KarnatakaReddyJanaSangha®
VEMANAINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY
KORAMANGALA,BENGALURU-34
(AffiliatedtoVisvesvarayaTechnologicalUniversity,Belagavi)

DepartmentofCivilEngineering

CERTIFICATE
Certifiedthattheprojectworkentitled“ECOFRIENDLYBRICK:EVALUATINGTHEEFFECTS OF
NATURAL AND WASTE MATERIALS WITH AND WITHOUT TERRAZYME” carried out
byMYTHRABG(1VI21CV007),NIRIKSHASSHETTY(1VI21CV008),REDDEPPA
REDDY(1VI22CV403), T JAYAKRISHNA REDDY(1VI22CV404), arethe Bonafide students of
“VEMANA INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGY” in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of
EngineeringinDepartmentofCivilEngineeringoftheVisvesvarayaTechnologicalUniversity,Belagavi
[Link]/suggestionsindicatedforInternalAssessment have
been incorporated in the report. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements inrespect of the project work prescribed for the said degree.

SignatureoftheGuide SignatureofHOD SignatureofPrincipal

[Link] [Link] [Link]

ExternalViva

Nameof Examiners SignaturewithDate

1. ---------------------------- --------------------------

2. ---------------------------- --------------------------
 DECLARATION
We the students of seventh Semester of Civil Engineering, Vemana Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru hereby declare that the project “ECO FRIENDLY BRICK: EVALUATING THE
EFFECTSOFNATURALANDWASTEMATERIALSWITHANDWITHOUTTERRAZYME”
has beensuccessfullycompleted underthe guidance of [Link]. Thisprojectreportissubmitted to
Visvesvaraya Technological University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering during academic year 2024-2025 further the
matter embodied in the project report has not been submitted previously by anybody for the award of any
degree to any university.

DATE:
PLACE:Bengaluru

MYTHRABG (1VI21CV007)

NIRIKSHASSHETTY (1VI21CV008)

REDDEPPAREDDY (1VI22CV403)

TJAYAKRISHNAREDDY (1VI22CV404)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The source of any project depends on the people associated with it. The task of completing a
project needsco-operativeandproper guidanceofprominent persons inthe inthesubject line for
amateurs like us to extent personally.

We take pleasure in thanking our management for all the facilities provided to us throughout
the project work.

Wedeemit ourproudprivilegetothankourprincipal, Dr. [Link]

[Link],HeadoftheDepartment,CivilEngineering forfosteringanacademic
climate, which made this endeavor possible.

We would like to express our deep gratitude and in debtednessto our project Guide, Prof.
Elavarasi V, for her proficient guidance and motivation which helped us to complete the
project work successfully.

We would take this opportunity to express sincere gratitude to , Prof. Likhit M L, project
coordinator, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Vemana IT for his
suggestions during this course of study.

We are deeply indebted to allthe facultymembers ofthe department ofCivil engineering for
their knowledge advice and encouragement during project reviews.

Finally,weexpressoursincerethankstooneand allwhohavehelpedusdirectlyorindirectly for

successful completion of this project.
 ABSTRACT
Rising population is a big problem with housing becoming too expensive, especially for people
with lower or middle incomes. The increasing awareness of environmental sustainability has
driven the construction industry to explore eco-friendly alternatives for traditional building
materials. One such innovation is the development of eco-friendly bricks, which aim to reduce
the environmental impact of construction activities. These bricks are produced by using a
combination of natural and recycled materials, such as fly ash, lime, Terrazyme, olivine sand,
bagasse ash and demolition waste, offering a sustainable solution without compromising on
quality and durability. Proper proportioning of these materials is crucial to achieve optimal
performance and environmental benefits. This study delves into the methods and benefits of
material proportioning for the creation of eco-friendly bricks.
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
NO NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION 1–3
1.1GENERAL 1

1.2PROPERTIESOFOLIVINESANDTOUSEINBRICKS 2
1 1.3PROPERTIESOFDEMOLITIONWASTETOUSEIN 3
BRICKS
1.4PROPERTIESOFBAGASSEASHTO USE IN BRICKS 3

1.5PROPERTIESOFLIMETOUSEIN BRICKS 3

LITERATUREREVIEW 4-8
2 2.1LITERATURE REVIEW 4-7

2.2SUMMARYOFLITERATURE&OBJECTIVES 8

MATERIALS& METHODOLOGY 9-24

9
3.1REDSOIL
10
3.1.1REDSOILCOMPOSITION
11
3.1.2SOURCE OFREDSOIL
11
3.2CLAYSOIL
12
3.2.1COMPOSITIONOFCLAYSOIL
3
13
3.3OLIVINE SAND
14
3.4DEMOLITION WASTE
15
3.5BAGASSEASH
16
3.6LIME
17
3.7TERRAZYME
18-24
3.8 METHODOLOGY

RESULTS 25-39
 25
4.1SPECIFICGRAVITYTESTONREDSOILANDCLAY
SOIL
26-27
4.2SIEVEANALYSISONREDANDCLAYSOIL
27-28
4.3LIQUIDLIMITONREDANDCLAYSOIL
28-29
4.4PLASTICLIMITONREDANDCLAYSOIL
29-30
4.5TESTSONOLIVINESANDBRICKS
29
4.5.1COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOF
CURING ON OLIVINE SAND BRICKS (WITH
TERRAZYME)
30
4.5.2COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOF
CURING ON OLIVINE SAND BRICKS (WITHOUT
TERRAZYME)
30-31
4.6TEST ONBAGASSE ASHBRICKS
30
4.6.1 TEST ON BAGASSE ASH BRICKS COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOFCURINGONBAGASSE ASH
BRICKS (WITH TERRAZYME)
31
4.6.2COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYS OF
CURINGONBAGASSEASHBRICKS(WITHOUT
TERRAZYME)
31-32
4 4.7TESTONDEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKS
31
4.7.1COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOF
CURING ON DEMOLITION WASTE BRICKS (WITH
TERRAZYME)
32
4.7.2COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYS OF
CURINGONDEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKS(WITHOUT
TERRAZYME)
32-33
4.8WATER ABSORPTION FOROLIVINESAND BRICKS
4.8.1WATERABSORPTIONFOROLIVINESAND BRICKS 32
(WITH TERRAZYME)
33
4.8.2WATERABSORPTIONFOROLIVINESAND BRICKS
(WITHOUT TERRAZYME)
33-34
4.9WATER ABSORPTION FOR BAGASSEASH BRICKS

4.9.1WATERABSORPTIONFORBAGASSEASHBRICKS 33
(WITH TERRAZYME)
33-34
4.9.2WATERABSORPTIONFORBAGASSEASHBRICKS
(WITHOUT TERRAZYME)
 34-35
4.10WATERABSORPTIONFORDEMOLITIONWASTE
BRICKS
34
4.10.1WATERABSORPTIONFORDEMOLITOINWASTE
BRICKS (WITH TERRAZYME)
35
4.10.2WATERABSORPTIONFORDEMOLITIONWASTE
BRICKS (WITHOUT TERRAZYME)
35
4.11DIMENSIONTESTFORBRICKS
35-36
4.12 EFFLORESCENCE TEST FOR OLIVINE SAND,
DEMOLITIONWASTEANDBAGASSEASHBRICKS (WITH
&WITHOUT TERRAZYME)
COSTANALYSISOFDEMOLITIONWASTEWITH 39
TERRAZYME

CONCLUSIONS 40
5
41-42
REFERENCES
 LISTOFFIGURES

[Link] TITLE PAGE

NO
3.1 RedSoil 10
3.2 ClaySoil 11
3.3 OlivineSand 13
3.4 DemolitionWaste 14
3.5 Bagasse Ash 15
3.6 Lime 16
3.7 17
Terrazyme
3.8.1 CompressionTestingMachine 21

3.8.2 WaterAbsorptionTest 22

3.8.3 DimensionTest 23
 LISTOFTABLES

TABLE TECHNICALSPECIFICATION PAGE

NO NO
3.1 CompositionofRed Soil 11

3.2 CompositionofClaySoil 12
4.1.1 SpecificGravityTestRedSoil 25
4.1.2 SpecificGravityTestClay Soil 25
4.2.1 SieveGrain AnalysisonRedsoil 26
4.2.2 SieveGrain Analysis onClay soil 26-27
4.3.1 LiquidLimitonRedsoil 27
4.3.2 LiquidLimit onClay soil 27-28
4.4.1 PlasticLimit on Red soil 28
4.4.2 PlasticLimit on Claysoil 29
4.5.1 Compressivestrengthafter28daysofcuringonolivinesand bricks 29
(with terrazyme)
4.5.2 Compressivestrengthafter28daysofcuringonolivinesand bricks 30
(without terrazyme)
4.6.1 Compressivestrengthafter28daysofcuringonbagasseash bricks 30
(with terrazyme)
4.6.2 Compressivestrengthafter28daysofcuringonbagasseash bricks 31
(without terrazyme)
4.7.1 Compressivestrengthafter28daysofcuringon 31
demolition waste bricks (with terrazyme)
4.7.2 Compressivestrengthafter28daysofcuringondemolition waste 32
bricks (without terrazyme)
4.8.1 Waterabsorption forolivinesandbricks (with terrazyme) 32
4.8.2 Waterabsorption forolivinesandbricks (without terrazyme) 33
4.9.1 33
Waterabsorption forbagasseash bricks (with terrazyme)
4.9.2 34
Waterabsorption forbagasseash bricks (without terrazyme)

4.10.1 34
Waterabsorptionfordemolitoinwastebricks(with terrazyme)
 LISTOFTABLES

4.10.2 35
Waterabsorptionfordemolitionwastebricks(without terrazyme)

4.11 35
Dimensiontestfor bricks

4.12 35-36
Efflorescencetestforolivinesand,demolitionwasteand bagasse
ash bricks (with &without terrazyme)
4.13 39
Costanalysisofdemolition wastewith terrazyme
Ecofriendlybrick:Evaluatingtheeffectsofnaturaland
waste materials with and without terrazyme
2024-25

CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Sustainablemanufacturingproductionisfacingtwomajorproblems;oneisthereduction of
carbon dioxide emissions, and the second is the recycling of waste materials. In the world,
bricks are the most universally used construction materials. The construction industry is
continuously evolving to meet the demands of sustainability and environmentalresponsibility.
Amongthe variouscomponentsofthis sector, brick manufacturing plays a significant role due to
its widespread use and impact onthe environment. Traditional brick making processes after
involve the extensive use of natural resources and contribute to pollution and resources
depletion. In response to these challenges, the development of eco-friendly bricks has gained
considerable attention.
Thisprojectaimstoexploreanddevelopasustainablealternativetoconventionalbricks by
utilizing locally available and environmental friendly materials. The materials selected for the
study include Red Soil, Clay Soil, Olivine sand, Bagasseash, Demolition waste, Bagasse
Ash,Lime,[Link],availabilityand
potential to enhance the mechanical and durability properties of bricks.
Olivine sand is a naturally occurring mineral sand that has been gaining attention in
various industries, including construction, due to its unique properties. It is derived from the
mineral olivine, a magnesium iron silicate that has high thermal stability and resistance to
chemical weathering. Olivine’s chemical properties, especially its ability to absorb carbon
dioxide, make it a potential candidate for use in soil stabilization and landfill construction.

Bagasse ash is a byproduct of burning bagasse, the fibrous residue left after extracting juice
[Link], and the
ash that results from this combustion process has found an emerging role in the construction
industry. This makes bagasse ash an example of industrial waste being

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repurposedinasustainablewayBagasseashisprimarilycomposedofsilica,alongwithvarious
otheroxidessuchasaluminumoxide,ironoxide,[Link] can
vary based on factors like the combustion process and the type of sugarcane used.
Demolition waste refers to the materials and debris that result from the demolition or
dismantlingofstructures,buildings,[Link]
involves both new builds and the demolition of older structures, handling and managing
demolition waste is a significant challenge. Proper management is crucial for environmental
sustainability,costefficiency,[Link]
[Link] "take-make-dispose"model, the
circular approach emphasizes recycling, reusing, and repurposing materials. This not only
reduces the environmental impact of demolition but also supports the creation of a more
sustainable construction industry.
As a preliminary study for eco-friendly bricks, in this project an attempt is made to
determine theoptimalpropertiesofthese materials that yield the best combinationofstrength,
durability and environmental benefits.

1.2 Propertiesofolivinesand

 HighMeltingPoint:Olivinehasahighmeltingpoint(about1,900°Cor3,452°F),whichmakes it
suitable for use in refractory materials, including bricks.
 ThermalStability:Olivinesandhasexcellentthermalstabilityandcanwithstandsignificant
temperature variations without cracking or breaking down.
 LowExpansionCoefficient:Olivinehasarelativelylowcoefficientofthermalexpansion,
meaning it expands and contracts less when exposed to temperature changes.
 MineralogicalComposition:Olivinesandisrichinmagnesiumsilicate(Fe2SiO4or
Mg2SiO4), which contributes to its stability and resistance to high temperatures.
 HighDensity:Olivinesand isgenerallydense,with ahighspecificgravity.
 GoodAbrasionResistance:Olivineisahardmineral,contributingtotheabrasionresistanceof bricks.
 ChemicalDurability:Olivineisrelativelyresistanttochemicalweatheringcomparedtoother
minerals.

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 Ecofriendlybrick:Evaluatingtheeffectsofnaturalandwaste
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1.3 Propertiesofdemolitionwaste
 EnvironmentalBenefits:Recyclingdemolitionwasteintobrickshelpsdivertconstructionand
demolitiondebrisfromlandfills,reducingenvironmentalpollutionandpromotingsustainability

 Strength: The strength of bricks made from demolition waste can vary depending on the
composition of the waste. Concrete debris typically enhances compressive strength, but the
presence of contaminants (e.g., metals, wood) can lower the brick's overall strength.
 Durability: When used appropriately, demolition waste bricks can have good durability,
especially if the waste primarily consists of concrete or ceramic materials.
 ReducedMaterialCosts:Usingdemolitionwastecanreducethecostofrawmaterialsinbrick
production, especially when waste is abundant and locally sourced.
1.4 PropertiesofBagasseAsh
 WasteUtilization:Bagasseashisabyproductofsugarcaneprocessingandisoftenconsidered
waste. Using it in bricks helps reduce environmental pollution by diverting it from landfills
and creating a valuable construction material.
 Sustainability: Incorporating bagasse ash in bricks contributes to sustainable construction
practices by reducing the need for conventional raw materials (like clay or cement) and
promoting the use of industrial byproducts.
 Compressive Strength: Bagasse ash can contribute to improved compressive strength,
especially when combined with other materials like lime or cement. The pozzolanic reaction
between bagasse ash and lime/cement creates additional strength in the bricks.
 ReductioninRawMaterialCosts:Bagasseashcanbeacost-effectivealternativetotraditional
materials like cement, lime, or clay. Using it in bricks can lower material costs, especially in
regions where bagasse is readily available as a waste product.
 Thermal Insulation: Bricks made with bagasse ash may have better thermal insulation
[Link] the
brick structure, improving its thermal conductivity and helping maintain stable indoor
temperatures.

1.5 PropertiesofLime
Lime,derivedfromlimestone,[Link]
lime, formed by adding water, serves as an adhesive in construction, stabilizing soil and
providing durability and aesthetic finishes. Together, these materials play crucial roles in
sustainable construction practices and environmental initiatives.

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CHAPTER2

LITERATUREREVIEW

RoseEnidTeresaA,UmaMaguesvariM,YugasiniSandMuthaiyanP“EcoBricks from
Industrial Wastes such as Tannery Sludge and Sugarcane Bagasse Ash”.
Inthisstudydifferentproportionsoftheindustrialwastesandbagasseashwereaddedasapartial
replacementforclayintheproductionofEcobricksandtheresultswerecomparedwiththe
conventional clay bricks. An addition of bagasse ash and industrial sludge in the proportion of
[15%ash-5%sludge]causesmorewaterabsorption,increasesthecompressivestrengthand provide
hardness when under burnt. The hardness property and the soundness property of
thebrickswerealsoachieved.Itisrecommendedtousepartialreplacementofclayby15%of
bagasseashand5%[Link]
convertingthenon-valuablebagasseashandindustrialsludgeintobricksandmakesitvaluable. Aditi
khadatkar, Sneha Sukhdeve, Keshav Kamthe, Rudresh Raut, Vedant Itankar, Vrushab
Padole, Devendra Padole “Review paper on experimental investigation of bricks using
bagasse ash replacement by fly ash” .
In this study sugarcane bagasse ash was used as a replacement for fly-ash in brick production.
Thebrickswillbetestedwithvaryingproportionsofsugarcanebagasseash,namely30%,40%, and
100% as a replacement for fly ash. The bricks will undergo various tests, including Indian
standards and ASTM, to ensure their quality. The use of sugarcane bagasse ash in the brick
production process will not only help in reducing environmental pollution but also promote
[Link]
production, at varying percentages of 30%, 40%, and 100%, can help save fertile agricultural
land and preserve available resources, ultimately reducing the amount of excavation on earth .
Theresultsofthisstudyindicatethatreplacing30%and40%of flyashwithsugarcanebagasse ash is
feasible.

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Ecofriendlybrick:Evaluatingtheeffectsofnaturalandwaste
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B Rohini , Japthi Sravani , Dr. Ramireddy Sushmitha “Experimentalstudy on bricks by
using wood ash and sugarcane bagasse ash” .

In this study as the percentage of wood ash is increased , the compressive strength decreases
[Link]
by35.21%,when3daysbrickof3%[Link]
comparing 3 days compressive strength of the wood ash and sugarcane bagasse, strength is
more when sugarcane bagasse is used because of high cellulose content in it.

Mohit Agarwal, Amit Krishan “Reusability of Construction & Demolition waste in

bricks” .
In this study C&D wastebrickofsize225 mm ×115 mm ×75mmwas used . Cement and fly ash
were used as a binder along with C&D waste as replacement for natural coarse and fine
aggregates. Physical and mechanical testing (compressive strength and water absorption) was
carried out as per Indian Standards for the desired composition. The results were compared to
the standard values of commercially available clay bricks . Brick having composition in the
ratio1:2.75:2.25exhibitcompressivestrengthof9.91N/m2,waterabsorptionof8.8%andself-
weight of 3.6 kg within the limits of Indian Standards.

[Link],[Link],AlexisCothenet,PhilippePoullain,Michaela
Wilhelm,CarlosHoffmannSampaio,EderClaudioLima,WesleiAmbros,Jean-Michel
Torrenti “Fabrication, microstructure, and properties of fired clay bricks using
construction and demolition waste sludge as the main additive”.
In this study construction and demolition waste is used as a primary raw material in the
[Link] of
C&DW and earth material (i.e., 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100% by weight) were prepared and
evaluated in terms of their physical and chemical properties. The C&DW was characterized,
andthe resultsshowedthatitcould beclassified as a clayey materialand richly graded silty sand
according to the French Standards. XRD analysis revealed that the addition of the C&D
sludge into raw earth material provoked slightly changes in the fired bricks. The compressive
strength (CS) results indicated that the CS of the fired bricks increased with the

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addition oftheRA-S from 30%to 70%. The highest CS was attained at thefiring temperature
of800°[Link]&[Link]
conductivity results suggest that C&DW has better insulation properties compared to earth
material. The C&DW sludge can be used in combination with earth material to fabricate fired
bricks which can meet the requirements of many Standards all over the World

Saurabh Shivhare, M Harikumar, Krishna Priya S , Hariom Sarswat , Sudeepta S , K.

Harish “Bio-Enzyme Amended Building Blocks by Partial Replacement of Clay with
Native Soil”.

They investigated the possibility of using a sustainable and locally available material,
terrazyme,[Link]
thisstudyshowthatterrazymecanimprovethestrengthofconventionalclaymixesusedinthe
construction of buildingblocks significantly, under proper curing conditions. The use of these
materialscanhelptoreducethecarbonfootprintoftheconstructionindustrybyutilisinglocally
sourced materials and reducing the energy required for production. While further research is
needed to fully evaluate the long-term performance of terrazyme blocks, the initial findings
suggest that they have the potential to be an efficient and sustainable building material.

[Link],[Link]“Preliminarystudyonuseofterrazymeasabiostabilizeralong with
cement and lime in compressed stabilized earth blocks”.

InthisstudyadditionofTerrazymehasincreasedtheunconfinedcompressivestrengthofthesoil.
Unconfinedcompressivestrengthsofsoilwith/withoutoptimumdosageofTerrazymealongwith
[Link]
[Link], the
wet compressive strength of blocks prepared with Terrazyme was found 30% to 50% higher
than the blocks without Terrazyme, bringing out the beneficial effect of Terrazyme.

Dr. K. Vidhya, R. A. Shivasakthivadivelan, [Link], S. Revathi “Experimental Studyon

Greener Brick Using Sustainable Materials”.
InthisstudyOlivinesand,Steelslag,Lime, Gypsum,FlyashandEcosandwereusedand mixed

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[Link]
levelvariesfrom11.15 %to12.50%fromMix 1toMix5.ThecompressivestrengthofMix3is high
compared to other mix batches. The cost of the bricks is low when compared with standard mud
brick because of use of the mechanical outcomes.

Mangesh V. Madurwar, Sachin A. Mandavgane and Rahul V. Ralegaonkar, “Use of

sugarcane bagasse ash as brick material”.
In this study Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SBA) –Quarry Dust (QD)–Lime(L) bricks were compared
with physical-mechanical properties of commercially available burnt clay-and-flyash bricks. It
wasobservedthatSBA–QD–Lbricksarelighterinweight,energyefficientandgoodcompressive
[Link]
[Link]-load-bearing walls.

[Link]“Studyandanalysisinmakingofbricksusingconstruction debris”.

Inthisstudythecolor,shape,[Link]
givesaperfectsoundwhenbangedwitheachotherThehardness&crushingstrengthofthebricks are
found to be satisfactory. The water absorption property of all the bricks manufactured with
construction debris is similar to the water absorption value of normal burnt clay bricks. The
compressive strength of the bricks manufactured with construction debris is found to be equally
strong as compared to the normal burnt clay bricks. The amount of efflorescence is found to be
mildinallthebricksascomparedtothenormalburntclaybrickwhereno efflorescenceisfound.

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2.1 Summaryofliteraturereview
 Thecomprehensive literaturereview reflects acollective effort inexploring the potentialof
OlivineSand,BagasseAshandDemolitionWasteasviablealternativesforbrickproduction.
 It delves into experiments incorporating materials like rice husk, coir, eggshell powder, fly
ash, and granite waste, revealing insights into their impact on compressive strength, water
absorption, and weight analysis.
 The findings suggest that judicious combinations of these additives exhibit promise in
creating bricks with favorable properties, offering reduced weight, increased strength, and
lower water absorption rates compared to conventional bricks.
 These studies underscore the significance of waste utilization in paving the way for
sustainable and economical construction practices, aligning with the evolving need for
environmentally conscious building materials.

2.2 Objectivesofpresentstudy
 Todevelopeco-friendlybricksusingnaturalmaterialslikeredsoil,blackcottonsoil,along with
industrial by products such as olivine sand, bagasse ash and construction demolition waste.
 Toinvestigatethemechanicalpropertiesofbricksproducedusingdifferentcombinationsof
natural and waste materials.
 Toassesstheimpactofterrazymeinthestrengthanddurabilityofbricksmadefromnatural and
waste materials, with and without addition of terrazyme.

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CHAPTER3

MATERIALSANDMETHODLOGY

3.1 REDSOIL
Red soil, often referred to as "laterite soil" or "tropical soil," is a prominent type of soil found
in warm, tropical, and subtropical regions across the globe. Its distinctive reddish hue stems
from the abundance of iron oxides, particularly hematite or ferric oxide, present in its
composition.
Thissoil's formation isaresult ofaprolonged weathering process involving thebreakdownof
underlying rocks rich in iron minerals. Over time, the weathering and oxidation of these
minerals give rise to the characteristic red coloration of the soil. Red soil typically exhibits a
coarse texture, varying between sandy and loamy compositions, though its characteristics can
vary significantly based on geographic location and local conditions.
The regions where red soil predominates often experience warm, humid climates conducive
tothe weathering of parent rocks. These soils tend to offer good drainage properties, allowing
excesswater to passthrougheasily. However,they aregenerally less fertiledueto leaching in
tropical conditions, posing challenges for agricultural productivity without proper
management. In agriculture, red soil is used in certain areas, with crops cultivated based on
their tolerance to the soil's characteristics. Some regions find success in agriculture when
supplementing the soil with appropriate fertilizers and employing meticulous management
practices. Beyond agriculture, red soil finds applications in construction, particularly in the
making of bricks and pottery. Its ability to retain shape when dried and its widespread
availability make it a suitable material for such purposes.
These variations contribute to distinct characteristics and uses depending on specific regional
conditions and parent materials.
Overall, red soil's significancelies in its influence on localecosystems, agriculturalpractices,
construction methods, and economies in regions where it is prevalent. Its unique properties

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and widespread occurrence contribute to its multifaceted role in various facets of life and
industry.

Fig3.1RedSoil

3.1.1 REDSOILCOMPOSITION

Redsoilcomprisesablendofminerals,organicmatter,water,[Link] iron
oxides, notably hematite or ferric oxide, giving it the characteristic red color. Alongside
iron,itincludesminerals likequartz,kaolinite,andotherclayminerals. Thesoil'stexturevaries
fromsandytoloamy,influencing itsdrainageand fertility. Typicallyacidicdueto leaching,red
soiloftenlackssignificantnutrient content,requiringamendmentsforagriculturalproductivity. Its
composition may differ based on geographical location and the parent material fromwhich it
originates, contributing to diverse variations in red soil characteristics worldwide.

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[Link]

3.1.2 SOURCEOFREDSOIL
In Bangalore, red soil is predominantly sourced from the Deccan Plateau region,
particularly the areas surrounding the city. This soil type is found extensively in the outskirts
and surrounding districts of Bangalore, such as Chikkaballapur, Tumkur, Kolar, and parts of
Bengaluru Rural. These areas exhibit varying depths and qualities of red soil, owing to the
geological formations in the region, which primarily consist of weathered rock material rich in
iron minerals. The characteristic red soil in Bangalore is commonly used in construction,
agriculture, and landscaping activities within and around the city

3.2 CLAYSOIL

Fig3.2ClaySoil
[Link]

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oftheprimarysoiltypes,alongsidesandandsilt, and iswidelydistributed acrossvariousregions
[Link],construction, andenvironmentalengineering due
to its unique properties and characteristics.

Claysoilisabundantlyavailableworldwideandcanbefoundindiversegeographicallocations,
ranging from riverbanks and floodplains to hillsides and coastal areas. Its widespread
distribution makes it a readily accessible resource for various applications, including pottery
making,brickmanufacturing,[Link],thecharacteristicsofclay
soilcanvarysignificantlydependingonfactorssuchasclimate,parent material, and geological
processes. Understanding these variations is essential for effectively utilizing clay soil in
different contexts, whether for agricultural productivity, construction.
Projects,orenvironmentalmanagement.

3.2.1 COMPOSITIONOFCLAYSOIL
Clay soil primarily consists of very fine particles, smaller than 0.002 millimeters in diameter.
These particles are predominantly composed of various types of silicates, including kaolinite,
montmorillonite, and illite. Additionally, clay soil may contain organic matter, minerals, and
microorganisms, contributing to its fertility and structure.

[Link] ofClaySoil

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3.3 OLIVINESAND

Fig3.3OlivineSand

Olivine sand is atype ofsand derived from the mineral olivine (amagnesium-iron silicate). Olivine is a
green mineral commonly found in dark igneous rocks like ba It has gained attention in the construction
and building industries due to its unique properties. Ongoing research into the potential uses of olivine
[Link]
carbonation process of olivine to make it more efficient and effective in large-scale applications, which
could further promote its use in carbon-conscious construction projects. Olivine sand offers several
promising advantages in the construction industry, particularly in sustainable building practices and
carbon sequestration. Olivine sand offers several promising advantages in the construction industry,
[Link] used as
conventional materials, its potential for reducing the environmental impact of construction is
significant. Asresearch and development continue, it is likely that olivinesand will playalargerrolein
[Link]
toCO2andwater,olivineundergoesachemicalreactionthancanhelpremoveCO2 fromtheatmosphere.

The availability of olivine sand depends on several factors, including geographical location, mining
infrastructure,[Link]
aroundtheworld,primarilyfromcountrieslikeFinland,Turkey,andtheUnitedStates,butitisnotas widely
accessible as more common construction sands. While olivine is abundant as a mineral, its
[Link] olivine
sand will depend on factors like geographic location, demand in industrial sectors (e.g., construction,
refractory), cost of production, and logistical considerations.

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3.4 DEMOLITIONWASTE

Fig3.4Demolition Waste
Demolition waste refers to the materials and debris that result from the demolition or dismantling of
structures, buildings, and other infrastructure. As the construction industry often involves both new
buildsandthedemolitionofolderstructures,handlingandmanagingdemolitionwasteisasignificant
challenge. Proper management is crucial for environmental sustainability, cost efficiency, and
regulatory compliance. Demolition waste is an integral part of the construction cycle and plays a
critical role in sustainable construction practices. Efficient waste management practices, including
reuse,recycling,andproperdisposal,cansignificantlyreducetheenvironmentalimpactofdemolition
projects. This approach also offers economic benefits by cutting costs and conserving valuable
resources.
The availability of demolition waste is significant and increasing, driven by urbanization,
infrastructure development, and the ongoing renovation or deconstruction of buildings worldwide.
Demolition waste, also known as construction and demolition (C&D) waste, is generated during the
demolition of structures such as residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. This type of waste
includes a wide range of materials, many of which are recyclable and can be reused in construction.
Demolition waste is widely available, especially in urbanized areas and regions experiencing rapid
development or undergoing renovations. The growing focus on sustainability and the circular
economy has led to increasing efforts to recycle and reuse demolition waste, turning what was once
considered "waste" into valuable resources for construction and infrastructure. However, challenges
such as contamination, logistical hurdles, and regulatory gaps still hinder the optimal utilization of
[Link],thefutureofdemolitionwastemanagement looks
promising, with more efficient recycling technologies and better regulations in place to ensure that
these materials are used sustainably.

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3.5 BAGASSEASH

Fig 3.5Bagasse Ash

The by-productsgenerated fromthe cogeneration and combustion process at certain temperatures of

sugar cane bagasse, which is called bagasse ash (BA). Huge quantities of bagasse ash are being
produced annually in developing countries, such as India, Thailand, Brazil, Pakistan, Columbia, the
Philippines, Indonesia and Malaysia, and are going tobe destroyed and disposed of into the
environment. It has been concluded that this mineral is apromising pozzolanic material and can be
successfullyusedasasupplementarymaterialinPortlandcementineitherthemortarortheconcrete.
Thechemicalandphysicalpropertiesofbagasseash(BA)arethemainfactorsaffectingthepresence of
pozzolan minerals.

Bagasseisthefibrousresidueleftafterextractingjuicefromsugarcane,andwhenburned,itproduces bagasse
ash. This ash is rich in silica and other minerals, making it valuable for various applications in
construction, agriculture, and manufacturing. In India, states like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh,
Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu, which are major sugarcane-producingregions, have abundant sources of
bagasse ash. Sugar mills and distilleries typically produce bagasse ash as a byproduct of their
[Link],suchasincementproduction as a
supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to enhance durability and strength. The availability
ofbagasseashissupportedbyitsutilizationinsustainablepracticeslikesoilamendmentinagriculture,
[Link],initiativespromotingeco-friendly
buildingmaterialshavespurreddemandforbagasseashasacomponentinconcreteblocksandbricks.

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3.6 LIME

Fig3.6Lime
Lime, a fundamental material in construction, is primarily derived from limestone, a
sedimentaryrock rich in calciumcarbonate. Througha process called calcination, limestone is
heated to high temperatures, around 900-1000°C, resulting in the release of carbon dioxide
known as quicklime. This quicklime undergoes a transformative reaction when exposed to
moisture, converting into hydrated lime or calcium hydroxide. This hydrated lime, prized for
its adhesive properties, finds extensive application in construction. Lime in construction
enhances mortar strength, stabilizes soil, acts as a binding agent in materials like bricks, and
provides surface finishes, contributing to durability and aesthetics.

In a hypothetical scenario, India might represent approximately 25-30% of the global lime
production, owing to its substantial industrial and agricultural demands. Within India,
Karnataka, with its robust industrial infrastructure and limestone reserves, could contribute
around 15-20% to the country's total lime output. The availability of lime-based products in
Bangalore is relatively widespread, with numerous avenues for procurement. Agricultural
supplystores,constructionmaterialsuppliers,and industrialchemicaloutletsstockvariouslime
formulations, including hydratedlimeandquicklime. Thesesupplierscatertothediverseneeds
oftheagricultural,construction, and industrialsectorsinthecity. Bangalore's localmarketsand
onlineplatformsoffer additionalchannelsto sourcelime-basedproducts, meetingthedemands of
consumers across different sectors. The versatile applications of lime in agriculture,
construction, and chemical industries contribute to its consistent availability in the market,
ensuring accessibility for various consumer needs within the city.

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3.7 TERRAZYME

Fig3.7 Terrazyme

Terrazymeisanenvironmentallyfriendlysoilstabilizer used intheconstructionofroad infrastructure. It is

derived from vegetable and fruit extracts. It is a liquid formulation made from organic enzymes and is
commonly used to enhance the engineering properties of soil. Terrazyme when applied to soil
[Link] reduceswaterabsorptionbybreakingdownand
rearranging the molecular structure of soil particles.

Potentialsources for acquiring Terrazyme or similar biological soilamendments inIndia mayinclude

specializedagriculturalsuppliers,onlineplatformsthatcatertofarmingcommunities, orthroughdirect
importation from international suppliers.

Terrazyme is most effective in soils with a clay content of atleast 2% with optimal results in soils
containing 10-15% clay. Adequate curing time is essential to achieve the desired soil stabilization
effects.

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3.8 METHODOLGY

3.8.1 CollectionofSoil
The methodology involves collecting red soil samples from a depth of using clean tools and
labeling each sample with location and depth details. Samples are transported securely to a
laboratory for analysis. Detailed records of the sampling process are maintained to ensure
reliability in the study.

3.8.2 Collectionofolivinesand,demolitionwaste,bagasseash&Lim
e
Themethodologyforcollectingolivinesand,demolitionwaste,bagasseashandlimeinvolves
Olivine sand is used in the production of refractory materials due to its high melting point.
Suppliers of industrial minerals, refractory materials, and abrasives may stock or be able to
source olivine sand. Demolition waste is widely available, given the rapid urbanization and
ongoing construction and demolition activities in the city. Bagasse ash is obtained from
sugarcane industry in Mandya. Lime, derived from limestone, is obtained through established
channels like agricultural supply stores and construction material suppliers. The collection
process adheres to quality standards, ensuring representative samples for subsequent testing
and application in the study's objectives.

3.8.3 MixProportion
Redsoil,Claysoil,lime,olivinesand,constructionandDemolitionwaste,BagasseashTerrazymeis used
in proportions as given below to cast the bricks

RedSoil(30%):Redsoil,richinironoxide,[Link] natural
color adds aesthetic appeal.
ClaySoil(20%):Claysoil,withitsfineparticles,[Link] proper
binding of the mixture during brick formation.

Lime(10%):Lime,intheformofcalciumhydroxide,servesasastabilizer. It reduces

Olivine Sand: It is a type of sand derived from the mineral olivine (a magnesium-iron
silicate).Ithasgainedattentionintheconstructionandbuildingindustriesduetoitsunique properties

DemolitionWaste:Demolitionwastereferstothematerialsanddebristhatresultfromthe

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demolitionordismantlingofstructures,buildings,andother infrastructure.

BagasseAsh(40%):Bagasseashisusedinbrickstoenhancestrength,reducecementcontent, and
improve thermal insulation, offering cost-effective and environmentally sustainable benefits.
Terrazyme (0.1ml): Terrazyme, an enzyme-based additive, enhances the workability and
compressive strength of bricks by optimizing clay content and reducing water demand during
manufacturing.
TrialMix1:
Redsoil,claysoil,Terrazyme,lime+OlivineSand
TrialMix2:
Redsoil,claysoil,Terrazyme,lime+DemolitionWaste
TrialMix3:
Redsoil,claysoil,Terrazyme,lime+BagasseAsh

TrialMix4:
Redsoil,claysoil,lime+OlivineSand
TrialMix5:
Redsoil,claysoil,lime+DemolitionWaste
TrialMix6:
Redsoil,claysoil,lime+BagasseAsh

3.8.4 CastingofBricks
Casting ofbricks involves using thedetermined optimum proportions of Red soil, Clay, lime, Olivine
sand, Construction and Demolition Waste, Bagasse Ash and Terrazyme. The prepared mixture is
[Link],ensuring that the
selected material composition results in bricks with the desired properties, meeting both laboratory
and field test criteria. The casting process involves shaping the brick mixture into standardized
dimensions, typically, 210x110x75mm, ensuring uniformity and adherence to established brick size
standards. This size specification is crucial for consistency in testing and aligns with industry norms
for effective construction applications.

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3.8.5 CuringofBricks
Curing of bricks is a vital step following casting, where the freshly molded bricks are
systematically hydrated to enhance strength and durability. This process typically involves
maintainingacontrolled moistureenvironmentforanoptimalduration,allowingthe bricksto
[Link]-termintegrityofthebricks for
construction applications. During the curing process of bricks, they are subjected to a
specified moisture environment for a duration of 7 and 28 days. This extended periodallows
the bricks to gradually gain strength and stability. Subsequently, the bricks undergo
compressivetestingateachintervaltoassesspropertiessuchascompressivestrengthandwater
absorption, ensuring they meet the desired standards for construction applications.

3.8.6 TestingofBricks
1. CompressiveStrengthTest
Thecompressive strengthtest is essential indetermining the abilityofcubesto withstand axial
loads. This test involves applying a compressive force to the cube until it fails, measuring the
maximum load it can bear. The results help assess the structural integrity and load-bearing
capacityofthe cubes, ensuring they meet the necessary strength requirements for construction
applications.
Apparatus:
Compressiontestingmachine
Procedure:
 PlacetheSpecimenwithflathorizontalsurfaceandmortarfilledfacefacingupwards
between plates of the testing machine.
 Applyloadaxiallyatauniformrateof14N/mm2(140kg/cm2)perminutetillfailure occurs
and note maximum load at failure.
 Theloadatfailureismaximumloadatwhichthespecimenfailstoproduceanyfurther
increase inthe indicator reading onthe testing machine.
Formula:

 CompressiveStrengthofBricks=MaximumLoadatFailure(N)
Areaofbedface(𝑚𝑚2)

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Fig3.8.6.1CompressionTest

2. Water AbsorptionTest
The water absorption test evaluates the porosity of bricks by measuring the amount of water
absorbed. Bricks areimmersed in water, and after a specified duration, any increase in weight
is recorded. This test aids in assessing the Bricks ability to resist water penetration, providing
insights into its durability and suitability for various construction environments. Water
absorption test on bricks is conducted to determine durability property of bricks
Procedure:
 Drythespecimeninaventilatedovenatatemperatureof105°Cto115°Ctillitattains
substantially constant mass.
 Measureandrecordthe initialweightofeachcubesusingascale.
 Immersethebricksinacontainerortrayfilledwith water.
 Allowthebrickstosoakfor aspecifiedtimeperiodof24hours,ensuringthatthewater covers
the entire surface of the bricks.
 Afterthespecifiedtimeperiod,removethebricks fromthewaterandwipeoffanyexcess water
using a cloth or sponge.
 Measureandrecordthefinalweightofeachcubeusingthesamescaleas before.
 Calculatethewaterabsorptionrateusingthefollowing formula.

Formula:
Waterabsorption=((Finalweight-Initialweight)/Initialweight)x100%

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Fig3.8.6.2WaterAbsorptionTest

3. DimensionTest
The size of bricks can vary depending on the type of construction. It is essential to maintain
[Link] lead
to weak points in the structure which can cause the building to collapse over time. The
dimension test ensures the conformity of bricks to specified size standards. For a
230x110x75mmbrick,measurementsaretakenusingappropriateinstrumentstoverifylength,
width, and height. This test is crucial to guarantee uniformity and adherence to established
dimensions, ensuring compatibility in construction applications.
Procedure:
• [Link] batch.
• Cleanthebrickstoremoveanydirt,looseparticles,andanyotherforeign material.
• Storethebricksatroomtemperaturefor24hoursbefore testing.
• Use a steel scale or a Vernier caliper for measuring the dimensions. Ensure the measuring
equipment is calibrated and in good condition.
• Measure the dimensions of each brick (length, width, and height) to the nearest millimeter.
Take three measurements for each dimension: one at the middle and one at each end.
• Recordtheindividual measurementsofeachbrick.
Calculate theaverage ofthe threemeasurementsfor length,width,andheightfor eachbrick.
• Compute the mean dimensions of the 20 bricks for length, width, and height. Compare the
mean dimensions with the standard dimensions specified in IS 1077 (common burnt clay
building bricks).

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• Verify if the dimensions fall within the permissible tolerances: For length: ±3% of the
standard dimension. For width: ±3% of the standard dimension. For height: ±3% of the
standard dimension.
• Determine if the batch of bricks conforms to the standard by checking if the dimensions of
all individual bricks fall within the specified tolerances.
• Documenttheresults,[Link] fails
passes the dimension test.
Formula:
• Averagedimension=Totaldimension

Noof bricks

Fig3.8.3DimensionTest

4. EfflorescenceTest
TheEfflorescencetestonBrickisperformedtoassesssthetendencyofsolublesaltstomigrate
andcrystallizeonthesurfaceofthebrick,leadingtotheformationofWhite,Powderydeposits known
as efflorescence.
Procedure:
• Selectfivebricks randomlyfromthesamplelotfor testing.
• Clean the bricks to remove any dirt, loose particles, or foreign material. Do not use water to
clean the bricks.

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• Place the bricks in a tray containing distilled water to a depth of 25 mm from the bottom of
the bricks.
• Allowthebrickstosoakinthewaterfor24hoursatroomtemperature.After24hours,remove the
bricks from the water and allow them to dry in shade (not under direct sunlight) until they are
completely dry.
• Examinethebricksforthepresence&extentof efflorescenceaftertheyarecompletelydry.
• Assessthedegreeof efflorescenceoneachbrick asfollows:
Nil:Noperceptible depositof efflorescence.
Slight: 10% or less of the brick's surface area covered with a thin deposit of salts
Moderate:10-50%ofthebrick'ssurfaceareacoveredwithaheavierdepositofsalts,but without
powdering or flaking of the surface.
Heavy: More than 50% of the brick's surface area covered with a thick deposit of salts, with
possible powdering or flaking of the surface.
Serious:Heavydepositsof saltscoveringmorethan 50%ofthe brick.

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CHAPTER4
RESULTS

4.1 SPECIFICGRAVITYTESTONREDSOILANDCLAYSOIL:
4.1.1 REDSOIL:

Slno. Observation Trial1 Trial2 Trial3

1 Weightofpycnometerbottle(W1) 595 595 595

2 Weightofpycnometer+Soil(W2) 965 950 955

3 Weightofpycnometer+Soil+Water 1695 1690 1700

(W3)
4 Weightofpycnometer+Water(W4) 1500 1500 1500

Table4.1.1:SpecificGravityTestRedSoil

TheSpecificGravityofRedSoil=2.17

4.1.2 CLAYSOIL:

Slno. Observation Trial 1 Trial2 Trial 3

1 Weightofpycnometerbottle(W1) 595 595 595

2 Weightofpycnometer+Soil(W2) 975 955 965

3 Weightofpycnometer+Soil+Water (W3) 1705 1695 1700

4 Weightofpycnometer+Water(W4) 1500 1500 1500

Table4.1.2:SpecificGravityTestClay Soil
TheSpecificGravityofClaySoil= 2.1

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4.2 SIEVEANALYSISONREDANDCLAY SOIL:

4.2.1 REDSOIL:
Sieve [Link] % Weight Cumulative % Finer
Size(mm) (gm) Retained weight
retained
4.75 15 15 1.5 98.5

2.36 230 245 24.5 75.5

1.18 160 405 40.5 59.5

0.6 285 690 69.0 31

0.425 90 780 78.0 22

0.3 35 815 81.5 18.5

0.15 105 920 92.0 8

0.075 50 970 97.0 3

Pan 20 990 99.0 1

Table4.2.1:SieveGrainAnalysis on Red soil

%ofGravelsize=1.5%
%ofSandsize=95.5%
%ofClayandSiltsize = 1%

4.2.2 CLAYSOIL:
SeiveSize [Link] %Weight Cumulative %Finer
(mm) (gm) Retained weightretained

4.75 0 0 0 100

2.36 0 0 0 100

1.18 205 205 20.5 79.5

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0.6 330 335 33.5 66.5

0.425 155 690 69.0 31

0.3 150 840 84.0 16

0.15 80 920 92.0 8

0.075 60 980 98.0 2

Pan 15 995 99.5 0.5

Table4.2.2:SieveGrainAnalysis on Clay soil

%ofGravelsize=0%
%ofSandsize=98%
%ofClayandSiltsize=0.5%

4.3 LIQUIDLIMITONREDANDCLAYSOIL:
4.3.1 REDSOIL:

DeterminationNo. Trial1 Trial2 Trial3 Trial4

ContainerNo. 5 4 I 1

Wt. of 35 38 39 39
Container(W1)
[Link]+ 48 58 57 67
wet soil(W2)
[Link]+ 45 52 51 57
dry soil(W3)
[Link] 3 6 6 10

[Link] 10 14 12 18

WaterContent 30 42.85 50 55.55

[Link] 59 31 21 14

Table4.3.1:LiquidLimitonRedsoil

TheLiquidLimitvalueofRedSoil= 23%

4.3.2 CLAYSOIL:

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DeterminationNo. Trial1 Trial2 Trial3 Trial4

ContainerNo. E I 4 5

Wt. of 43 35 38 35
Container(W1)
[Link]+ 60 56 75 55
wet soil(W2)
[Link]+ 57 52 66 51
dry soil(W3)
[Link] 3 4 9 4

[Link] 18 14 28 11

WaterContent 16.67 28.57 32.14 36.36

[Link] 60 33 23 14

Table4.3.2:LiquidLimitonClaysoil

TheLiquidLimitvalueofClaySoil=32%

4.4 PLASTICLIMITONREDANDCLAYSOIL:
4.4.1 REDSOIL:

DeterminationNo. Trial1 Trial2

ContainerNo. I 4

[Link](W1) 35 37

[Link]+wetsoil(W2) 57 52

[Link]+drysoil(W3) 55 50

[Link] 2 2

[Link] 20 13

WaterContent 10 15.38

Table4.4.1:PlasticLimitonRed soil

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ThePlasticLimitvalueofRedSoil=10.31%

4.4.2 CLAYSOIL:

DeterminationNo. Trial1 Trial2

ContainerNo. 6 C

[Link](W1) 35 35

[Link]+wetsoil(W2) 45 48

[Link]+drysoil(W3) 44 46

[Link] 1 2

[Link] 9 1.1

WaterContent 11.11 18.18

Table4.4.2:PlasticLimit onClay soil

ThePlasticLimitvalueofClaySoil=17.36%.

TheRedsoilcanbeclassifiedas“CL”–ClayofLowPlasticity.
TheClaysoilcanbeclassifiedas“CI”–ClayofMediumtoHighPlasticity.

4.5 TESTONOLIVINESANDBRICKS

4.5.1 COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOFCURINGON
OLIVINE SAND BRICKS (WITH TERRAZYME)
Thecompressivestrengthof28daysforOlivinesandbrickswithterrazyme istestedareshownin table:
Mark Dateof Area Load Weightof Compressive
2
on testing mm KN Bricks Strength
Bricks (N/mm2)
T1-1 14/11/2024 2622000 72.85 3495 2.77

T1-2 14/11/2024 2622000 61.37 3805 2.34

T1-3 14/11/2024 2622000 70.66 3915 2.69

Table4.5.2:Compressivestrengthtestforolivinesandbrickswith terrazyme

TheAverageCompressivestrength ofaOlivineSandBricks(WithTerrazyme)is=2.60 N/mm2

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4.5.2 COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOFCURINGON
OLIVINE SAND BRICKS (WITHOUT TERRAZYME)

Thecompressivestrengthof28daysforOlivinesandbrickswithoutterrazymeistestedareshownin table:
Markon Dateof testing Areamm2 Load Weightof CompressiveStrength
Bricks KN Bricks (N/mm2)

W1-2 14/11/2024 2622000

55.82 3590 2.12

W1-3 14/11/2024 2622000

57.62 3110 2.19

W1-5 14/11/2024 2622000

56.92 3540 2.17

Table4.5.2:Compressivestrengthtestforolivinesandbrickswithoutterrazyme
𝐋𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐧N
Compressionstrength=
𝑨𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐨𝐟𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐤

TheAverageCompressivestrengthofaOlivineSandBricksBricks(WithoutTerrazyme)is=2.16N/mm2

4.6 TESTONBAGASSEASHBRICKS

4.6.1 TESTONBAGASSEASHBRICKSCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER
28DAYSOFCURINGONBAGASSEASHBRICKS(WITHTERRAZYME)
Thecompressivestrengthof28daysforBagasseAshBricks(WithTerrazyme)testedisshowninbelow table
Markon Dateof Area Load Weight Compressive
Bricks testing mm2 KN of Bricks Strength
(N/mm2)
T2-2 14/11/2024 2622000 59.81 3325 2.28

T2-3 14/11/2024 2622000 61.61 3370 2.34

T2-5 14/11/2024 2622000 61.01 3145 2.32

Table4.6.1:Compressivestrengthtestforbagasseashbrickswithterrazyme

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TheAverageCompressivestrengthof aBagasse AshBricks(WithTerrazyme)is==2.31 N/mm2

4.6.2 COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOFCURINGON
BAGASSE ASH BRICKS (WITHOUT TERRAZYME)

Thecompressivestrengthof28daysforBagasseAshBricks(WithoutTerrazyme)testedisshownin below
table

Mark onBricks Dateof testing Areamm2 LoadKN Weightof Bricks CompressiveStrength

(N/mm2)
W2-1 14/11/2024 2622000 56.38 3100 2.15

W2-2 14/11/2024 2622000 54.82 2960 2.09

W2-3 14/11/2024 2622000 57.61 3260 2.19

Table4.6.2:Compressivestrengthtestforbagasseashbrickswithout terrazyme

TheAverageCompressivestrengthof aBagasse AshBricks(Without Terrazyme)is = 2.14 N/mm2

4.7 TESTONDEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKS

4.7.1 COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOFCURINGON
DEMOLITION WASTE BRICKS (WITH TERRAZYME)

Thecompressivestrengthof28daysforDemolitionWasteBricks (WithTerrazyme)testedisshown in
below table

Markon Dateof Areamm2 Load KN Weightof CompressiveStrength

Bricks testing Bricks (N/mm2)

T3-1 14/11/2024 2622000 99.09 3630 3.77

T3-2 14/11/2024 2622000 97.14 3620 3.70

T3-3 14/11/2024 2622000 100.28 3600 3.82

Table4.7.1:Compressivestrengthtestfordemolitionwastebrickswithterrazyme

TheAverageCompressivestrength ofaDemolition WasteBricks(WithTerrazyme) is=3.76 N/mm2

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4.7.2 COMPRESSIVESTRENGTHAFTER28DAYSOFCURINGON
DEMOLITION WASTE BRICKS (WITHOUT TERRAZYME)

Thecompressivestrengthof28daysforDemolitionWasteBricks (WithoutTerrazyme)istestedis shown in

below table

Mark Dateof Area Load Weight Compressive

on testing mm2 KN ofBricks Strength
Bricks (N/mm2)
W3-1 14/11/2024 2622000 66.57 3630 2.53

W3-2 14/11/2024 2622000 68.36 3710 2.60

W3-3 14/11/2024 2622000 65.57 3540 2.50

Table4.7.2:Compressivestrengthtestfordemolitionwastebrickswithoutterrazyme

TheAverageCompressivestrengthof aDemolitionWasteBricks(Without Terrazyme)is =2.54 N/mm2

4.8 WATERABSORPTIONFOROLIVINESANDBRICKS

4.8.1 WATERABSORPTIONFOROLIVINESANDBRICKS(WITH
TERRAZYME)

TheWaterabsorptiontestistestedafter1daysofOlivineSand(WithTerrazyme)[Link] shown in
the table
Markon Dry weight of Wetweightof Difference % water
Cube BrickW1(gms) Brick W2 (W1-W2)In absorption
(gms) (gms) {(W2-W1)/W1)
*100
T1-4 3740 4145 405 10.82

T1-5 3735 4135 400 10.70

Table4.8.1:WaterabsorptiontestforOlivineSandBrickswith terrazyme

WaterAbsorption =(𝐖𝟐–𝐖𝟏)∗𝟏𝟎𝟎/W1
TheAverage Water absorptionof aofOlivineSand(With Terrazyme)bricks is=10.76%

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4.8.2 WATERABSORPTIONFOROLIVINESANDBRICKS(WITHOUT
TERRAZYME)

TheWaterabsorptiontestistestedafter1daysofOlivineSand(WithoutTerrazyme)[Link] are shown

in the table

Markon Dry weight of Wetweightof Difference % water

Cube BrickW1(gms) Brick W2 (W1-W2)In absorption
(gms) (gms) {(W2-W1)/W1)
*100
W1-4 3540 3910 370 10.45

W1-5 3840 4230 390 10.15

Table4.8.2:WaterabsorptiontestforOlivineSandBricks without terrazyme

TheAverage Waterabsorption ofaofOlivine Sand(WithoutTerrazyme)bricks is= 10.3 %

4.9 WATERABSORPTIONFORBAGASSEASHBRICKS

4.9.1 WATERABSORPTIONFORBAGASSEASHBRICKS(WITH
TERRAZYME)
TheWaterabsorptiontestistestedafter1daysofBagasseAsh(WithTerrazyme)[Link] are shown
in the table
Table4.9.1:Water absorptiontest forBagasseAsh Brickswith terrazyme
Mark Dryweightof Wetweight Difference % water
onCube Brick of Brick (W1-W2) absorption
W1(gms W2 (gms) In (gms) {(W2-
W1)/W1)
*100
T2-4 3755 4190 435 11.58

T2-5 3560 3980 420 11.79

AverageWater absorptionof aofBagasseAsh(WithTerrazyme)bricksis =11.68%

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4.9.2 WATERABSORPTIONFORBAGASSEASHBRICKS(WITHOUT
TERRAZYME)

TheWaterabsorptiontestistestedafter1daysofBagasseAsh(WithoutTerrazyme)[Link] results are

shown in the table

Markon Dry weight of Wetweightof Difference % water

Cube BrickW1(gms Brick W2 (W1-W2)In absorption
(gms) (gms) {(W2-W1)/W1)
*100
W2-4 2960 3280 320 10.81

W2-5 3160 3495 335 10.60

Table4.9.2:WaterabsorptiontestforBagasse Ash Brickswithout terrazyme

TheAverageWater absorptionof aofBagasseAsh(WithoutTerrazyme)bricks is=10.70%

4.10 WATERABSORPTIONFORDEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKS

4.10.1 WATER ABSORPTION FOR DEMOLITOIN WASTE BRICKS (WITH

TERRAZYME)
TheWaterabsorptiontestistestedafter1daysofDemolitionWaste(WithTerrazyme)[Link] results
are shown in the table

Mark Dryweightof Wetweight Difference % water

onCube Brick of Brick (W1-W2) absorption
W1(gms W2 (gms) In (gms) {(W2-
W1)/W1)
*100
T3-4 3055 3390 335 10.96

T3-5 3075 3420 345 11.21

Table4.10.1:WaterabsorptiontestforDemolitionwasteBrickswithterrazyme

AverageWaterabsorptionofaofDemolitionWaste(WithTerrazyme)bricksis=11.08%

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4.10.2 WATER ABSORPTION FOR DEMOLITION WASTE BRICKS

(WITHOUT TERRAZYME)
TheWaterabsorptiontestistestedafter1daysofDemolitionWaste(WithoutTerrazyme)[Link] results are
shown in the table

Markon Dry weight of Wetweightof Difference % water

Cube BrickW1(gms Brick W2 (W1-W2)In absorption
(gms) (gms) {(W2-W1)/W1)
*100
W3-4 3750 4080 375 10.12

W3-5 3670 4075 405 11.03

Table4.10.1:Waterabsorptiontestfor DemolitionwasteBrickswithoutterrazyme

TheAverage Water absorptionofaofDemolitionWaste (WithoutTerrazyme)bricks is=10.57%

4.11 DIMENSIONTESTFORBRICKS

[Link]

SL no Numberof Dimension Dimensionin AverageDimension

bricks “mm” in “mm”
1 6 LENGTH 1490 240
2 6 BREADTH 715 115
3 6 HEIGHT 587 95
Table4.11:DimensiontestforBricks

AverageDimension of theBrick =240*115*95 mm

4.12EFFLORESCENCE TEST FOR OLIVINE SAND, DEMOLITION WASTE

AND BAGASSE ASH BRICKS (WITH &WITHOUT TERRAZYME)

TheEfflorescencetest after1 days ofcuring. Theresultsareshown in table

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Observation With Terrazyme Without Terrazyme

OlivineSand Bricks None Noefflorescence Noefflorescence

observed observed
BagasseAshBricks None Noefflorescence Noefflorescence
observed observed
Demolitionwaste None Noefflorescence Noefflorescence
bricks observed observed

Table4.12:Efflorescencetest

COMPARISONOFCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
BETWEENOLIVINESANDBRICKSWITH AND
WITHOUT TERRAZYME
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3

OLIVINESANDBRICKSWITHTERRAZYME
OLIVINESANDBRICKSWITHOUTTERRAZYME

COMPARISONOFCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
BETWEENBAGASSEASHBRICKSWITHAND
WITHOUT TERRAZYME
2.4
2.3
2.2

2.1

2
1.9
1 2 3

BAGASSEASHBRICKSWITHTERRAZYME BAGASSEASHWITHOUTTERRAZYME

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COMPARISONOFCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTH
BETWEEN DEMOLITION WASTE BRICKS
WITH AND WITHOUT TERRAZYME
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3

DEMOLITION WASTE BRICKS WITH TERRAZYME

DEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKSWITHOUTTERRAZYME

COMPARISONOFWATERABSORPTION
BETWEENOLIVINESANDBRICKSWITH AND
WITHOUT TERRAZYME
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.5
10.4
10.3
10.2
10.1
10
OLIVINESANDBRICKSWITHTERRAZYME OLIVINESANDBRICKS WITHOUT
TERRAZYME

COMPARISON OF WATER ABSORPTION

BETWEENBAGASSEASHBRICKSWITHAND
WITHOUT TERRAZYME
11.8
11.6
11.4
11.2
11
10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2
BAGASSEASHBRICKSWITHTERRAZYME BAGASSEASHBRICKS WITHOUT
TERRAZYME

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COMPARISONOFWATERABSORPTION
BETWEENDEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKS
WITH AND WITHOUT TERRAZYME
11.2
11.1
11
10.9
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.5
10.4
10.3
DEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKSWITH DEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKSWITHOUT
TERRAZYME TERRAZYME

COMPARISIONOFCOMPRESSIVE STRENGTHBETWEEN
TRADITIONALBRICKS,OLIVINESANDBRICKS,BAGASSE
ASH BRICKS AND DEMOLITION WASTE BRICKS WITH
TERRAZYME
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
CompressiveStrengthof CompressiveStrengthof CompressiveStrengthof CompressiveStrengthof
TraditionalBricks OlivineSandBricks BagasseAsh Bricks DemolitionWasteBricks

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COMPARISIONOFCOMPRESSIVESTRENGTHBETWEEN
TRADITIONAL BRICKS, OLIVINE SAND BRICKS, BAGASSE
ASHBRICKSANDDEMOLITIONWASTEBRICKSWITHOUT
TERRAZYME
5
4
3
2
1
0
CompressiveStrengthof CompressiveStrengthof CompressiveStrength of CompressiveStrengthof
TraditionalBricks OlivineSandBricks BagasseAsh Bricks DemolitionWasteBricks

4.13COST ANALYSIS OF ECOFRIENDLY BRICK WITH DEMOLITION

WASTE AND TERRAZYME
Sl. no Material Numberof Unit RatePerunit Amount
Bricks (6) Rs

1 RedSoil 10.80 Kg 0.30 2.16

2 Clay Soil 7.20 Kg 0.30 1.44

3 Lime 3.6 Kg 9.5 34.2

4 Demolition 14.40 Kg - -
Waste

5 Terrazyme 0.1 ml/kg - 7

Labour&Water
charges

Total= 44.8

Table4.13:Costanalysis forDemolitionWaste Bricks

Therefore,thecostof1m3ofDemolitionWastebrickwithTerrazymeisRs44.8 Cost
analysis for 1 of Demolition Waste brick with Terrazyme.
Bricksofsize240mmx115mmx95mm. Nos
of Bricks = 6.
Therefore,costof1stabilized eco-friendlybrick=44.8 /6=7.44 Rs.

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CHAPTER5

CONCLUSION

Thisstudysuccessfullyexploredthedevelopmentofeco-friendlybricksbyutilizingacombinationofnatural
andwastematerials,includingredsoil,blackcottonsoil,olivinesand,bagasseash,demolitionwaste,andthe bio-
enzyme Terrazyme. The research highlights the potential of these materials to create sustainable
construction solutions while minimizing the environmental impact associated with traditional brick
production.
The inclusion of Terrazyme significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the bricks, particularly in
compressive strength and durability, as evidenced by higher performance metrics in comparison to bricks
without Terrazyme.
Additionally, the use of industrial by-products such as bagasse ash and demolition waste not only provided
cost-effective alternatives to conventional materials but also contributed to effective waste management
practices.
Thebrickscastedwithconstructiondemolitionwastewithterrazymegaveacompressivestrengthof
3.76N/mm2 andwithOlivine sanditwas2.63N/mm2.
Water absorption tests and dimensional evaluations reveal that the produced bricks meet standard
requirements, ensuring their suitability for practical construction applications.
In conclusion, the developed eco-friendly bricks offer a promising alternative to traditional construction
materials, aligning with the global emphasis on sustainable development for non-load bearing walls,
compound walls, etc.

FUTUREENHANCEMENT:
Furtherresearchintolarge-scaleimplementationandlong-termperformanceisrecommendedtobroadenthe
application of these innovative materials in the construction industry by altering the material proportion and
use of fibres as reinforcement.

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