📊 What is a Graph?
A graph is a way of showing a connection between two things (variables).
Graphs help us understand information easily, especially when there are changes
or patterns.
🔍 When Do We Use Graphs?
You can use graphs in real life to understand:
👶 How a baby's weight increases as it grows older.
🚕 How the cost of a taxi depends on how far you travel.
💧 How the temperature of water increases when you heat it.
📞 How the cost of a phone call depends on how long you talk.
🚗 How the fuel used by a car increases with the distance travelled.
👥 How the population of a country has changed over the years.
📈 More Real-Life Graph Examples:
🥦 How the price of vegetables changes every month.
💰 How the tax you pay increases with your income.
How much energy a runner uses in a marathon.
How the temperature changes during a day.
🚶 How far someone walks as time passes.
💱 How much money you get when exchanging currencies.
How your running speed changes with age.
What is a healthy body mass for a given height.
☀️How the solar panel output changes with temperature.
📊 How a company's profit changes over time.
1. Coordinate grid
a) Write down the coordinates of the vertices, ABCD, of the square.
From the grid:
A: (7, 3)
B: (2, 3)
C: (2, -2)
D: (7, -2)
b) Where does BC cross the x-axis?
Line BC is vertical, going from B (2, 3) to C (2, -2).
Since both points have x = 2, line BC is parallel to the y-axis and does not cross
the x-axis.
Answer: BC does not cross the x-axis.
c) BCFE is a rectangle. E has coordinates (–4, 3). Work out the coordinates of
F.
Answer: F = (–4, -2)
2. For the expression x + 5, work out the value of the expression when:
a) x = 4 → x + 5 = 4 + 5 = 9
b) x = 1.5 → x + 5 = 1.5 + 5 = 6.5
c) x = –2 → x + 5 = –2 + 5 = 3
d) x = –9 → x + 5 = –9 + 5 = –4
3. For the expression 4x, work out the value of 4x when:
a) x = 2 → 4x = 4 × 2 = 8
b) x = 7 → 4x = 4 × 7 = 28
c) x = –3 → 4x = 4 × (–3) = –12
d) x = –5 → 4x = 4 × (–5) = –20
📘 Topic: 11.1 – Functions
🔷 What is a Function?
A function shows the relationship between two variables.
Usually:
One variable depends on another.
Variables are often represented by letters like x, y, m, j, etc.
📌 Example from the Text:
Maryam is 6 years older than her brother Jamal.
Let’s say:
m = Maryam’s age
j = Jamal’s age
Now, if Maryam is 6 years older: 👉 m = j + 6
This is a function showing how Maryam’s age depends on Jamal’s age.
🧮 Worked Example 11.1 – Solved
🔸 Part a:
You can exchange 1 Hong Kong dollar (HKS1) for 9 Indian rupees (₹9).
i. How many Indian rupees for HKS 20?
💡 Solution:
20×9=180
✅ Answer: ₹180
ii. Write a function to show the relationship between:
d = number of HK dollars
r = Indian rupees
💡 Since 1 HKD = ₹9, we multiply d by 9:
r=9d
✅ Answer: r = 9d
🔸 Part b:
You can exchange x US dollars for y Indian rupees, given:
y=70x
💬 What does this function mean?
✅ Answer: You get ₹70 for every 1 US dollar.
So the function means:
For every 1 US dollar, you get 70 Indian rupees.
Exercise 11.1
Question 1:
Angelo is twice as old as Sabrina.
a. How old is Angelo when Sabrina is:
i. 4 years old → Angelo = 2 × 4 = 8 years
ii. 6 years old → Angelo = 2 × 6 = 12 years
iii. 10 years old → Angelo = 2 × 10 = 20 years
iv. 12 years old → Angelo = 2 × 12 = 24 years
b. When Sabrina is s years old, Angelo is a years old.
So,
a=2s
✅ Function: a = 2s
Question 2:
Lilah’s mass is 3/4 of Abdul’s mass.
a. If Abdul’s mass is 40 kg, Lilah’s mass is:
3/4×40=30 kg
✅ Answer: 30 kg
b. Two more examples:
If Abdul is 60 kg, Lilah = 3/4×60=45kg
If Abdul is 80 kg, Lilah = 3/4×80=60 kg
c. Abdul’s mass is x kg, Lilah’s mass is y kg.
y=3/4x =0.75x
✅ Function: y = (3/4)x
Question 3:
A book costs $10 more than a diary.
a. Work out book cost if diary costs:
i. $6 → book = 6 + 10 = $16
ii. $10 → book = 10 + 10 = $20
iii. $13 → book = 13 + 10 = $23
iv. $8.50 → book = 8.50 + 10 = $18.50
v. $14.95 → book = 14.95 + 10 = $24.95
b. Diary costs $x, then book = x + 10
✅ Book cost = x + 10
c. Cost of book is $y.
Then,
y=x+10
✅ Function: y = x + 10
Question 4: Equilateral Triangle
Each side is the same.
a. Each side = 5 cm
Perimeter = 3 × 5 = 15 cm
b. Each side = 20 cm
Perimeter = 3 × 20 = 60 cm
c. Connection:
The perimeter is 3 times the length of one side.
d. Side = s cm, Perimeter = p cm
Function:
p=3s
Question 5: Rectangles
a. i. Length = width + 3
Examples:
Width = 4, Length = 7
Width = 6, Length = 9
Width = 10, Length = 13
ii. Width = w, Length = l
l=w+3
b. i. Length = 3 × width
Examples:
Width = 2, Length = 6
Width = 5, Length = 15
Width = 7, Length = 21
ii. Function:
l=3w
iii. Perimeter P=2(l+w)
So,
P=2(3w+w)=2(4w)=8w
c. (Create your own rule – example):
Let’s say: Length = 2 × width + 1
Width = 2 → Length = 5
Width = 4 → Length = 9
Function:
l=2w+1
Question 6: Function: y = x − 5
a. Find 3 pairs (x, y):
x=6→y=6−5=1
x = 10 → y = 10 − 5 = 5
x = 20 → y = 20 − 5 = 15
✅ Pairs: (6, 1), (10, 5), (20, 15)
b. What could x and y represent?
Examples:
x = number of apples bought, y = apples left after giving away 5
x = total pencils, y = pencils after giving away 5
x = total pages, y = pages left after tearing 5
Question 7: Petrol cost
Cost of 1 litre = $150
a. Cost of 10 litres = 10 × 150 = $1500
b. x = litres, y = total cost
Function:
y=150x
Question 8: Euro and Peso
10 euro = 210 peso
a. 1 euro = 210 ÷ 10 = 21 pesos
b. Let x = euros, y = pesos
Function:
y=21x
Question 9: USD and Libyan Dinars
Function:
y=1.5x
a. This means:
1 US dollar = 1.5 Libyan dinars
b. Value of $570 in dinars:
y=1.5×570=855 dinar
c. 570 dinars → USD:
x=570/1.5=380 USD
🔷 Section: 11.2 Graphs of Functions
🟦 What is a Function?
A function gives a rule to get the value of y from a given x.
For example:
If the function is y = x + 3, then when you put in a value for x, you calculate y
using the rule.
🔴 Worked Example 11.1: Graph of y = x + 3
a. Table of values:
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
→ Each y-value is found by adding 3 to the x-value.
y=x+3
b. Graph:
Points like (-4, -1), (0, 3), (2, 5) lie on a straight line.
So the graph of a linear function is always a straight line.
🔴 Worked Example 11.2: Graph of y = 0.5x
a. Table:
x -6 -3 0 3 6
y -3 -1.5 0 1.5 3
Since
y=0.5x=x/2
Each y is half of x.
b. Graph:
When you plot these points, they lie in a straight line too.
This confirms again that linear functions always form straight lines.
c. Check if points lie on the line:
Point (-24, -12):
Check:
y=0.5×(−24)=−12⇒Yes, it lies on the line
Point (15, 30):
Check:
y=0.5×15=7.5≠30⇒No, it does not lie on the line.
🔴 Worked Example 11.3: Currency Exchange
Given:
5 Turkish lira = 90 Japanese yen
a. 1 Turkish lira =
90÷5=18 yen
b. Function:
Let x = Turkish lira, then
y=18x⇒y is the Japanese yen you get.
c. Graph:
Straight line through (0, 0) and (5, 90).
This means no lira gives 0 yen, and 5 lira gives 90 yen.
Note: The graph uses a different scale on each axis.
Exercise 11.2
1. For the function y = x + 1:
a. Copy and complete this table of values:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
(We use the rule y = x + 1.)
b. Use the table to draw a graph of y = x + 1.
Draw each (x, y) point on a coordinate grid and join them in a straight line.
c. Show that (-20, -19) is on the line y = x + 1.
Check:
y = -20 + 1 = -19 → Yes, it lies on the line.
d. Is (20, 19) on the line y = x + 1?
Check:
y = 20 + 1 = 21, but y = 19 here → No, it is not on the line.
2. For the function y = x - 2:
a. Copy and complete the table:
x -4 -2 0 2 4 6
y -6 -4 -2 0 2 4
b. Draw a graph of y = x - 2.
Plot the points and draw a straight line.
c. Is the point (25, 23) on the line?
Check:
y = 25 - 2 = 23 → Yes, it lies on the line.
3. For the function y = x + 8:
a. Copy and complete this table:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
b. Draw a graph of the line using the points.
c. The points (20, __) and (-20, __) are on the line.
Use y = x + 8:
(20, 28)
(-20, -12)
4. For the function y = 2x:
a. Complete this table:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
b. Use the table to draw the line.
c. Complete the coordinates:
i. (4.5, 9)
ii. (-5, -10)
iii. (8.5, 17)
iv. (-8, -16)
d. Is the point above or below the line y = 2x?
i. (2.5, 8.5) → 2x = 5 → 8.5 is above
ii. (-9, -15) → 2x = -18 → -15 is above
iii. (25, 65) → 2x = 50 → 65 is above
iv. (-20, -70) → 2x = -40 → -70 is below
5. For the function y = 5x:
a. Complete the table:
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
b. Draw a graph of y = 5x using the table.
6. Currency Conversion (USD to HKD):
a. How many HKD for US$5?
Look at the graph: Approximately 35 HKD
b. Copy and complete this table (based on the graph):
US$ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HK$ 8 16 24 32 40 48 56
c. Write down a function:
Let y be HKD, and x be USD.
y = 7x
d. How many HKD for US$50?
y = 7 × 50 = 350 HKD
7. Lines of the form y = x + c:
a. Graph y = x
b. On the same axes, graph y = x – 2
c. Try y = x + 3
d. Try y = x + 5 and y = x - 4
e. All are straight lines, parallel to each other, different y-intercepts.
8. Lines of the form y = mx:
a. Graph y = x
b. On same axes, graph y = 0.5x
c. Try y = 2x, y = 3x
d. All go through origin, slope increases with m.
9. Currency exchange:
a. Graph: 10 CHF = 40 PLN → 1 CHF = 4 PLN
b. z=4s or s=0.25z
10. Sangeeta and her mother:
Let x = Sangeeta’s age.
Her mother is x + 30.
Function: Mother's age = x + 30
If Sangeeta is 9:
Mother = 9 + 30 = 39
b. y=x-30