Sustainable

Development

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 Important Aspects
• Forest Conservation
• Energy Conservation
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• Water Conservation gm
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• Environmental Impact Assessment so my
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• Important concepts On
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o Circular Economy
o Green GDP
o Natural Capital Accounting
• Important Environmental Legislations

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 Meaning
• Definition
• Evolution of the term co
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• Sustainable Development Goals 61
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• Important conferences mya s i n
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 Energy Conservation
• PAT scheme (Perform, Achieve and Trade)
o a flagship progarmme of Bureau of Energy Efficiency under the
National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiencyil.c(NMEEE). om
a
o market-based mechanism to further accelerate gm as well as incentivize
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1 61
energy efficiency ha
l
s ing
o Energy Savings Certificates (ESCerts) a
o my
s
o through two power exchanges ly forIndian Energy Exchange (IEX) and
-
On
Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL).
o 13 energy-intensive sectors: Thermal power plants (TPP), cement,
aluminum, iron and steel, pulp and paper, fertilizer, chlor-alkali,
petroleum refineries, petrochemicals, distribution companies, railways,
textile and commercial buildings (hotels and airports).

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 Energy Conservation
• Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE)
o aims for accelerating the shift to energy efficient appliances in designated
sectors through incentives and innovative business models. m
l. co
o Bachat Lamp Yojna (BLY): The programme was developed a i for replacement
gm
of inefficient bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Lamps
10
@ (CFLs)
6
al1
• Energy Efficiency Financing Platform
as
(EEFP) ing
h
y m
o to provide a platform to interact with r so Financial Institutions (FIs) and project
f o
developers for implementation ofnly energy efficiency projects
O
• Framework for Energy Efficient Economic
Development (FEEED)
o was designed for development of fiscal instruments to promote energy
efficiency. The objective was to provide the comfort to concerned
stakeholders through implementation of Energy Efficiency schemes such as
Partial Risk Sharing Facility (PRSF)

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 m
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a

Alternative Energy
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 Sources
• Conventional
o Non-Renewable: Fossil Fuel – Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas
m
o Renewable: Non-fossil fuel above the ground: Fire i l. co wood, Cattle dung,
a
Wood Charcoal gm
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al1
• Non-Conventional as ing
h

o my
o Non-Renewable: Nuclear o rs
n ly f
O
o Renewable: Solar, Wind, Tidal, geothermal, Biofuel, Hydro power,
Hydrogen
• Alternative: Any source of energy which is not
fossil fuel based.

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 Solar Energy

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 Solar Energy

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 Solar Energy
• National Solar Mission:
o 100 GW by 2022 (installed capacity 57 GW by May 2022), 300 GW by
2030 om
il.c a
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• Schemes: l161
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o Pradhan Mantri Suryoday Yojana yasing
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o Solar Parks and Ultra mega solar r sopower projects
f o
Only
o PM KUSUM
o Suryamitra Programme
o Atal Jyoti Yojana
o Renewable Purchase Obligations

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 Solar Energy
• Grid connected solar rooftop scheme (40 GW)

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• Net Metering: records the energy flow in both the directions and at the
end of billing period net energy used is calculated.
• Suryamitra: to develop the skills of youth, considering the
opportunities for employment in the growing Solar Energy Power
Project’s installation, operation & maintenance in India and abroad.
o By National Institute of Solar Energy under MNRE

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 Solar Energy
• Pradhan Mantri Suryoday Yojana: the Centre will bear the
entire cost of setting up rooftop solar systems for
households that consume less than 300 units l. co
m of electricity
a i
per month. 0 @
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o target of installing rooftop solar on 1 crore houses 61
al1 h
ing
• Atal Jyoti Yojana: to illuminate dark regions through o mya
s

establishment of solar street fo lights. rs

nly O and decentralized solar application scheme
o It is a sub scheme under off –grid
• PM KUSUM:
o Component A: 10,000 MW of solar capacity through installation of small Solar
Power Plants of individual plants of capacity upto 2 MW.
o Component B: Installation of 20 lakh standalone Solar Powered Agriculture Pumps.
o Component C: Solarisation of 15 Lakh Grid-connected Agriculture Pumps.

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 Solar Energy
• Challenges:
o Domestic manufacturing capabilities
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o Net-metering limits on rooftop solar schemes [Link]
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o Intermittent supply 1 0 @
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o Lack of Power storage sin
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o Land acquisition issues som
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o High cost of installation On

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 Solar Energy
• International solar alliance:
o a joint effort by India and France to mobilize efforts against climate change
o Headquarter in Gurgaon
o conceptualized on the sidelines of the 21st Conference of Parties m (COP21) to the
UNFCCC held in Paris in 2015. i l. co
a
o all member states of the United Nations are now eligible gmto join the ISA
0 @
o is guided by its ‘Towards 1000’ strategy which aims l 1 61to mobilise USD 1,000 billion of
a
investments in solar energy solutions by 2030ingh
s
a on Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
o to help member countries with particular focus
o my
and the Small Island Developing States s
(SIDS)
l for
y
• One Sun One World One Grid
On (OSOWOG) initiative
o was put Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi, at the First Assembly of the ISA in October
2018.
o aims to connect different regional grids through a common grid that will be used to
transfer renewable energy power and, thus, realize the potential of renewable energy
sources, especially solar energy.
o Was launched , during the ‘Accelerating Innovation and Clean Technology Deployment’
event at the World Leaders Summit held on 2 November 2021 during COP26.
o launch of the ‘One Sun Declaration’ as approved by the Fourth Assembly of the ISA.

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 Solar Energy

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 Wind Energy

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Horizontal Axis Wind Vertical Axis Wind

Turbine
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 Wind Energy

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Off Shore and On

Shore
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 Wind Energy
• The design and installation of a horizontal axis wind turbine is complex, they require
larger space, more expensive and are dependent on wind direction but they have
higher power coefficient.
Wind turbines typically produce alternating current (AC) electricity. m
• i l. co
a
• The electricity produced by a wind turbine is an alternating gm current because the wind
0 @
can blow at different speeds and in different directions, l 1 61 causing the turbine's blades
ha
to rotate at varying speeds. s ing
mya
• Challenges: so
ly for
o Intermittency: wind does not alwaysOn blow at a constant speed which can make it
challenging to integrate wind energy into the grid.
o High upfront costs
o Land use: Wind turbines require a large amount of land
o Environmental impacts: potential impact on birds and other wildlife.
o Public opposition: to the construction of wind turbines, either due to aesthetic
concerns or concerns about the impact on the local community.

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 Wind Energy
• India has the 4th largest wind power capacity in the world.
• According MNRE the total potential for wind energy in India
m
is estimated to be 302 GW, with a technically m a i l. co feasible
g
potential of 147 GW. l16
1 0@
g ha
• Target till 2022: ya
sin
m
Total: 175 GW so
o
ly for
o Solar: 100 GW On
o Wind: 60 GW
• Target till 2030
o Total: 500 GW
o Solar: 300 GW
o Wind: 140 GW

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 Wind Energy
• National Wind – Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018
o for efficient utilization of the transmission infrastructure and land.
o to reduce the variability in renewable power generation and to achieve
better grid stability. .co
m
ail
• National Offshore Wind Energy Policy, 2015 0@
g m
o Promoting spatial planning and management 1
6of maritime renewable energy
h al1
resources in India’s EEZ through suitable in incentives.
g
y as
o Boosting the indigenisation. so
m
o r
o Creating skilled manpower and employment
ly f
o On
Enabling the development of Project EPC and Operation & Maintenance with
regard to the offshore wind industry.
o Developing coastal infrastructure and supply chain
• The Wind Energy Tariff Policy: provides incentives for the
development of wind energy in India, including feed-in tariffs
and tax incentives.

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 Hydro Power
• Types:
o Micro: upto 100 KW
o Mini: 101KW to 2 MW
m
Small: 2 MW to 25 MW i l. co
a
o Mega: Hydro projects with gm
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installed capacity >= 500 MW al1
h
o Thermal Projects with installed s ing
a
capacity >=1500 MW o my
fo rs
ly
• The hydropower potential On
of India is around 145 GW
and at 60% load factor, it
can meet the demand of
around 85 GW.

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 Hydro Power
• Benefits of Large Hydro power:
o Clean Energy: Though many experts highlight the carbon footprint of such projects as an issue.
o Irrigation
o Drinking Water supply
om
o Controlling floods and droughts il.c a
• Issues Large Hydro Projects gm
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o Habitat loss l161
ha
o Biodiversity loss
sing
o Flooding of Large areas mya
o
o Loss of forest
fo rs
o Alteration of ecosystems ly
o Erosion of riverbanks
On
o Social and cultural Impact
o Economic impact

• In India, large Hydropower Projects have been declared

as Renewable Energy source for RPO requirements.

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 Ocean Energy
• Tidal
• Wave co
m
a i l.
• Current 6 1 0 @
gm

h al1
• Ocean thermal my
as ing
o
fo rs
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 Ocean Energy Types
• Tidal Energy
o produced by
the surge of ocean waters co
m
i l.
during the rise and fall of tides. gm
a
0 @
o Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kutch in 6 1
h al1
Gujarat, A&N islands s ing
a
• Challenges: o my
fo rs
o High upfront cost ly
On
o Low energy conversion
efficiency
o R&D
o Identifying locations
 Ocean Energy Types
• Wave Energy:
o Using Kinetic Energy of
Ocean waves to i l. co
m
a
produce electricity @
gm
1 0
6
• India is estimated to have h al1
s ing
a potential of around 54 o my
a
rs
gigawatts (GW) of ocean ly fo
On
energy – tidal power
(12.45 GW) and wave
power (41.3 GW)
 Ocean Energy Types
• Ocean Current Energy
o ocean currents are
fairly constant in both
speed and flow and l. co
m
a i
carry large amounts of gm
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energy 6 1
h al1
o Electricity is produced as ing
from the ocean o my
fo rs
currents by coupling a ly
On
generator to the
turbine and power is
transmitted back to
shore via subsea
cable.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• by harnessing the temperature differences
(thermal gradients) between ocean surface
waters and deep ocean waters.
• temperature difference can be used to
produce electricity and to desalinate ocean m
i l. co
water. a
gm
• Warm surface water is pumped through an 0 @
l 1 61
evaporator containing a working fluid. ha
s ing
• The vaporized fluid drives a turbine/generator. ya
m
• The vaporized fluid is turned back to a liquid r so
o
in a condenser cooled with cold ocean waterly f
On
pumped from deeper in the ocean.
• OTEC systems using seawater as the working
fluid can use the condensed water to produce
desalinated water
 Biofuels
• Biomass is converted to energy through various
processes, including:
o Direct combustion (burning) to produce heat
o Thermochemical conversion to produce solid, gaseous,
and liquid fuels
o Chemical conversion to produce liquid fuels
m
o Biological conversion to produce liquid and gaseous fuels i l. co
a
• Why Renewable: its inherent energy comes from the gm
sun and because it can regrow in a relatively short 0 @
1
time. a l16
gh
Types: a sin
y
• Bioethanol: som
r o
o made from fermenting and distilling crops that
n ly f are high
in carbohydrates, such as corn, wheat, and O sugarcane.
o It is often used as a gasoline additive to reduce
emissions.
• Biomethanol,
o also known as wood alcohol or methyl alcohol,
o is a type of biofuel that is made from renewable raw
materials, such as wood, agricultural waste, and other
organic matter.
 Biofuels
• Biodiesel:
o made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease.
o It can be used as a substitute for diesel fuel in vehicles.
• Biogas:
o produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic matter, [Link] agricultural waste or
a
manure. gm
@
o 10
It can be used as a substitute for natural gas to generate electricity or heat.
l16 a
• Algal biofuels: ingh
y as
o om
Algal biofuels are made from microalgae, swhich are tiny aquatic organisms that can be
grown using sunlight and nutrients. ly for
o On such as bioethanol and biodiesel.
They can be used to produce biofuels
• Biobutanol:
o Biobutanol is a type of biofuel that is made through the fermentation of crops such as
corn, sugarcane, and wheat.
o It can be used as a gasoline additive or as a substitute for gasoline.
 Generation of Biofuels
• First-generation
o biofuels are made from feedstocks such as sugarcane, corn, wheat, and other crops that are
used for food or animal feed.
o These biofuels are produced through processes such as fermentation and distillation. Examples
of first-generation biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. m
i l. co
a
• Second-generation @
gm
o are made from non-food feedstocks such as agricultural 10
6waste, forestry residues, and algae.
l 1
a thermochemical conversion and
These biofuels are produced through processes such g has
in
biochemical conversion. y as
m
o Examples of second-generation biofuels include r so biomethanol, biobutanol, and advanced biofuels
o
made from algae. ly f
On
• Third-generation biofuels
o made from feedstocks such as seaweed, algae, and microorganisms, and
o they are produced using advanced technologies such as synthetic biology.
o Third-generation biofuels have the potential to be more sustainable and efficient than first- and
second-generation biofuels, but they are not yet widely available.
 National Policy on Biofuel, 2018
• Two categories: Basic and Advanced
• target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol and 5%
blending of biodiesel in diesel is proposed om
by 2030.
l. c
(now 2025) @
gm
ai
10
• MSP for non-edible oil n g ha
l1 6
si
ya
• viability gap funding scheme or
so
m for 2G ethanol Bio
f
refineries On
ly

• Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas: Overall

coordinator
o National Biofuels Coordination Committee (NBCC) chaired by
minister
 National Policy on Biofuel, 2018
Amendment 2022:
• A target of 20% blending of ethanol in petrol is proposed by Ethanol
Supply Year (ESY) 2025-26.
An indicative target of 5% blending of biodiesel iin m
• l. co diesel /direct sale of
a
biodiesel is proposed by 2030. gm
0 @
l 1 61
• Role of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food ing
ha & Public Distribution: to
s
provide suitable financial incentives ya setting up of 1G ethanol
mfor
so
distilleries from various feed stocks
ly for
On
• export of biofuels will generally not be permitted except approval of
NBCC
o When there is surplus of biofuels
o Very high price resulting in poor sales
o In case of emergencies
 m
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Copyright © 2016 by Vision IAS. [[Link]] Subject, Topic & Expert

 Renewable Purchase Obligations
• DISCOMs are required to have certain proportion of clean
energy supplies
• Under the Electricity Act 2003 and the National o m
Tariff Policy
c
2006 m ail.
g
1 0@
• Fixed by state power regulators ghal16
in
as
• RPOs are categorized as Solarrs
omand Non Solar RPO.
y

ly fo
On
 Renewable Energy Certificates
• market-based instrument to
promote renewable sources of
energy
• equivalent to 1 MWh of electricity
injected into the grid from m
renewable energy sources i l. co
a
• traded on two power exchanges — gm
0 @
Indian Energy Exchange l 1 61
(IEX) and Power Exchange of India ha
s ing
(PXIL) a
o my
s
• contained between the ‘floor price’ ly for
(minimum price) and ‘forbearanceOn
price’ (maximum price) specified by
the Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (CERC).
• distribution companies, Open Access
consumer, Captive Power Plants
(CPPs) are eligible of purchasing the
REC.
 Hydrogen
• Benefits of Hydrogen as source of
Energy: co
m
a i l.
o Renewability: Use of Water gm
0 @
High Energy Density 1
o a l16
gh
o Clean burning a sin
y
som
o Efficiency: Fuel cells can be 80% fefficient
or
ly
• Challenges: On

o Production
o Storage and Transportation
o Cost
o Safety
o Lack of Infrastructure

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Hydrogen Color Spectrum based on source

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 Hydrogen
• Fuel cells:
o uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or m
other fuels to cleanly and efficiently produce i l. co
electricity. a
gm
0 @
o hydrogen is the fuel, the only products are 1 61
l
electricity, water, and heat. ha
s ing
o can provide power for systems as large asyaa
utility power station and as small as ar som
o
laptop computer. n ly f
o O
they do not run down or need recharging.
o They produce electricity and heat as long as
fuel is supplied
o All batteries: negative electrode (anode)
and a positive electrode (or
cathode)—sandwiched around an
electrolyte.
o hydrogen, is fed to the anode, and air is fed
to the cathode.

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 Hydrogen
• National Green Hydrogen
m
Mission: gm
a i l. co

0 @
o green hydrogen production capacity: l16 1
a
5 Million Metric Tonne per annum asingh
y
o with an addition of about 125 GW som
or
n ly f
o Rs. 8 lakh crore investmentsO
o 6 lakh jobs
o reduction in fossil fuel imports over
Rs. 1 lakh crore
o Abatement of nearly 50 MMT of
annual greenhouse gas emissions

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 Hydrogen
• National Green Hydrogen Mission:
o creation of export opportunities for Green Hydrogen and om
its derivatives
i l. c
o Decarbonisation of industrial, mobility and energymasectors
g
o development of indigenous manufacturing capabilities 10
@
6
o development of cutting-edge technologiesghal1
Under the Strategic Interventions formGreen sin Hydrogen Transition
o ya
Programme (SIGHT), two distinct ofinancial
so incentive mechanisms –
f r
targeting domestic manufacturing
On
ly of electrolysers and production of Green
Hydrogen – will be provided under the Mission.
o a public-private partnership framework for R&D (Strategic Hydrogen
Innovation Partnership – SHIP) will be facilitated
o A coordinated skill development programme will also be undertaken under
the Mission.
o Under MNRE

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 Coal Gasification
• Gasification of coal is a process in which coal
is partially oxidated by air, oxygen, steam or
carbon dioxide under controlled conditions
to produce a fuel gas. (Syn Gas – CO + m
H2)+CO2, CH4 i l. co
a
• The hydrogen obtained from gm
0 @
coal gasification can be used for various l 1 61
a
purposes such as gh
sin
o making ammonia, powering a hydrogen omya
economy, or upgrading fossil fuels. s
ly for
• The by-products of coal gas manufacture
On
included
o coke, coal tar, sulfur and ammonia; all useful
products.
o Dyes, medicines, including sulfa
drugs, saccharin and many organic
compounds are therefore derived from coal
gas.

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 Geothermal
• India’s first-ever geothermal field
development project in Leh
m
• thermal energy generated and stored i l. co
a
inside the Earth’s crust. gm
0 @
• electricity generated from the heat l 1 61
ha
source within the earth’s crust. s ing
a
o my
• 7 geothermal provinces in India: for s
o ly
Himalayas - Ladakh, Manikaran, Tapoban
On
o Sohana -Haryana, Rajasthan
o West coast – Maharashtra
o Cambay – Khambet
o Son-Narmada-Tapi (SONATA) - Tatapani,
Anhoni-Samoni
o Godavari – Manuguru
o Mahanadi – Bakreshwar

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 m
i l. co
a
gm
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6 1
h al1
s ing
a
o my
fo rs
India’s Energy ly
On
Production

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 m
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s ing
a
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ly
On

India’s Energy
Production

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 m
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a
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o 2014
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 2012

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 m
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a
gm
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a
my
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o 2015
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On

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 m
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a
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o 2016
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 Afforestation
• Significance of Forest as an ecosystem
• Forest Conservation co
m
ail.
o At Global Scale : REDD and REDD+ gm
0 @
o At National Scale l161
ha
sing
mya
o
fo rs
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On

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 m
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gm
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 Water Conservation

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 Water Conservation

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 Water Conservation
Source of Fresh Water Percentage

m
Ice Caps, Glaciers and Permanent snow i l. co 68.66%
a
gm
Ground Water 0 @ 30.1%
61
h al1
Ground Ice and Permafrost
sing 0.86%
mya
Lakes o 0.26%
o rs
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Soil Moisture On 0.05%

Atomosphere 0.04%

Swamp Water 0.03%

Rivers 0.006%

Biological Water 0.003%

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 Water Conservation
• Annual per-capita water availability
o < 1700 cubic meters: water stressed
o < 1000 cubic meters water scarce
m
• India i l. co
a
18% of the world’s population, but only 4% of its water [Link]
o @
10
o Per capita availability: 1486 cubic meters in 2021 hal16
g
o Largest use of groundwater resources a sin
y
o 25% of global groundwater extraction som
or
o Agriculture (90%) n ly f
O
• Impact
o Lowering Groundwater Table
o Increase in concentration of contaminant
o Cost of extraction
o Land subsidence
o Salt water intrusion in coastal areas

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 Water Conservation
• Challenges
oMonsoon variability and inadequate rainfall
oContinuing increase in demand because of rising population, industrial activity
oAgricultural policies: MSP regime, water intensive crops, free subsidy m on electricity
i l. co
oGrowing concretization a
gm
oSand mining 0 @
l 1 61
oHard rock terrain in southern states ha
s ing
• Government Initiatives: my
a
so
o National Water Policy 2012 for
ly
On
o Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
• Per drop more crop
• Watershed development
• Neeranchal Watershed development
o Atal Bhujal Yojana
o Jal Jeevan Mission
o Jal Shakti Abhiyaan
o Guidelines for groundwater regulation

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 Water Conservation
• Government Institutions
o Central Water Commission
o Central Ground Water Board
o Central Ground Water Authority m
i l. co
a
• Step Forward @
gm
o 1
Preventing misuse in agriculture: Irrigation techniques – Crop diversification, 0 drip irrigation
a l16
o Artificial Recharge Techniques gh
o Monitoring a sin
y
o Watershed Development som
or
o Rainwater Harvesting n ly f
O

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 Water Conservation
• National Water Policy, 2012:
o need for a national water framework law
o Except basic necessities water be treated as economic good so as to promote its conservation and efficient use.
o Ecological needs of the river m
i l. co
o Adaptation strategies in view of climate change a
gm
o Water Audits 0 @
o Setting up of Water Regulatory Authority l 1 61
ha
o Reuse and Recycle
s ing
a
o Water Users Associations should be given statutory powers
o my to collect and retain a portion of water charges
o Removal of large disparity in stipulations for water rs
fosupply
ly
o community participation On
o grants to the States to update technology

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 Sand Mining
• Sand – a minor mineral as per Mines and
Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act,
1957
• Environmental Impact:
o River course change
o Bank Erosion m
o Flooding i l. co
a
o Lowering of Groundwater table gm
0 @
o Biodiversity loss
l 1 61
• Steps taken: ha
s ing
o empowers state governments to a
frame rules o my
s
o Districts to have comprehensive mining ly for
plan On
o Define the mining and no mining zones:
Prefer abandoned stream channels
o No Riverbed mining in Monsson
o Use of technology
o Annual audit of mining lease
o Online portal for sale and purchase of
sand and river bed material
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 2012

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 2012

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a
my
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o 2013
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a
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o 2018
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gm
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a
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gm
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a
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 Sustainable Agriculture
• Issues with Modern Agriculture practices
• How to achieve sustainability in Agriculture co
m
a i l.
• Steps taken by Government of610India @
gm
l1
ha
• FAO GIAHS sites my
as
i n g

so
or
n ly f
O

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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 Sustainable Agriculture

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gm
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a
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Permaculture

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 Some Important Acts
• Environment Protection Act, 1986
• NGT Act, 2002 co
m
a i l.
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 Under Environment
Protection Act, 1986

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 Environmental Impact Assessment
• Meaning
• Steps co
m
a i l.
• EIA in India 6 1 0 @
gm

al1
o Draft EIA 2020 s ing
h
a
o my
fo rs
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On

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 2012

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 2012

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a
my
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a
my
o rs
o 2014
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a
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a
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a
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a
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a
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