BIAS AND ITS TYPES BIAS AND ITS TYPES

Bias 4. Conformity
- It is referred to as a process where you - This happens when one makes a wrong or
prefer one thing over another thing uncomfortable decision to fit in to please the
especially in a way considered to be unfair. group of people.

Example
5 common types of bias
You're with a group of friends who all want to watch
1. Anchoring Bias a movie, but you secretly hate horror films. Instead
- This happens when people are too relied of saying you don't like them, you agree to go along
on current information or the initial because you don't want to be left out or seem
information they find in decision- making. different.
- Relying too much on the first piece of
information you hear. - Conformity happens when you change
Example your behavior, beliefs, or opinions to fit in
with the group, even if it’s something you’re
not comfortable with. You might do it to
avoid being judged or to feel accepted.

5. Halo Effect
- This happens when one sees the wonderful
thing about a person and let the perceptions
In the first picture, the man sees the car priced at
on everything else about that person be
$30,000 and thinks it is too expensive.
distorted.
In the second picture, the price tag shows that the
car used to cost $60,000 but is now $30,000. Example:
Why does this happen?
You meet someone who is really kind and helpful.
Because of that one good impression, you might
The original price of $60,000 makes the $30,000
start thinking that he/she is great at everything—
seem cheaper, even though it might still be
like being smart, funny, or talented—even if you’ve
expensive. The man’s decision is influenced by the
never seen him/her do those things.
first price he saw, instead of thinking about whether
the car is really worth it.

2. Media Bias
Criteria for Judging
- This happens when the journalists and Soundness of Author’s
news producers in the mass media select
what to report and cover. Reasoning
Example
Evidence
- is a proof that the author’s reasoning or
You and your friend both win a competition, but the argument is valid. This includes data,
news only talks about your friend's victory and statistics, examples, studies etc. This is also
ignores yours. to recognize if the statements used by the
speaker are factual or subjective.
Other examples. Clarity
- refers to the choice of words that relate to
 A news channel might only show the good the speech purpose and to the particular
side of a politician they support and ignore audience hearing the speech. Language
their mistakes. should promote clear understanding of
 A newspaper might highlight only bad news thoughts and should fit the occasion
about a company while ignoring its precisely.
achievements. Effectiveness
- the speech engaged the audience (or
3. Confirmation Bias readers), encouraging them to consider the
- Is the tendency to seek out and prefer presenter’s viewpoints through sufficient
information that supports our pre-existing use of examples and opinion.
beliefs.
Example Speech development
- The way the speaker puts ideas together so
You believe that drinking coffee makes people the audience can understand them. The
smarter. Instead of looking at all the research, you response is structured around a purpose,
only read articles that say "Coffee boosts brain and this structure must include an opening,
power!" and ignore studies that say too much body and conclusion.
coffee can cause anxiety or sleep problems.
JUDGING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF
THE PRESENTATION Judging the Relevance of Ideas

Sufficiency Topic Relevance

- This refers to the amount of information - The writer should explain why the event,
presented. Is there enough information to situation or argument is still relevant today.
support the speaker's claims and make the topic
Speech value
understandable? - The composer has something meaningful
and original to say. The listeners (or
Example readers) should feel the speaker has
According to NASA, Earth's average temperature has contributed to their thinking.
risen by 1.2°C since the late 19th century. The melting
of polar ice caps and rising sea levels prove that climate Speech purpose
change is happening, and we must take action now. - This is the intended message or argument
of the speech. The way a speech is
composed is determined by what the
Accuracy composer wants to tell the audience.
- This focuses on the truthfulness and correctness
of the information shared. Are the facts and Speech Main Point
figures presented accurate and verifiable? - The main point or issue influences what
audience think is important. Often,
Appeal speeches reflect an aspect of the speaker's
- This refers to how engaging and interesting the context, whether it is personal, social,
historical or environmental.
presentation is.

Information
Lay Value Judgment to Issues.
- This looks at the quality of the information
shared. Is the information new and relevant to Value judgment
the audience? Does it provide valuable insights - refers to making an assessment about a
or stimulate thinking? situation, action, or belief based on personal,
ethical, moral, or societal standards.
Descriptive Statement
FACTUAL AND VALUE JUDGMENT
- It tells us the facts about a situation. It explains
Factual judgment what is happening without giving an opinions.

Normative Statement
- Are statements that can be proven true or
false. They are based on verifiable
evidence, observations, or historical events. - It expresses what should or should not be done
These statements do not include opinions or based on what is right, fair, or ethical.
personal interpretations.
Example
Examples
Descriptive Statement: Some students throw trash on
1. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar the school grounds.
system.
2. The sun rises in the east. Normative Statement: Students should always throw
3. Dogs are mammals. their trash in the proper bins to keep the school clean.

4. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at sea

level.

A value judgment
- is a judgment of the rightness or wrongness
of something or someone, or of the
usefulness of something or someone, based
on a comparison or other relativity.
Example
- Region 4 is a big region in terms of land
area.
- Tulips are the prettiest flower on earth.
PERSUASIVE WRITING FORMAT Ending
- Restate your position. Wrap it up
Persuasive writing
- This part reminds the reader of the three key
- is a type of writing that aims to convince the reasons in a simple and effective way
reader to adopt a certain viewpoint or take a
specific action. By using the TREE format, persuasive writing becomes
clear, structured, and convincing. Each part has a
Three Technique in Persuasive Writing purpose:
Logos  T (Thesis) – Introduces the main idea.
- is a persuasive technique that convinces  R (Reasons) – Gives strong points to support the
your readers using logic and reasoning. thesis.
This uses a variety of tools- facts, statistics,  E (Explanation) – Adds details and real-life
data, charts, and researches. examples.
Example  E (Ending) – Restates the argument and leaves a
strong impression.
Studies from the American Heart Association show
that people who exercise at least 30 minutes a day
have a 40% lower risk of heart disease. TYPES OF INFORMATION
Information
Pathos
- is a persuasive technique that relies on - is knowledge, facts, or data that help us
emotion to connect with audience. understand something. It can be found in
books, newspapers, the internet, conversations,
and even in what we see and experience every
Example day.

Every day, thousands of innocent animals lose their Factual information

homes due to deforestation. Imagine a baby - is based on truth and evidence. It can be verified,
elephant crying for its mother, who was taken by tested, or proven correct or incorrect. Facts are
poachers. We must act now to protect these not influenced by opinions or feelings.
helpless creatures.
 Textbooks
Ethos  News reports
- is a persuasive technique that focuses on  Scientific studies
the intellectual and emotional character of a  Government records
speaker. It's what people refer to as your
honesty or your credibility. Analytical information

Example - explains or interprets facts. It involves

As a doctor specializing in mental health for over 15 examination, comparison, and reasoning to
years, I highly recommend regular exercise as a understand the meaning behind facts.
natural way to reduce stress and improve mood.  Research papers
Even a simple 30-minute walk each day can make  Business reports
a significant difference in your mental well-being.  Scientific articles
 History books
WRITING PERSUASIVE FORMAT Subjective information

THESIS STATEMENT - is based on personal opinions, emotions, or

beliefs. It cannot be proven right or wrong
- Clearly tell the reader what you believe. Make because it depends on a person’s feelings or
your stand clear by making a definitive topic experiences.
sentence.
 Based on personal opinions or feelings
- It is the main idea of the essay. It clearly states  Can vary from person to person
what the writer believes.  Cannot be proven true or false
Reason
- state at least three or more clear reasons to support Creative information
your belief.
- This part gives three strong reasons to support the - involves originality, imagination, and artistic
thesis statement. expression. It does not have to be based on
facts but instead focuses on creativity and new
Explain Reasons ideas.
 Fiction books (novels, short stories)
- Say more about each reason.  Poems
- This section explains each reason in detail and  Songs and music lyrics
provides real-life examples and facts to make  Paintings and artworks
the argument stronger.