What is Networking
• Networking is the practice of connecting computers,
devices, and systems so they can share resources,
communicate, and exchange data
• Real Life example: you're in a bustling city like New York,
where everyone is trying to deliver letters to specific
destinations. How does this chaos stay organized?
Importance of Networking in Cybersecurity and SOC
1.A thief intercepts the letters (a hacker stealing data)?
[Link] starts sending fake letters (malware or phishing
emails)?
Types of Networking
[Link] (Local Area Network)
[Link] (Wide Area Network)
[Link] (Metropolitan Area Network)
[Link] (Personal Area Network)
[Link] (Local Area Network):
A LAN connects devices within a small geographical
area, like an office, home, or school.
Ex: A library where all computers are connected to a
central server to access a shared database or
printer.
Key Features:
• High speed and low latency.
• Limited to a confined area, providing secure
communication.
Types of Networking
WAN (Wide Area Network)
A WAN spans large geographical areas, often connecting
multiple LANs. The internet is the largest example of a WAN
Imagine a multinational company with offices in New York,
Tokyo, and London. A WAN allows these offices to
communicate seamlessly
Types of Networking
MAN (Wide Area Network)
A WAN spans large geographical areas, often connecting
multiple LANs. The internet is the largest example of a WAN
Imagine a multinational company with offices in New York,
Tokyo, and London. A WAN allows these offices to
communicate seamlessly
Personal Area Network (PAN
A PAN connects devices within a very short range, typically
for a single user.
Your smartphone connected to Bluetooth headphones, a
smartwatch, or a personal hotspot
Key Networking Terminology
Key Networking terminologies : IP address
• IP address : IP address, or Internet Protocol address,
is like the home address for your device on a network.
• Every device connected to the internet—whether it’s
your computer, smartphone, or even your smart
fridge—needs a unique IP address to send and receive
information
Types of IP Addresses
• IPV4: IPv4 stands for Internet Protocol version 4, and
it’s the fourth version of the Internet Protocol.
• It uses a 32-bit addressing scheme, which means that
each IPv4 address consists of 32 binary digits (bits)
Types of IP Addresses
IPV6:
IPv6, or Internet Protocol version 6, was introduced in the late 1990s to solve the problem of
IPv4 exhaustion and to prepare for the future of internet growth.
IPv6 uses a 128-bit addressing scheme, which is much larger than IPv4.
An IPv6 address looks something like this: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.
IPv6 is 128-bit, it allows for a virtually unlimited number of IP addresses—specifically, 2^128
addresses, which equals around 340 undecillion addresses.
Classes of IP address
Class A:
Range: [Link] to [Link]
Purpose: Designed for large networks like big organizations or ISPs (Internet Service Providers
Class B
Range: [Link] to [Link]
Purpose: Used by medium-sized organizations. It allows thousands of devices to connect to the network.
Class C
Range: [Link] to [Link]
Purpose: Used by small businesses or home networks, supporting fewer devices than Class B.
Class D
Range: [Link] to [Link]
Purpose: Reserved for multicasting. This is when a message is sent to multiple devices at once (e.g., live streaming).
Class E
Range: [Link] to [Link]
Purpose: Reserved for research and experimentation. It’s not used in regular networking.
Private IP Address:
A private IP address is an IP address used within a private
network (such as a home, office, or corporate LAN).
Example: A computer in your home might have a private IP
like [Link] that allows it to communicate with your
home router but not the internet directly.
Assigned by: Private IP addresses are usually assigned by
the local network’s router using a system called DHCP.
Public IP Address:
A public IP address is an IP address that is assigned to a
device for direct communication over the Internet.
Example: A web server hosting a website has a public IP
address so users across the globe can connect to it.
Assigned by: Internet Service Providers (ISPs) assign public
IP addresses to devices connected to
Static IP Address:
Definition: A static IP address is a permanent IP address
assigned to a device. It does not change over time and
remains constant unless manually altered by the network
administrator.
Servers (like web, email, and database servers)
Network printers
Security cameras
Dynamic IP Address:
A dynamic IP address is assigned by a network when
the device connects and may change over time. It is
automatically allocated by a system called DHCP
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).
Personal computers, smartphones, or tablets
connected to the Internet
Key Network terminology:
PING:
Ping is a network utility used to test the reachability of
a device on a network by sending an ICMP (Internet
Control Message Protocol) Echo Request.
Helps troubleshoot network connectivity issues by
checking if a device is online or reachable.
PORT:
A port is a logical endpoint in networking used for data
exchange between devices. It is used by network
protocols to identify specific processes or services.
Well-Known Ports (0-1023): For core services (e.g., HTTP – port 80).
• Registered Ports (1024-49151): For user processes.
• Dynamic/Private Ports (49152-65535): Used by temporary
processes.
Key Network terminology:
NAT (Network Address Translation)
NAT is a method used by routers to translate private IP addresses
to a public IP address for devices in a local network.
How It Works:
Devices in a local network are assigned private IPs.
The router translates these private IPs to a public IP when
communicating with the internet.
Bandwidth
•Definition: Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a network in a given period
of time.
•Measurement: Typically measured in bits per second (bps), with common units like Mbps (Megabits per second) or
Gbps (Gigabits per second).
•Use Case: Higher bandwidth allows for faster data transfer, essential for high-performance applications like
streaming and gaming.
Latency
•Definition: Latency is the time delay between when a data packet is sent and when it is received at the destination.
•Measurement: Typically measured in milliseconds (ms).
•Use Case: Low latency is important for real-time applications like online gaming, video calls, and VoIP (Voice over IP).