Signals and Systems Answer Key
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bruceritamwayne02Signals and Systems Answer Key
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Powered by AITo find the step response, convolve the impulse response with a unit step function: \( x(t) = u(t) \). Convolution of \( h(t) = u(t+1) - u(t-1) \) with \( u(t) \) involves integrating over the various intervals determined by the unit step shifts. The convolution will be performed from 0 to \( t \), taking into account the activation points \( t = -1 \) and \( t = 1 \) to evaluate where \( u(t+1) \) and \( -u(t-1) \) become effective .
An arbitrary signal x(t) can be expressed as an integral of scaled and shifted impulses: \( x(t) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} x(\tau) \delta(t-\tau) d\tau \). This represents x(t) as a linear combination of shifted impulses \( \delta(t-\tau) \), where \( x(\tau) \) acts as the scaling factor. The impulse response captures the contribution of every point in the signal across time. This continuous superposition allows for accurate signal reproduction .
To evaluate the system's stability, we first find its characteristic equation by setting the input, x(n), to zero: \( y(n) = y(n-1) - 0.5 y(n-2) \), leading to \( r^2 - r + 0.5 = 0 \). Solving gives poles at \( r = 0.5 \pm 0.5j \), which lie inside the unit circle in the Z-plane, indicating the system is stable. The pole-zero plot confirms stability as all system poles are inside the unit circle and decay over time .
The convolution property \( x(t) * \delta(t) = x(t) \) signifies that convolution with an impulse does not alter the signal, essentially replicating it. This simplifies computations by allowing systems to be directly analyzed in cases where they can be represented by impulses, facilitating easier calculations without additional alterations to the signal’s characteristics .
The sampling theorem, or Nyquist-Shannon theorem, states that a continuous signal can be completely described by its samples and perfectly reconstructed if it is sampled at a rate greater than twice its maximum frequency (Nyquist rate). Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled below this rate, causing different frequency components to become indistinguishable from one another. This results in distortion as higher frequency components fold back into lower frequencies in the sampled signal .
To determine if y(t) = t x(t) is linear, we need to check two properties: additivity and homogeneity. The system fails the homogeneity test because for a scalar a, y(t) = t a x(t) is not equal to a y(t) = a t x(t), as it does not satisfy linear scaling due to the t factor. Thus, the system is not linear. For time-invariance, consider an input x(t-t0) with output y(t-t0). The output with the shifted input is y(t-t0) = (t-t0)x(t-t0), which is not equal to y(t-t0) = (t)x(t-t0). Therefore, the system is not time-invariant .
The Laplace Transform for a delayed impulse function \( \delta(t-1) \) is derived using its property: \( L{\delta(t- a)} = e^{-as} \). For \( \delta(t-1) \), this becomes \( e^{-s} \). This holds significance in system analysis as it demonstrates how a delay in the time domain translates to exponential decay in the frequency domain, allowing for the analysis of the system's behavior with delayed inputs .
The autocorrelation function measures the similarity between a signal and its time-delayed version. Key characteristics include: it is an even function, its maximum value occurs at zero lag, and it provides information on a signal's energy content. Autocorrelation is important for identifying repeating patterns, signal power estimation, and noise reduction in signal processing .
The zero-input response of the system considers only the homogeneous part of the differential equation: \( d^2y(t)/dt^2 + 3 dy(t)/dt + 2y(t) = 0 \). Solving the characteristic equation \( r^2 + 3r + 2 = 0 \) gives roots \(-1\) and \(-2\). Therefore, the general solution is \( y_h(t) = C_1 e^{-t} + C_2 e^{-2t} \). Using the initial conditions \( y(0^{-})=1 \) and \( dy(0^{-})/dt = 1 \), we solve for \( C_1 \) and \( C_2 \) to find the zero-input response .
Graphical convolution involves flipping one signal, shifting it, and integrating over the overlapping region. Flipping \( h(t) \) and convolving with \( x(t) \) requires evaluations over different time intervals based on where \( x(t) \) and \( h(t) \) overlap: (1) \( t < 3 \): no overlap, result is \( 0 \); (2) \( 3 \leq t < 5 \): overlap is from 3 to t, integrate \( e^{-3 \tau} \) from 3 to t; (3) \( t \geq 5 \): overlap from 3 to 5, integrate \( e^{-3 \tau} \) over this interval. By computing these integrals, one obtains the convolution result for each interval .