.

388 SnfcNGlH or MATBRIAU

Let us assume a law of pressure distribution.

linear Let the
pressure intensity vary uniformly from at the edge D to zero
at a certain point J.

Total upward reaction

—area of the pressure diagram D’ DJ

*“
“2 PmaxDJ

Total downward load

Since these two should be equal,

~2 DJ~ V

It should also be noted that the line of action of V through Z

must also pass through the centroid of the pressure diagram.
To satisfy this condition
DJ^3DZ
 8
Deflection of Beams
In chapter 5 we studied the stresses produced by a bending
moment. In this chapter we shall study the deformation produced
by a bending moment. If a member is subjected to a uniform
bending moment M, the radius of curvature of the deflected form of

the member is given by

M
— E
If the member be subjected to

a bending moment which is not the same at all sections the radius of
curvature at any point of the centre fine is given again by the above
relation.

§63. Member bending into a circular arc.

Fig 373 shows a member AB of
span / subjected to a uniform bending
moment M
so that the member is bent
to a circular shape. Let R be the radius
of the bent form pf the member.
Let the deflection at the centre of
the soan he~CD=5
But [Link]=[Link]

2/iS-S2=-^
4
For apractical beam the deflection B being a small quantity, 8*
can be ignored.
/*

fi't
I R

R El
MI*

389
390 flMNCTH W lUmiAU
Let ia be the dope at the aid A. We find the angle dOCis
also equal to i*.
-
sin
• _
I.- _L= ¥l
2EI
Since la is also a small quantity, sin radians
MI
h-=-r^ radums
2Ei
$64. Slope, deflection and radios of carvatn re

PQ=ds of a curve. Let the tan-

Consider an elemental length
P and Q make angles and <i'+d<{' with the Ar-axis. Let the
gents at 4'

normals at P and Q meet at C. Then C is called ths centre of curva-

tro of the curve at any point between P and Q, on the curve. The
distance CP—CQ=R is called the radius of curvature at any point
between P nnd'Q on the curve.
Obviously ds— Rd'^

But we know that if (jr, y) be the coordinates of P,

dy . dy , , dx
=tan v,-^-~sin
. ,
<}< and-^ —cos 9 ,

ds
_d<_ dx sec ^
d^ ~ d^ d^
dx dx

tan 4
'*
dx
Dilfeientiating with respect to jc, we have.
• . A
 DBFLBCnON OF BEAMS 391

...(lO
dx scc^ tp

Substituting Eq. (i), we get.

sec^ 4^
i?:=
d^y_
dx^
_d^y^
1 ^ dx^
R sec^ 4^

d^y_
~
1 _ dx^
R (sec- 4")®^^

db
1 _ dx^
R (l+tan^
For a practical member bent due to the bending moment, the
slope tan 4^ at any point is a small quantity. Hence tan* 4^ can be
ignored.

—L —
R dx^
If M be the bending moment which has produced the radius of
curvature R we have
M ^_E
y R
1 _ M
R El
d^y
El dx^

M^El
dx^
§65. Cantilevers
(i) Cantilever of length I carrying a point load at the free end
Fig. 375 shows a cantilever of AB w
unifoi'm section and of length / fixed at
the end A and free at B. Let a con-
centrated load IV be applied at the free
end B.
Let the moment of inertia of the
section of the cantilever about the
neutral axis be L
Consider any section X of the cantilever distant x from the
fixed end A,
392 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

The bending moment at the section is given by

Integrating, we get

where Ci is a constant of integration

At A the fixed end the slope being zero,
we have at . 0. ^-0

...(i) Slope equation

Integrating again, we get,

Ely^ — wi^
Ix^ \
6'^ +
,

C2
2
where C2 is a constant of integration.
At A the deflection being zero, we have
At X -0,
C2 -O

...(h) Deflection equation

Hence the slope and deflection at any section can be deter-

mined by equations (/) and (if). The slope and deflection at the free
end can be determined by putting x^/ in these equations. Let the
slope and deflection at .8 be u and yt respectively.
We have
Elh^- w[i.

EIh=-
WP
2
Wl^
2EI
Also,

IVP
Eiyt^
-K'-t-I)—
yf
WP
3EI
Downward deflection of B
WP
deflection of beams 3^3

(ii) Cantilever of length I carrying a concentrated load W at a

distance a from the fixed end.
376 shows a cantilever
Fig.
ABC of length / fixed at A and free at
w
C and carrying a concentrated load
at B distant a from the jB^ed end A.
Let ib be the slope at B and 3^6 be
the deflection at B
Wa^ . ^ Wcf^
We have it- and >'»
2 ^^
The beam will bend only between A and B but from ^ to ;
C it
will remain straight since the B.M. between B and C is zero.
Let the end C deflect to Ci and let B deflect to Bi
Wa^
We have BBi^yb-
3EI
Let B 1 C2 be perpendicular to CCi
Wa^
3EJ
But CtCi^(l—a)ib

yc ^ CC2+C'2Ci = ^2
El

(Hi) Cantilever of length I carrying a uniformly distributed load

w per unit run over the whole length.
Fig. 377 shows a cantilever AB of length / fixed at A and free
at B carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run o\er the
whole length.
The B.M. at any section X
distant x from the fixed end is

given by.

El
dx^
Integrating,
ting, we get,
g<
dy
El
dx ^ 6 ^
At A the fixed end the slope being zero, we have,
dy
At 0, 0
dx
jv/*^
Ci=
6
wP
“6

...( 1 ) Slope equation

 394 SntENGTH OP MATERIALS

Integrating again, we get

Sincc at A the deflection is zero, we have

At ,v=0, >-=0

» (, V wP ,
wP

...(ii) Deflection equation

From
equations (/) and (ii) the slope and deflection at any
section can be determined.
To find the slope h at putting x=^I in the slope equation,

we get Elib^—
EIi»=-
^

Tel
To find the deflection yi> at putting .v~-/ in the deflection
equation, we get,

6 '
24 8

^ 8£7
wl'^
i.e., downward deflection of B- ^

(iv) Cantilever of length I carrying a uniformly distributed load

oj w per unit run for a distance a from the fixed end.
Fig. 378 shows a cantilever
ABC of length fixed / at A and free j
^ n
I

at C and a - '
carrying a uniformly »/UMT RUN
distributed load w per unit run for ^
a distance a from the fixed end A ^
Let AB\C^ be the deflected
form of the cantile\er, - '"'"-Hi
Fig. .^8
Deflection at B
veaA

Let jBjCo be perpendicular to CCi

CCi^BBj-M^ OP,,
 :

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 395

H«a*
Slope at 5=i»< ‘

6£/

CaCi "• jBiCai* “ (/“ a)

6£7
Deflection at C==J'e==CCi=CC2+C2Ci
wo* vva'*
-(
8JE7 6EI
The portion of the cantilever from CtoB will remain straight

having a slope of .

(v) Cantilever of length I carrying a uniformly distributed load

of w per unit run for a distance a from the free end.
Fig. 379 shows a cantilever
ABC of length fixed at A and free
I
U a
at C and carrying a uniformly J »/UNn RUN
distributed load w per unit run for
the portion BC
of length a.
The deflection at may be C
determined as due to the indepen-
dent effect of the following load
systems
(i) when the whole span is
loaded from A to C,
(//) when an upward uni-
formly distributed load of w per
unit run is acting for the portion
AB.
Downward a-a)~
(/) deflection of
C when the whole length is loaded
artUNIT RUN
HEl r,g 379

(ii) Upward
deflection of due C to the upward uniformly
distributed load acting for the portion AB
= upward deflection of B slope at BxBC
^ I
H'(/~ a)'
^EI '

6E/
Net downward deflection of the free end C
_j vAl-aY I
wil-af I

iE! ( -El 6£7~" f

ProWem 229. A cantilever 3 metres long carries a uniformly
(jftnbuted load over the entire length. If the slope at the free end is
/ find the deflection at the free end.
 396 SJRESCTH OP MATERIAJS
Solution.
wP __ ^
Slope at free end
6/:/ "180

E/ 30
wP
Deflection ar the free end
bEI
wP I
^ El
'
'8

300
3 927 cm.
30 8

Problem 230. A horizontal cantilever of uniform section of length

I carriestwo point loads, W
at the free end and 2W at a distance of a
from the free end Find the maximum deflection due to this loading.
If the cantilever is a steel tube of circular section 10 ems exttf
nal diameter r>nd 0‘60 cm. thick and I — I 50 metres and a^0'60 metre
determine t'le value at W
in tonnes so that the maximum bending stress
is 1^00 kg /cm.- and calculate the maximum deflection for the loading.
Take E 2x Pfi kg./cm!^
-

SoiufioD. Deflection at the free end due to the load W alone

2W W
(L-a)
Deflection at the free end
due to the load 2W alone
Fig. 380

imi-a)^ ,
2W(l-af
3El 2EJ
Total deflection at the free end
^ WP ,
2W(l-aP , WU-a)^_
^ El “

“3£/ [/*+2(/-a)3+3(/-fl)*a ]

=2^[/2+2/3- 6Ca+€a^-2a^+3l^a-6aH 3a® ]

W -[3/®-3/®a+a®]
3El

For the numerical

Max. B.M.«M = »'/+2»'(/-a)
deflection of beams 397

= W'(3/-2a)=H'(3x 1-5-2x0 6) kg. m.

=3‘3 W kg. m.
/= g~ (10^-8-8*) cm. *

= 196-5 cm.*
Stress due to max. B.M.

»/== ^>=1400 kg. I cm ^

3-31VX 100'
X 5- 1400
196-5
1400 X 19 '
5
kg.
3-3x5 A 100
= 166-70 kg.
O' 1667 tonne
Max. dejection

=8 =
W
’3EI
166-7
,. .3 X 2-25x0 9 i-0-216j X 100^ cm.
3"x2xl0«xl96- 5!^
=0'8894 cm.
Problem 231. A cantilever of length 2 metres carries a unijormly
distributed load of 250 kg per metre for a length of J'25 metres from
the fixed end and a point load of 100 kg. at the free end. If the section
B is rectangular 12 cms. wide and 24 cnn. deep find the deflection at
the free end. Take E~ 100,000 [Link].'^
Solution. Moment of inertia
of the section

\2
12x24*
cmr
12

Deflection at C due to uniformly distributed load on AB

^
8 £/ 6EI
250X 1 25* , 250 X 1-25* X 0-75 137 3
8£/ 6EI El
Deflection at C due to the point load at C
.WP 100x2® 266-7
398 STRENGTH OF MATERIAtS
Net deflection at C
_137 3
El
'
,
2667
El
_ ^
El
404x(100)»
“ <^'”•=0 2922 cm.
105x243
(vi) Cantilever of length I carrying a distributed load whose
intensity varies uniformly from zero at the free end to w per unit run
at the fixed end.

382 shows a cantilever

Fig.
AB of length/ carrying the loading
mentioned above.
iULL

Consider section at a dis-

tance X from the fixed end A .

Intensity of loading at A"

w per unit run.

The B.M. at the seed in X is given by.

d^y ==
(l-X)
El \ {l~x) (l~x).
dx^
w(l-x)^
61
Integrating, we get,

Pfdy_w(J-x)* ,
„

At A the slope is zero

/. At

•'*
o-i^+c.
^ wP
24

-*•
dy w/®
...(/) Slope equation
^'d.~ 247 24
Integrating again, we get.

r,, wO—x)^ v»»/3

,
_
12C7-“-r4"^+'^‘
The deflection at ^4 is 0
jc=0.
 399
deflbciion or beams

^ _ wl*
120
rw W{l -~X)^ WP ^ t

mi 24 ^^120
...(//) Deflection equation

To find the slope at B the fret end, putting x^l in the slope

equation, we get, Elib-^—

^4

S£/
To find the deflection at B putting x^l, in the deflection equa-
tion, we get.
wl* ,
wl*
ElVt-
24 "^120
(5-1)=-

• r o _
/. Downward deflection of n**

distributed load whose

(vii) Cantilever of length I carrying a
intensity varies uniformly from zero at the fixed end to w per unit run
at the free end.
Fig. 383 shows a cantilever
AB fixed at A and free at B and
carrying the loading mentioned
above.
It is easily seen that the
deflection at B
at B due to a
- Deflection
uniformly distributed load of w
per unit run over the whole
length.
— Deflection at B due to a 4
distributed load whose intensity
varies uniformly from zero at the
Fig. 383
free end to w per unit run at the
fixed end.

Deflection at B^yb^ SEI^ 50 eJ

IL ydt '

120 ‘
El
 + 1

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Problem 212. cantilever of length I carries a concentrated

.

load Wat ns mid span. If the free end be supported on a rigid prop
reaction at the prop Draw also S F. and B.M. diagrams for
find the
the cantilever.
SolutioD. Fig. 384 shows a
cantilever AB at A the free
tixed
end B being supported on a rigid
prop.
Let the load W
be applied at
the middle point C of the span.

Let the prop reaction be R.

The cantilever can be looked

being subjected to the
upon as
following loadings :

(/) Downward point load IF

at C.
[it) Uoward point load R at B.
Since the deflection at B is

zero, we have
Downward deflection of B 5,f

due to the load IV upward deflect-

tion B due to R

'K 2 r 'in
2El 6M,0fA6/iAH
B

3£7
Fig. 38J
3El
5
R
5
Reaction at W 16
n
1

16
I

W
S.F diayjam
1

S.F. at any section between A and f 16

S.F at any section between C and B = 16

W
B.M. diagram
B.M. at
B.M. at C ==+ Wl
T6

B.M. at A = [Link]- -Wl

There will be a point of contraflexture between
A and C.
Let the B.M. be zero at a distance
x from B.
Equating the B.M. to zero, we have
0gqjBCTU»4 OF BEAMS 401

5
-0
lT*~'+2
11 I

16 2 if'
S 3
Hence the point of oontraflexure is at -j-j / from J or - / from A.

ProUeiB 233. A cantikver of length I carries a msforndy Sstri-

buted load of w per unit run over the whole length. If die free end be
supported over a rigid prop, find the reaction of the prop and draw
S.F. and B.M. diagrams for the cantilever. Find also the maximum
deflection. . . »
SoiotioD. 385 shows a cantilever AB fixed at A the end B
Fig.
being supported on a prop. Let the prop reaction be R.
If the prop had not been provided the dowaward deflectioo
wl*
of B would be
8£/
RP
Upward de flection at B due to R alone equali-^^,
Since the net deflection at B is zero, we have,
RP
wl*
m“ '8£7 lutlum mjN

3
Reaction at B^ y w/

i^l UNIT RUN

and reaction ati4= ^wl
S-F, diagram
li*.
At any section distant x from
B the S.F. is given by

S=wjc — 'g
wl

At x-=0.

tance xfrom B. Fis.3SS

402 STRENGTH OP UATEIIAIS

Equating the S.F. to zero, we have

wx—\-wl—0

B.M- diagrahi

The B.M. at any section distance x from B is given by

m^Y^Ix
3 , — wx^
Y-
At x=0. i.e., at B, Af^O
At x—I, i.e., at A,
wP wP

At

"64 -wP
"* “+ wP
128 128
Point of conirqflexure
Let the B.M. be zero at a distance x from B. Equating the
B.M. to zero, we get
3 , wx‘
=0

6I-ix )=0
(

x*=0 and /.
4
Dtftectian
At any section distant x firom j?, the B.M. is given by
d^y 3 . ,
" 8
wlx-

Integrating we get.

At A the slope is zero

f.e.,8t
deflection of beams 403

Ci= —
48

dx 16 6 ~ 48
.(i) Slope equation
Integrating again, we get,

^
B’X* wP ,
_
Ely- -
,6 24
At A the deflection is zero
j.e., at x=/, v~0
wl* wl*
0 24"
'l6
C2=0
>vP
16 24 ~ 48
^

Deflection equation

To find the maximum deflection

Maximum deflection will occur where the slope is zero.

Equating the slope to zero, we get

wx^ wP
0=
6 48
9/x2-8jc3-/3-0
Let x~Kl

KH9-SK)^l
Solving this equation by trial and error
we get Ar=0’422
Hence the maximum deflection will occur at 0*422/ from the
prop end B.
Putting jc=0 422/ in the deflection equation,
We get
*

Eiymax^ (^‘^ 22 / )^-*^(0 422 / )^-.-^( o 422/

16 )
= -0005411 )v/«
w/4
;>'»<»= -0005415-^
wl*
Maximum downward deflection •“(f 005415
El'
404 strength of materials

Problem 234. A cantilever of length I carries a uniformly distri-

buted load w per unit run over the whole length. The free end of the
cantilever is supported on a prop. If the prop sinks by bfind the prop
reaction.
Solution. Let the prop reaction be R
If the prop bad not been present the downward deflection of
wl^
the free end would be

Upward deflection of the free end due to R alone would be

RP
3EI
Since the prop sinks by 8 the net downward deflection

wP RP .
“ iEi iEi
RP _ wP .
3£7 %EI

Simply supported beams

(i) Simply supported beam of span I carrying a point load at mid

span
Fig. 386 shows a simply sup-
ported beam ^4.8 of span / carrying
a point load W
at mid span C.
Since the load is symmetri-
cally applied the maximum deflec-
tion will occur at mid span.
Each vertical reaction
Fig. 386
“ 2
"
jv

Consider the left half AC of the span.

The B.M. at any section in AC distant x from A is given by

2 *
Integrating, we get,

Since the maximum deflection occurs at mid span C the slope

at C is zero
at X"**
^
 40S
OEFI-ECTION of
beams

WP
16

dy Wx^ w]^ Slope equation

='T "
(/)
16

A, put x*=0
To find the slope at
WP
Elia
16

_ Wl^
16£/
equation, we get.
iDtegrating the slope

EIy= 12 16

is zero,
Since at A the deflection

we have at x=0,

Ca==0
Wx^ ""
Ely= -12 16
equation
...{a) Deflection

at C,
To find the deflection

put 2

EIyc--j2[T)
W [
I Y ^
16 •
J_
2

WP
4S

V^ J!^
48£/

Downward deflection of C
/.

'
Wfl :

= 48£/ !

a mifortnly
406 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

^ 387 shows a simply

SUf^rted beam AB of span I carry-
ing a nnifomify distributed load w
wr«*,
per unit run over the whole span.

Eadi vertical reaction Pig, sg?

wl
2
The B.M. at any section distant x from the end A is given by,
„ d^y wl wx^

Integrating, we get

ax A 6
The loading being symmetrical, the maximum deflection will
occur at mid span and hence the slope at mid span equals zero.
^
i.e., at

' Slope equation

” 4 6 24*
..(f)

Integrating agam, we get.

Ely - X+C2
12 24 24
At A the deflection being zero we have at x—0, y—0
Ca=0
£/y-
' 12 24 24
._(ff) Deflection equation
to find the maximum deflection which occurs at mid span C.

Putting x= in the defieetion equation, we get!

12V^ J 24 V 2 24 •
2
DBPLECnON beams 407

^
• V "
384 £/ !

To find the slope at A, put x=0 in the slope equation.

£7/.- -
24 T

1*1 = H'/*

24jB7

FroUeni 235- A simply supported beam of span I carries a

wiifonuy distributed load for a distance 1/2 from one support. Find
the deflection at the centre.

Solatioa. Let 8 be the deflection at the centre when the left

half of the span is loaded [see Fig. 388 (i)J.

ulUHIT ROM

C U/UNIT RUN
B

Fi$.388

If the right half of the span is loaded then also the same
deflection 8 will occur at the centre [see Fig 388 (S)].

Hence if the left half as well as the right half are loaded, i.e., if
the entire span is loaded the deflection at the centre.

- 2*- wl*
384 El
When one half of the span is loaded, the deflection at the centre

5 wl*
“*
,
768 El'
Probleni 236. A horizontal beam of untform section is ^tmed
at Us ends which are at the same level and is loaded at the left hmd pin
with an antichdcwlse moment Hand
at the right hand pin with a
doekwlse moment 2M
both Ut the same vertical plane. The leiuph
l^ween thej^ns is 1. Find the at^Us of slope at eodt end and the
^flection of the mid ptrint of the span in terms [Link] ant I.
408 STRENGTH OF llATBRIAts

r Solntion. Let the

vertical reaction at each
end be V.
_c 2M For the equilibrium
r

I ip. 3?9
f of the member,
Vl=^{2M-M)
y I

At any section distant x from A bending moment is given

by

El
dx*
— Vx- M
-j-x—M
Integrating, we get

dy
El
dx 21
—Mx+Ci
Again integrating, we get.

EIy=^-
61 ^ +C1X+C2
At A the deflection is zero.
At x=0,
y-0
Ca-O
At B the deflection is zero.
At x—l.

Cl j^Ml
/. The slope and deflection at any section arc given by
dv Mx® . . ,
2 -

M:?
and Ely—- '
61
'
2-+T*"”
Slope at A
Putting in the slope equation, we get,
2
 M

>JFLECnON OF BEAMS 409

• - ‘2 Mj
3 El
Slope at B
Putting x—l, in tbe slope equation, we get,

-MI+y l

— i"' 5 Ml
El
Deflection at mid span

Putting x= -j '** the deflection equation, we get,

M _P M 1‘ 2 /
Elyc^-
61 ‘
8 2 T+ 3 «< 2

-li"'*

Problem 237. A horizontal cantilever of length / supports a unh

family distributed load of w per unit run alon^ its length. The canti-
lever is propped to the level of the fixed end at a distance 2 / from the
fixed end. Find the reaction of the prop.
Solution. Fig. 390
or PkR UNIT RON shows the cantilever ACB
fixed at A and propped at C.
Let the prop reaction be R,
We know that the
defied ion at C must be zero.
Hence the downward
deflection at C when the
prop is absent must be equal
to the upward deflection of
C due to an upward force R
applied at C
Let us first con-
sider the case when the prop
is absent. See Fig. 39C(A).
For any section
this case, at
distant x from the fixed end
the bending moment is given
Fig. 390
410 STKBNOTH OP MATBRIALS

Integrating, we get,

dy _w(/—jc)8

At A the slope is zero.

/.£?., at ^=0
f-o

Er-4l -
ax 6 '
6
Integrating again, we get,

Ely
_w(J—x)* wp
24
X+C2
At A the deflection is zero.
j.e., at x=0.
y^O
0=- '
+Ca
24

C8 =
24

£/y
^ 24 6
^
24
Let the deflection at C be j'«

i.e., at x^j-l
y=yc
p/v / J_\* _ H*/® w 3 ,,wP
24 (T) T^-T'+M
— 2048
hJ*

• V _
20^- £1
Hence the downward deflection at C when the prop is absent

.. 171 wP'
 deflection of beams 411

But upward deflection at Cdue to X alone

')*
'<-f 9_ iP
3EI “64 El
Since the net deflection at C is zero, we have
_9 XP_ 171 wP
64 El 2048 El

Problem 238. A horizontal cantilever of uniform section and

length I carries two vertical point loads IVi and Wz, fVi acts upwards
at the free end and W
2 acts downwards at a instance a from the
fixed end- Find the deflection at the free end.

Solntion. If the load Ws had been

absent, the upward deflection of the free
end would be
WtP .

'iEI
If Wi had been absent the down-
ward deflection of the free end due to
Wi alone Kg- 39i

(!-a)
3E1 2El
Net deflection of the free end

WjiP ,
’
3El iEl 2Er

“ ek 2WiP-2W2a>‘-3W2<P(l-a)
{ J

PlroUem 239. A canilever of uniform section has a length

AB^l, A is the free end and carries a point load IV, while B is the

fixed end. Find the deflection at a point C distant ~ from the free

end A.

If the cantilever is propped at C find the reaction of the prop

assuming that there is no deflection at C.

Draw also the B.M. and S.F. diagrams for the propped cantilever.
 )

412 STRENGIH OF MATERIALS

w Solatimi. For the canti*

lever, the bending moment at

B any section distant x from the

1^-- » « »{
4 fixed end is given by
Fig.392

Integrating, we get,

wh ere C\ is a constant of integration

At B the slope is zero.

at

Ci=0
dv
Ef
dx
Integrating again, we get.

£7v- W\
K—f)
where Ca is a constant of integration.
+ C2

At B the deflection is zero,

i,e., at x—O, 0
C2 = 0

^
To find the deflection at C,

putting jc = -^ / in the above equation, we get

£/J’r= /2_i- /3
2 16 6 )
V •
64 ;

27
128
WP
27 WP
128 El
If now the prop be provided, let the prop reaction be R.
 3

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS 41

Upward dcficction at C due to the independent effect of R

alone
\3

Ai-r 3Ei
9 /?/3

64 El
Hence, if the net deflection at C is zero, we have
J- 3H-
64 El “128 •
El
27 64
R.
128 9
W
-l-H'

S.F. Ccdcuhtions

S.F. between C and A

W
= + »F
S.F. between B and C
I
^
=+w—. -fV il-
i-H
lai
^'
2
^
=- ^
2
B.M. Calculations
B.M. at /t=0 (b) b.f OIACRAM
/
[Link] C--fV
B.M. at B

= + m
U) [Link]
Fig. 393
Point of Contraflexure

Let the B.M. be zero

at O at a distance jc from .4 ;c>
(
v < )
/
Equating the B.M. to zero,
we get

fVx==0
 414 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Problem 2^. A cantilever of length 1 carrying a uniformly

distributed loadof w per unit run is propped at the free end. If the
prop holds the end at the level of the fixed end find the reaction of the
prop. Draw S.F. and if. A/, diagrams.
Solution Fig. 394 [a)
shows the propped cantilever AB
the end A being fixed and the
end B being propped. Let R be
the prop- react ion. If the prop
had not been present the down-
ward deflection of the end B
wlA
would have been

If the cantilever bad been

subjected to an upward lorce R
alone at the free end, the upward
deflection of the end B would be
Rfi
Yei
Since the deflection at B
should be zero, we have,
_ wl^
'3EI~^SEI
R^ l
wl

S.F. diagram
The shear force S* at any if} e.M. OtAGKAH
section distant x from the end B
is given by Fig. 394
Sz^wx— R
/. Sx~wx —^ o
wl

Section at which the S.F. equals zero

Equating the gentral expression for S.F. to zero we have

wx—— w/=0.

At jc=0.

At X-/,

wl.
 pEFUECnrat OF BEAMS 415

B.M. Sagram
At any section distant x from the end B the bending moment
is given by

M'X*
M,=Rx-
2

Jl/x= (37- 4x)

At x=0, i.e., at B,

M*=0
At x=I, i.e., at A,

Mr = ~ i-P)
~ wl^
8

At

At

M.= -g .y/
)

wP.
128

Problem 241. A propped cantilever 6 metres long carries a

uniformly distribute load of 1 t per metre for a distance of 4 metres
from the fixed end. Calculate the reaction at the prop.
{A.M LE., Nov, 1970}

Fig. 395

SotutioB. Let R be the leaction at the prop C. Since the net

deflection at C==0, we have.
x4^ 1x43 Rx6^
%EI + tEI 3EI
R^0 74I t.
 416 STRENGTH OP MATERLU4

Problem 242. A cantilever of length I is propped at its

free
end. The cantilever carries a uniformly distributed load of w
per
unit run over the whole span. If the prop sinks by S,find the reaction
of the prop.
Solotion. Let the prop reaction be R.
If the prop had not been present the downward deflection of
j|;/4
the free end would have been g— . Upward deflection of the free

end due to an upward force R alone acting at the free end would be

RP
3EI
Since the net downward deflection of the free end is 8, we have
wl* RP^f.
'
iEi 3El

^
3Ei~
_wl‘^
&EI
_.f.

Problem 24J. A cantilever of length I is propped at its free end.

The cantilever carries a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run.
Find by how much above the level of the fixed end the level of the prop
must be fixed so that the load may be equally shared by the supports.
wl
Solution. Prop reaction=/?=

Levc! of the propped end above the level of the fixed end
=net upward deflection of the free end
RP wP
“ 3EI iEI

/ w/ \ P _ wl*
2 ) 3EI 9El

wl* wl* wl*

~ 6El ~ SEl ~ 24EI

Hence the propped end most be above the level of the fix ed

end by -

Pfoblem 244. A horizontal cantilever of uniform section and

length I carries a uniformly distributed load w per unit length through-
 ^

'
OLFLEC IiON O! iJiiAMS

out ItsImyjh Thr caniikvcr is supported by a rif'id prop at a distance

Klfrom the Jtxcd end the lercl of tbP bPam at the prop heins the same
which wilt make the
as that at theJiAed nd Dcternrne tli.^ v^fhte of K
heiuliny m mtent at the prop the stone as that at the fixed end.

Sketch the S F and B M dnv^rams for the cantilever and show

tm them all maximum values {Ijy/idon University)

Solution. l-XJt AB be the cantilever fixed at A and free at B

and propped at C at a di'-tance
, ia/tmr RUM
A/ from A.

Ixt the react lor* of the prop

be K

B.M. at the prop Fig, 3%

Ml-Kfl-

B.M. at the fixed end

wl^
RKl 1

Since the bonding: a fixed end equals the bending

moment at the prop, we have.
fVf Af-/-
RKl '

2 2
wl wl
RK 1
(I -ky^

i-i } 2A'-r-]

wi K(2- K)
RK
2

A^
'll a-k)
2
Since at C the dcllection is zero i! follovvs that the downward
deflection at C when the prop is absent must be ccpial to the upward
deflection at C due to an upward force R alone applied at C .

[Link] us fist tin i the down-

^
(uJtfNti Ron ward didlcction at C' wiien the
prop is absent I or this
B
kL —1^ condition of the cantilever the
bending moment at any sec-
t ig. W tion distant
,v from the fixed
end is given by

El .vV* P llx \ .P
dx^ ( j

Integrating) we gct»

f<fy
 0 ;

418 STUMOIH OF lUTHtlAU

where Ci is a constant of integration.
At the slope being zero, we have,
at X“0
*
ax
-0
Ci=0
Integrating again, we get,

i!L/ /x3
Ely^
2 V 2
" "
i)+Ct
At A the deflection being zero, we have,
at X—
>-0
Ca-=0
H' ( /X*
Ely-
2 2 3
+ 12
Hence to fioH *he deflection at C, putting

X - Kl in the above equation, we get,

w_ lifCip :*p
EfVr ]
2 2 3 12 j

2
“12-^*“'*^+^)
‘
lat/w
4K+6)
or the downward deflection at C
|m14

24EI
^^-4A:+h)
Upward deflection at C
due to it alone

^ _ A(A/)8
3£/
_ wl (2-K)K^P
Fip. 398 2 3£/
_ wPi2-K)K^
6EJ
Since the net deflection at C is zero, we have,

KHIC-*K+6)-^2-inK^
A2-4A+6=>=4A(2- K)
5A2-12A+6=0
 :

jBaBCnON OF BEAMS 419

Solving as a quadratic in K,

12-VT44-120
'
^ '
10

^12-V 24
10
_ 1 2-2V6
10

as 6-V6
5
__6— V6 |
6+V6 \
5 le+ve/
_ 36-6
5(6+ ^6)
_ 6
L6+V6
„_y^
V6+1
=07/
S.F. and B M. diagrams
Fig. 399 shows the propped
cantilever

/i=f (2-n
“^(’-0'7l) Fig.3»9

=0’645 wl
Vertical reaction at 4
’
~ Va—wl — 0'64j wl
^0-355 wl
S.F. Calculations
S.F. at /4 =+0 355 h’/
S.F. just on the left side of C
=+0-355 IV/-0-71 wl
= -0-355 wl
S.F. just on the right side of C
= +0-29 wl
. S.F. at B=--Q

Obviously S.F. at the middle point of AC-0.

F M. Calculations :

B.M. at 5-0
 I 0,

420 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

B.M. at C=-
- -0-042 wP
CB 55 ufl
-B.M. at A

B.M. at the middle point of

AC, B.M. at 0 645 / from B
i.c.,

=^0-64? h'/x0'355 /

(b) S r OlAOh'AM
2
-+0 027 m >/2

0 0*1 ml *
0 0*: ml'
id G M OlAOh!AM

Fig. 400
Problem 245. A rolled steel joist 600 mm x 210 mm. is simph
supported at its ends on a span of JO metres and c arries a uniformly
distributed load of I 25 tonnes per metre run invliuliny^ its own weipht,
Jf the maximum deflection is not to exceed 2 ems, and the maximum
strcRs due to hendin}^ is not to exceed MOO ki^ find the greatest
value of an additional concentrated load which may he added to tlh
joist to the middle of the span, steel joist take 7 2^67 '

cm.^ and E - 2 x 10^ kg./cm.^

Solution, (a) Dejlection

Let the point load be W kg.

Central deflection
IVf .

48£7

1
e*
10^ r
**.
!
« 11'
I
^ » 1000 V X KKP
3^ 4

.2x I0«x72867'6x2

8 H' I 62500 -111900

W'-6175 itfi-.

6' 175 tonnes.

(b) Max. stress criterion

Max. B.M.

WX 1^0 ,
r25xl000x 10 "
kg. m.
'
4 8
DLFLriiTION Ol- UEAMS 421
=2-5 1-25 XI 25 XI 00 A'^. HI.

W ax. stress -/= M --

1400 kg./cm.^

{2'5If’+r25X 125X100) 100 .

/ 7280716)
V 30 /

>400^72867-6
2 5 l^+r25x 125x 100--
30 X 100
2' 5 If' -t- r25x 125 X 100-= 34000
1K=I3538 kg.
— 13 5JS tonnes
Maximum permissible value of IP
~6'175 Ionites

Problem 246 A simply supporltU beam of spun I carries a

uniformly distributed load w per unit run over the whole span.
If now
the beam be provided with a prop at the centre
of the span so that the
prop holds the beam to the level of the end supports, find the reaction
oj the prop. Draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams.
Solution. Let All be the
bcani of length / supported at
the ends and propped at mid
span C [Link] the reaction of the
prop be R.
11 the prop had not been

present ihe downward deflec-

tion at C would be
'5^ wtf 5 ji7<
304 ft
Is I 7:7

If the beam had been

subjected to an upward force
R alone at C
the upward
deflection at C would be
RF
48 El
Since the deflection at C is zero, we have,
RP ^ 5 jv/1
4iEI 384 El
„ 5 ,

Vertical reaction at each end support

5
422 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

S.F. Calculations
At any section in AC distant from A the S.F. is given by

wl—wx

At A i.e., at a:=0.

At C i.e., at x=
3 ,
wl
16 2

ufUNtf HUN Hence for the span AC the. S.F.

changes uniformly from H — 3
wl

at /4 to — -i^ wl at C. Similarly
JO
for the span CB the S.F. changes

uniformly from + jg- »v/ at C to

— wl at B.

Let at a distance x from A

5 F OtAQHAM on the span AC the S.F. be zero.
Equating the S.F. to zero, we get,

-^ n
^rfrtrrTniinTTmK ^^fTTt 1 1 rnr&it
_ 1

wl—wx—0
1
e.M. OtAOHAm
Fig, 402
Consider the span AC
At any section distant x from A the B.M. is given by

wlx-Y-
M=~x{il-Sx)
At x-0 i.e., at A and also at

I
I-
M-0
DEPlJCTtON or beams 423

At ^
16

(3,. .X ' /
ir-il-'

/
At i,e .9 at C

Af E.
16 2 V 2 /
wP
32

Problem 247. 4 uniform girder of length 8 mis stAjeeted to o

lota! load of 20t uniformly distributed over the entire length, the
girder is freely supported at its ends. Calculate the B.M. end the
deflection at the centre.

If a prop is introduced at the centre of the berm so as to nuJMy

this deflection, find the net B.M. at the centre. {AMIE, May 19/2)
Case (i) When the girder is supported only at the ends
SolBtioD.

_ wP _ Wl 20X8
B.M. at ccntie “ 8 ~ 8 8
20 tm

Deflection at the centre ---8= 5_ wl*

^ 5 WP
384 El 384 ~EI
20 X (800)®
^
384 El
400000000
3El
Case (//). When a prop is provided at the Centre.
For this case, B.M. at centre
__wP __ Wl
" 32
""
32
20x8
tm.
32
§66 MBcaolay’s Method
This is a convenient method for determining the defiections of
a beam subjected to point loads or in general discontinuous loads.
The method mainly consists in the special manner in which the
bending moment at any section is expressed and in the mannor hi
which ^ integrations arc carried ont.
 424 :«7Rr:NnTlf or MATBRIAtr

Fig. ^03 shows a simply supported beam AB supported at A

and /i, having a span / and carrying the loads Wi and Cand D
at distances a and h from the
end A, Let Va and Vb be the
vertical reactions at A and B.
At any section between A
and C distant a from A the
S" II
bending moment is given by 1
j.-a
Mx VaX
This expression for the
bending moment holds gcunl for
ail values of x between a I 1^;. 403
and X a.

At any section between C’ and 1) and distant a from the

bending moment is given by
iWa Ka A W\ (x—a)
This expression holds good for all values of a between x^a
and X h.

At any section between and D B and dislaut a from the end

A, the bending moment is given by
Mj - Vnx IVt (a-u) I4^-(a h)
This expression holds good for all values of a between A'^h
and X 1

In general at any section the bending moment is given by

«>

K..A-: >fi(v a)\ W-:,{x-b) ...(/)

TiiC manner in which the above expression is written should be

noted. As the magniliidc of v goes on increasing so ihui the law of
loading changes, ailditional expressions appear.
F^or values of v between .v - 0 and a a, imly the tirst tc;m of
the above expression should be
considered
For values of A between A -i/ and v h only the tifst two
terms of ihe above expression
should be considered.
i"or values of A between A hand a-/, all the terms of the
above expression should be con-
sidered.

Integrating Eq. (/) wc get, the general expression ft)r slope

dy^ W\ {x ~ a)^ (x- by^

El
dx
-F« . +Ci 2
...(/)

It is very important to note the following two points :

(a) TItc constant of integration Ci should be written after the

first term of the above expression.
 V

DEH-ECTION of beams 425

(
(b) The quantity (.y a) should be integrated as and

not as

Similarly the quantity (a b) should be integrated as a whole

(x-h)^
IS

(c) The constant Ci is valid for all values of -v.

Integrating equation (//) we get the dellection equation,

r... I,
-./)•' lV2(x bp
r:fy Vn Cl \ \~G2

Again it may be noted that (a a)^ has Ixjcn integrated to

and ( \ /;)- has been integrated ti, rheumstant C 2

^

is written after C\ v. The constant Ci is va id for all valties of v.

The constants C\ and < 2 can be evaluated if the end conditions

arc known.
For ijistancc whc!i the beam is simply snj^ported tlic dellection
is /c.o al I and /t, /.c , at v 0 and at v /, y 0.

Putting v 0 and in the dellection equation, we get C ’2 0.

Putting A / and y - 0 ia the ilcllection

constant equation, the
C\ can be evaluated Once the constants Ci and C2 are known, the
slope and dcllcctiou at any section can be determined. The following
problems show the application of Macaulay’ jnethod.
Problem 248 4 beam oj length / simply supported at the ends
carries a point ItHid W at a distance a from the left end. Find the
dejleefinn under the lead and the maximum . ejlection

Solution Ixt AB be the

beam of span / carrying the
^
1

load W at C.
cj
a 6 t
J
Let AC a and f^'

Let a>d Y ‘

1 i;.. 404
It is easily seen tliat the vertical reactions F,. and F* at A and
B arc given by.

Following Macaulay’s .icthod, the b- -noment at any

section is given *'
 ^

426 STRENGTH OF MATBtlAtS

Integrating again, we get

dy Whx^ ,
tV(x-a'^
(slope equation)

Integrating again, we get

W(x-ay^
El y == — + Cix+ Ca -

6
(deflection equation)
At A the deflection is zero,
I.C., at x=0,
>.=0
C2 -0
At B the deflection is zero,

at x=l.

‘
6 ~ 6
l-a^b,
^ , H'68 WbP
6 ““T

Mence the slope and deflection at any section are given by

Wbx^ li'b
</a-62)- Wix-a)^

To find the deflection ye under load, putting x—a in the deflec-

tion equation, we get

~ 61
— a*)
But l^a+b
r. lyba
£7v.« (a*+4a+7aft_*s_a2)
DEFLBCnON OF BEAMS 427

Wba
~ 61
i2ab)

Wa%'^
3/

3£//
To find the maximum deflection
The maximum deflection will occur on the large segment AC.
Further, at the point of maximum deflection the slope is zero.

Hence equating the slope at a section in y4C to zero, we have

O /2—*2
A~
3

/“/2-Z>2 ra^+2ab
V 3
,

V 3

The maximum deflection ym<a can be determined by jutting

A — in the expression for deflec-

3
tion.

ay max —

Wb
(e->e
61 )"'[v3 ]
Wh

^:^/2 2 vM
9

_ IVb (/2-fc2)3/2
9V3 I

9\/3EI /

or putting l=ia f ft)

Wh («2-f 2aft)2'2
fma,-

ProbleBi 249. A rolled steel beam having a span of

6 metres
carriesa point load of 4 tonnes at 4 metres from the left support. Find
428 STRENGTH OF MATERrALS

the deflection under the load and the position and amount of maximum
deflection, hx for the section=^7 330 Take E 2x 10^ tonnes! cm.’^

47 Solution. 1 ig 405 shows

the beam carrying the given
loading.
a-4m h ?m B
Bigger segment
f
I'ig '0:»
- AC~^a"4m,
Smaller segment
BC -b 2m
Deflection under the load

3zr//
4x42x 2-
"" (loop cm.
3x2x103x7330x6
- 0*97 cm.

Maximum deflection occurs at

Ifi /36^ 3 27 metres from the left

end.
Max. deflection

9V3 Ell
4x2(32p/2xaoO,3
cm.
9v/3x2x 103x7330x6
: / 056 cm.
Problem 250. i simple supported beam of length / carries a load
W at a distance a from one end and h from the other {a>h). Find the
position and magnitude of the maximum deflection and show that the

position is alwavs within “ approximately from the centre.

{[Link] University)
Soliitioii. I'ig 406 shows w
the beam AB carrying the load
IT at C so that AC^ a, BC b
and a>b. JB

The maximum deflection

occurs at a distance
Fig. 406

/SZTaS
"
X-
V from A (sec problem 248)

= Wb (/2-
62)3/2
Max. deflection
9s/‘3ElI .
1)1 FirniON OF BEAMS 429

Hence for all possible positions that the load can take on the
/- ^

V *3 ^ V3
Maximum distance of the point of maximum dcllection
from the mid span
I

2
/ 2-V3 \
I
V 2v3 J
/

13
Problem 251. A horizontal girder of steel having uniform section
is 14 metres long and is simply supported at its ends-, ft carrier con-
centrated load of i 2 tonnes and ^ tonnes at two points 2 metres and
4‘5 metres from the two ends respectively, / for the section of the
girder is 16x10^ cm^ and lu 2 ! < Kf^ kgdrm-. Calculate the
deflection of the girder at points under the two loads.
Find also the maximum deflection.

Solution. Let and Vh be the

vertical read ions at the support A and
B. 4 n
I flu'll y_
Takinji moment about A, we c n
have
F.xl4'--I2x3 1-8x9*"^ I
tonnes
Fig. 407
Fw «»20— 8 “12 tonnes.

The B.M. at any section [Link] x from A is given by

]2x 12 (y -3) - 8(a-9-5)

dx-
Integrating, we get

El ~
dx
6x2-1 Cl -6(.v- 3)2 -4(.x:-9'5)2
Integrating again, we get

£7 r -
2r*+ruH C2 -2(.v-3)2 - U-9-5y‘

At ar=0,
j;=()
C2-=0
At jc-^14,
r-=o

0=2(I4)3-fl4Ci-2(l4- 3y‘- i(I4-9-5)3

 430 STRENGTH OP MATERIALS

14Ci=-2704 5
Ci= -19318
Hence the deflection at any section is given by

El y-2r»- I9318x: \-2 (x-3)» - j(x 9-5)3

To find the deflection at C, put jc=3/m in the deflection

equation
£/yc^2 x 33-193 18 X3
= -525-54
525-54
El
_ 525-54 X10«
‘^'”-
21x1^x16x104
= — r564 cm.
yc= — 1‘564 cm. {downward deflection)
To find the deflection at D, put Jc=»9-5 m in the deflection
equation
£/y<.=2 (9-5)3- 1931 8 x 9-5-2(9-5-3)3
= -669-71
669-71 X 10«
cm.
21 X 103 X 16 X 104
= — r994 cm.
yd — —‘V994cm. {downward deflection).
Max. deflection. Let u$ assume that the deflection will be
niaxiroum at a section between Cand D. Equating the slope at th
section to zero, we have,

El -=6x®-19318--6(jc-3)S=0

Solving, we get

jr=6-87 m
Substituting in the deflection equation, we get,

£'/V««.=2(6-87)3-193 18x6 87 -2(6-87-3)3

= -794-3
7943 X10«
yma.- ‘^'”-
2-1x103x16X104
——2' 36 cm. {downward deflection)
l^roUem 252. A beam is 10 m. long and
of uniform section
it simply supported at the ends. It carries concentrated loads of lOt
and 6t at distances of 2m and 5m respectively from the left end.
Calculate the deflection under each load. Find also the maximum
deflection. Take l^lSxlO* cm.* and 2 x 10^ [Link].
deflection op kams 431

SidatkM. Let Va and be the reactions at the left and right

supports. Taking moments about A,
;nt 6t

Fig. 408

F<,xI0=(10x2)+(6x5)
Vi=5t
K«= 16-5 = 11/
The B.M. at any section distant x from A is given by,

£/0=11a: -10(jc-2 -6 (x— 5)

Integrating we get,

EJ^ = 5 Sx^+Ci\-5 (x-2)2-3 (x-S)*

Integrating again, we get.

El y = + C, x+Cs;- y(x-2)3|-(x-5>’
At jc==0,
^..-0
C2=0
At 10,

0=
y (I0)»+ 1 OCi - — X 88-5®
Ci=-85-5
Deflection at C : putting x—lm in the deflection equation

El yc = ^(2>*- 8 5-5 X 2=- - 1 56-67

156-67 156-67X10«
'
£/ - _ 2xl0*xl8xl6<
^—0'435 cm.
Deflection at D : putting x— 5m in the deflection equation,

£/ y* - (5)8 - 85- 5 X 5 - — (3)8 - - 243 33

243-33 243-33 X10«
~ ^
' •
2 x" 108 X 18 X 104
 s

4J2 STRENGTH OP MATERIALS

Max. drfleclion. The deflection is likely to be maximum at a

section between C and D. Equating the slofve to zero, we get,

5-5X-2 85-5 -5 (x - 2)2 -0

a*|40.v-21I 0
x~4'72 m
Th's value of x justifies the correctness of our assumption
about the position of maximum deflection.

Putting X ^4’72 m in the deflection equation, we get,

Riym.,x - ^.^^(4-72>''-85-5x4-72 x2 72-2

-- 244-25
-244-25
y„,..
^ El
244- 25 X 10 «
_ - O'bJH cm.
2x K)3xl8x 104'

Problem 253. A simply supported beam of uniform section has

a span I and carries two equal loads each symmetrically placed at a W
distance { on either side of ////</ sptin Find the defection at the

midspun.
Solution. Mg. 409 shows
-
//»
//^ -j-
the beam carryiiig the loading
mentioned in the problem.
1/

*
'
The problem will be solved
A 1
r

J i
V by Macaulay^ method,
4 Jf C
j
At any section between A
1
h-
w ^
i and mid-span and distant x
from Ay the bending moment
rig 409 is given by

fntcgraling, we get,
w(
nJvdx Er‘'a
~2 r '

-
2l-'- -'f
6 f

At A“ the slope ^ ^
2
fV /2
0 =y • J+Cr 2 9

Cl-
72

^Qx ~ 2 72 i
A* 6 j
DBFLE TION of BEaMS 433

Integrating again, we have.

V{ I \3

V^-6)
At A the dellecLioQ is zero.

i,e., at jc— 0, y~0

C2 -O
riv3 <; yL>

To find the deflection jc at mid span,

putting X— in the above equation, we get

2

it.
-
-
6
fy 8
8 11"'
7'> •
' 7
2 f.
6 77
27

~Wl^{ i- - \
\ 48 144 162/

J3 Wfi
648 £>
Problem 254. A uniform beam {] -- 7800 cnA) is 6m long and
carries a central point loud of 5t. Taking F’-^IXU)^ [Link].^
calculate the defection under the load if {a) the beam is simply
supported at its end, and (b) the beam is built in at one end and
Simply supported to the same level as the other,
{AMFT Novemhir 1969)
Solution.

(<3) When the beam is simply supported at the ends,

, W(^ W

500(1 X 600'*^ ^
I
48 X2 1 X 0® X 7 800
) I
JL
- 1374 cm.
Fig. 410

(hi) When the beam is built'in at A and simply supported at B.

Since the defleefion at 5^0, we have

Fig. 4U
 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
434

pw
lo
With B as origin

<=-il
i:X=.A

..= ,4-0

5,,,^
•"
96
’^-'
96”- 32
32 ^
“ "66VV
At x=0, >>=0
C2 —O
At x~ll2, y-yc
r-, ..
5 P WP _ 1. M./3
,

96 ^ 8 32 2 768
^000 x 600'>
v=-i 768
.

2 x lO** x 7800
cm.
768 El I

simply supported beam AB of span

I ant
Problem 255. >4
a pomt load IV at a sec-
uniform Jiexural rigidity El is subjected to

tion C distant a from A and b from B.

Prove by any standara
method that deflection at a section in the part AC at distance x Jrom

A is given by the expression

. Hence calculate the net

deflections at F and for the Q
beam shown in Fig 412(a) if the

^
I
I

A L i value of El is 8400 kg. cm.-

ufdr (A M l E November
,
1966)

Solution. Fig. 4! 2 (fl) shows

w a team AB of span /carrying

I a point load at W C so that

A 2 \ J B AC=-a and BC^b,
f C

Vt
-Let
VT vc'tical reactions at
Va and
A and
be the

Fig. 412 (fl)

 —

deflection of beams 435

Taking moments about the end A, we have,

Wa
Wa

Wa
Fa= W-
f
/ /

The B.M. at any section distant x from A can br written in the

Soim

Integrating, we get.

El
dx 21 2
^ .{Slope equation)

Integrating again, we get

It'h \v
Elv ,-3+Ct.r-t r- ix—a)’’
6/

. 1 1 tefleftion equation)
At A tUf deflect on is zero.
At x~U,
v-U
C2 0
At B the deflection is zero.
At x=^I,
y---0

iVt Jf/
0 ---

6
IV
Ci/-
6 f
But i

Ctl-
0 6

Ci

The dcficction at any section in >be 4t ; h ven by

‘A’h
Ely - -z^x^ECixEOi

EIy-~x^-^{l^-f^)x

m
 436 STRENGTH OF IIATTOALS

— -JfX |(/+^))(/-6)-x2 I

!«(/+«-

--
— ^ xial+ab—x^
Or the '^lownward deflection at any 5«!Ction in AC distant x
from A is given by

y--=^ x(a/+ab—x^)

Deflection under the load is given by putting x^o in the

above expiession

"
-^£1 }

- w;i {“('-‘'t'"’
f

Wah
(ahtab)
61EI

iiEi
The above formulae may
be used to find the deflections
at/^ and (> due to the giveu
loading

— w-
I
/ bcm —* 7
Dcjlection at P
Deflection at P due to the vp^
F«g.4l2(/)) ward load at P
WP
48/7

6 X 30=5

48 X 8400

•=0'4018 cm. {upwards}

Deflection at P due to the load of 6 kg. at Q

yi^-^^fXial+ab-x^)
Fy-6 kg.
 OEFLBCnON OF BEAMS 437

a=22'5 cm.
b-15 cm.
X — r5 cm.
and £7—8400 kg. cm.^

02-5x30+ 22'5x7-5-15>)o».
-0‘2763 cm. idownwaids)
Hence net deflection of P=^iyi--yi)
----(0'40i8— 0'2763) cm. (upwards)

—O' 1255 cm. (upwards)

Deflection ar Q
Deflection at Q due to the load of 6 kg. at Q
_
mi
.
,6x22-5®x7-52
3x30x8400
-"0*2261 cm. {downwards).
Deflection at Q due to the upward load of c Av*. at P

where IV=^6 kg.

a-PB^\5 cm.
h — PA— 15 cm.
x~ QB^ 7" 5 cm.
6x15x7 5
>2*= (15x30 j ]5xr; -7 52)cm,
'6x30x8400
Yz 0*2763 cm. (upwards)
Net deflection of Q=^ Y2— Yi
-0'2763-0*2261 cm.
- 0 0.^02 cm. (upwards).
Problem 256. A beam of length 1 is simply siwrortcd at the ends

and carries a concentrated load )V at a distant a from each end. Find

the deflection under each load and the deflectian at the centre.
Solution. The loading on
the beam being symmetrical, the
maximum deflection occurs at
mid span. Heuce the slope at A
mid span equals zero. Hence it 4
is enough if we discuss one half f
of the span. *

The bending moment at any

section between A and the mid- Fig. 413
 438 STRENGTH OP MATERIALS

span (Fig. 411) distant t from A is given by

Ji‘J! r-
-
'Vx - W-'iA a) following Macaulay’s
Jx*
^cnvci^tions-
}[Link])f,, A't gt'U

EJ
X-
:
..
iVx^
Cl
mx-a/
't

Ax r i- 4^^-0
2 '
cU
iv r (
i
Y
? 4

< ;'
'
Ui-»r
. ii { I-
- '1-
-'‘I “’)
8 '

2 ( i
nr- IF ,
H
8 8

K v" HV/ HVi— /!•)-

ux .
\ / 2
Irjr(,‘f,ra;<nK .igym. we gel,

li'x .
FT.. - fiV‘
tJy-" -
^
'
.
X-! ( >z
n — 5
At '
,, -0
(•.-(>
.'. The dcflcefio;’. at any section is given by
H X® H'utt -a)^. IFi-V — a)3
To find the i*('flecti,on under the load, / e , at C putting x~a in
the deflection equation, we have.

H'cP WaH! -
a)
Efyc=--

W<^
31— 3a— a)
6
Wj*
(-a/)4
fVaH3I-4a)
y'~ 6El

To find the deflectiop at the centre, putting ~ in the de-

flection equation, we get.

 - +

deflection of beams 439

~" W{
^P Y
fV fVa{l-a) I
’ I
FAy^<»--
2 •
2 ~T\ 2"^ j
’.n^ wi. M
^ "(/«-«•')
= ,1
-
2.1 )*
4 6 ^-gC/-

=^[.3- 12Pa-|-l2/fl2-/3^ 3/2(20) - 3i(24H-8a3

]
2
- ^[/3 \lPa^ lld^-P-^ 6 /1 fl-*- 12 /fl*+ 8 a*]

_ WaiV- --4a-)
24 T:j

Problem 257. A Amply supported beam of uniform flexural

rigidity of spun I carrier' a uniformly distributed lead of w per unit run
'hr a distance a from the right end Calcui/uc t'.c value of a for which
b:e maxtmum dejleition will occur at the left end of the uniformly
distributed load.

Ui/u^Ol fO’h

t-'c
'
^9 I'
7 4
-

h ul ''

Fig. 4J4

Solution. 414 shows the beam AB of spnr^

Fig. / supported at
A and B and carrying a uniformly distributed load of w per unit run
WCJL
^
on BD of length n. Fakiog moments about B, VJ—

wa
n = wa- wa^
2^
The bending moment at any section distant x from the end
is given by.
d^y wd-
” -j[jt -(/-oF
TT
Integrating, we get,

pjdy _ wd ‘‘

x^-hCr— (/—a)]® (Slope equation)

dx 41
 440 SIRENOTH OF MAIERIALS

Jotegraiing again, we get,

El = C2 - - U-(/-fl)]4

( Deflection equation)

At A, the deflection is zero

/. At x-0, 0 C2 --O
At By The deflection is zero
/. At

0- wa2/2 -f Ci/-
2^4
12 24

hor. the condition, that the [Link] defiecticn si ould occur

at /), we have

at A -(/— a ), .^0
ax
wa

2Sl^{/--a)2-(2/2-a2))=0

*’•
7a^-—]2la \-ip=^0 solving, we get a -0 453}

V/ith the above value of a, Ci=- ~-2'^^^^^^^[2/2-(0'453/)2]

Cl = -0-01 53461 W3
Substituting in the deflection equation,

El 3'ma.- j2f^^*A^~0-453/)2-n 0l5346hv/3(/-0 '^53/)

- -0*0055955 wl*

0 005^^ wl*
El
Problem 258. A beam of unijorm section and length 1 is simply
^pported at its ends and carries a symmetrical triangular loading the
intensity varying from zero at each end to w
at the centre. Find the
slope at each end and the deflection at the centre.

SokrtioB. 415 shows the beam AB of span / simply

supported at A and B and carrying the symmetrical triangular load.
 441
DEFLFCnON OF BEAMS

Ui
2iAtX
T
LlZiiJtiiLfcAliiAilliili^AtiAjJf
tu lAlUA UxAjtA Amt l M.J aLIM
(

Ki
r
“ Out
r
K, = cut
4

Fig. 4!'

Total load on the beani=Area of the load diagram

1
,
wl
- 2 2

Ko=r. —^ 2
ihc total load---
r-
^

Consider any section .V in AC distant .v from A.

„ 2wx
Load intensity at A

Thc bending moment at the section is given by,

wl i 2wx X H'/

4
^" 2 /
•
3 4
3/'

Integrating, v/e get.

^ dy 8 12/^

0 since the deflection is maximum at the

At ^
j=

2 ’
dx
centre.

n .^L Jl- . 4 C,
® 8 4 I2f 16

r .2_ -5 «•/=» ( Slope equation

8''" 12/ 192
dx
S/opc at A. Put .v=0 in the slope equation.
 0

442 mrlngth of materials

Integrating the slope equation, we get,

El ”“192 (Deflection equation)

At X ''0» y=»0 C2 —
Deflection at the centre. Put x-^ !^
in the deflection equation

wl P H’
"
24 8 '>)()/ 32

Ei vv
' -
120
wD
120£/

or Downward dc flection of ^

Frobiem 259. A beam of uniform section and lenglh is simply

support at it^' mds and carries a distributed load which varh s
utuformlv frem :cro at each end to a maximum intensity of w per mtit

run at a ''ection from the right-hand < nd. Show that the maximum

deflerti^^n *,ccur; at a distance approximately O’OJ I from mid-span and

find the mas I mum terms of h\ /, E and /.
d( fleet ton in
{London Umversity )
Solution, f ig. 416 (a) 0
shows the beam carrying
the loading mentioned in
the problem.
Fotal load on the
span
-area of ihe load
diagram

ssr
wl
2
Distance of the cen-
troid of the load diagram
from the left end A

Fig 4\6
Let Vn and Vb be the reactions at A and B respectively.
Taking moments about the end A, we have.
wj
2
 ;

DEFLECIION OF BEAMS 44 >

Va~ - H/
-Y Jg

Fa- «>/

In Fig. 416 (b) the load diagram is slightly amcaded*

Let the line AB of the load diagram be produce J and the point
D be located.

The oidinale BD - v

ficnce we shall consider that the loading on the beam consists

>r (i) :i downward triangniar ioadmg whose intensity varies from
zero rhe left end to “-j per and run at the right end, and in) an

upward triangular ’oadi'tg acting distance from the nght

'
/ 3
cud wlic’Sv udensitN van'*'-, iron, zero at Irom the nght end to -
w
I
av fiiC rh/tn

N’ov' ioilowing Macaulay’s Uiethod, the htndmg moment at any

section cisen by

) ;
2/ )/ 2i \ 3 ,
2/
'
"
2 I jl 3 )2 1 3 1

. ... </-)
c. 2 ,
M'A-» 3.V / 2!
•
d/-
‘
:/i ^'“'3 *

Integrating, we get,

dy
j'
wix* wx^ .

^
f-
\ 3 '

n '"T£7
dx 9 16/
Integrating again, we get.

8W
+ CW+'^' +
At jc-0,

C2=()
At x—l, y—0
 - )

444 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

wli w/4 3wfi

f\
tj — '

21
'
80
+ Ci/4
80X81 x3/
"'_ wl*
1
1
\
1 ^ - '
27 80 6480
2
Cl- wfi
81
For maximum deflection which will occur between x=0 and
21
-Y” ,
equating tnc expression for slope to zero,
^
we have,
,
/vr ,
wx^ 2
A"
161 81
Putting X -- Ki\ we have,
-Z. 2^
KH^.. 161^ ‘
‘81
- K’/3-O
9

^ ^
'
16
_ 2
81
0

16 3;
0
9 '
81
Solving as a quadratic in we get

16 236 _128
'" _
;

9
' "
J 8l"_ 81^
'
2
4'69
81

A' -0 5103
Maximum deflection occurs at a distance of 0 5103/ from
the left end A.
Distance of the point of maximum deflection from the middle
point
= 0 5101 /-^0’5 I
-:0'0103 /
-(?/!/ . (approximatclj
To find tlic nuiximum deflection, putting x -0*5103 / in the
expression for deflection, wc have,

”
Ely,n...^ 0-5103 (0-5i03/i5
7 -^

--f- U./2 (0-5103Z)

ol

- 0008108 'f-
tii
deflection of beams 445

Problem 260. The free end of a cantilever of length 1 rests on

the middle of a simply supported beam of the same span and having the
same section. Find the reaction of the beam on the free end of the
cantilever, when the cantilever carries a uniformly distributed load of w
per unit tun over its whole length
Solution.

(iTlUNtT RUN D

ar/imr run Fig. -17 ia) shows the

1
1
cantilever AB with its free end
i
l!'!|i!:i' B
JilLdl 1
1

_sjLi±ii±xLiJil
resting on the middle of the
lliil 'Li.
simply supported beam CD. Let
the common reaction between the
beam and the cantilever be i?.
Now con 'ider the cantilever AB.
This is subjected to a uniformly
^ ib)
distnbuied load of w per unit run
R on its length and an upward point
-- ly'2
+ I'/'/' load R at B

^ Net downward deilection

of the free end B of the cantilever

‘
iC) U'i fE/
Fip. 417 1

Now consider the simply supported beam CD. This beam is

subjected to a dt>wnward pciot load R at its middle point B.

Downward deflection of B

'48 FJ
Since the free end of the cantilever is always resting on the
middle point of the beam, the deflection of the free end of the
cantilever is equal to the deflection of the middle point of the beam’
w!*_RP_. Riy
••
%El ilEr ^^iEi

6
J?=* wl
17
 446 STRSNGTH OF MATERIALS

FroMem 26(. A beam AB of span 5 metres is simply supported

.at A and B. A cantilever DC of length 3 metres which is fixed at
D meets the beam AB at the midpoint thereby forming a rigid
joint C.

A vertical load of lOt is applied at the common Joint C. Find

out the reaction at the ends of the simply supported beam. Assume
IrcL '
{[Link] May 1971)

Solution. Let /* be the length of the beam and the length of

the cantilever. Let W
be the loaJ applieJ at C Let R be the
common reaction at C. Deflection at C is the sanie for the beam
and the cantilever.

(H- R)/e „ Rf:.^

48£/ jEI
H'-R (AV -3 456
R \ h )
n ~R^4A5b R
R^O'22A4W
Reactiv)n at each support for the beam,
W- "R 224411
‘
2 2
0*3878 W
=-0*3878 X 20
-7*750 /.

Problem 262. A cantilever of length 1 carries a concentrated

ioad W at its midspan. If the free end he supported on a rigid prop,
find the maximum deflection.
DHFLECnON OF BEAMS 447

SolotioD.
Let R be the reaction at the propped end. Since the deflection
at the propped end is zero,
We have.

r
Fig. 4!9

m cj -ar
fVi
RP ,

iEj 2FJ

R^j, W
The B.M. at any section distant x from the end fl is given by.

(^ 7 i)
= 10 Wx
,
:
- W
Integrating, we get

“s"32 ; y
At

~
0=22'

Cl - 32
Integrating again, we get

5
£Iy=f^Wx^-*l~x+Cz
H'P fr
At x=0,
y=0
Cg-o
Maximum Deflection. Assuming the maximum deflection to
occur in BC, equating the general expression for slope to zero,
5 ... - WP „
 ^

448 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

x= —
V5
-- from 5

Since the value of x is less than ^ our assumption about the

position on maximum deflection is correct.

Substituting general expression for deflection,

we get,

5 /__/ Wiy
Y_iVP( /
/ \

\v/ 5 7 32 I vs']

4W'5 FJ
Problem 263. fig, ^20 shows a simply supported beam of
uniform section whose moment of inertia is 43000 cmA For the loading
shown, find the position and magnitude of the maximum deflection.
Take E--2x 10^ tonnes per cm .^
Solution.
Ta moments about
.ing , , ,

the end A, we have j

^
Kf>x8«"4X4x3 A
^
Vb^6 tonnes f
^ ^ f
»
|/’',jrr4X4 6
— 10 tonnes Fig. 420
In order the general expression for the bending moment at any
seciiun may be expressed in the form suitable for application of
,
4.- am Hm *1 Macaulay’s method the load-
^
DOWN WARD LOAD or Utiftf c to iHgon thc beam is arranged
^nTTtT) or; r.
shown in Fig. 421.
Now, following Macau-
UPWARD LOAD Of
or Jay*s method, the B.M. at
4tim PROMO me j

VySt any section distant x from ^4

Fj<-. 421 is given by.
4fx-5)2
-r---
2

=I0r-2(x-0* +2(x-5)*
Integrating, wc get,
- -|-(x- H 4-|-(x-- 5)»
El
£ « 5x®+ Cl i 1

Integrating again, we get.

Ely^ x+cj- g-(x-l)^+ j(x-5)‘

 X

OEFLI CnON OP BEAMS 449

At A, the deflection is zero

At x=0, j'=0
C2 = 0
At B also the deflection is zero.
At x=8, ^=0
0= Cl — i- 74-f-
-I*
X 3*

Ci= -58-33
Position of maximum deflection
Let as assume that the deflection will be betwem
C and D.
Equating the slope to zero, we have,

5;ca— (*-8)3=0
58-33—I
y(*-8)»=5*2-58-33
Solving the above equation by trial and error we get x— 3*82
metres.
The value of x obtained confirms that our assumption about
the position of maximum deflection is correct.
Substituting x~3*82 metres in the deflection equation, we get

EIyn...= VJ (3-82)3—58-33 x 3 82-

o
X2-82*

= -139-46.
139-46(100)3
-
-
2x103 x 43000
=—l'62 cm.
Problem 264. A beam ABC of length 31 has one support at the
left end and the other support at a '.distance 21 from the left end. The
beam carries a point load W
at th^ right end. Find the slopes over each
support and at the right end. Find also the maximum upward deflection
between the supports and the deflection at the right end.
Solution.

V, s W Vb»
^
Pig. 422

Fig. 422 shows thetbeam ABC.

Let the reactions at A and B he V. and Vs respeotivdy.
 4S0 STR8NQTH OF MATBRIAU

Taking moments about B,

At any section distant x from A the bending is

given by

Inflating, we get.

a#--
dx
•~+Ci |+^(x-2/)*
Integrating again, we get,

Wix-llf
Jy +C1X+C2
El y

Alx—0, y=0 Cs=0

ktx—71, y«0
*
•
*
0 —- 12
:(8/»)+Ci{20
^ Ci=
—
Wt^
3
Slope at A. Patting x—O in the slope equation,

£//.=
If^
-
•
.
*
, WP
3 '•*3iS’/
Slope at B. Putting x=2I in the slope equation,
iy(2/)»
EIU
3
-fWP
. 2 »7*
*“~T
Situate. Patting X ’°°3f in the slope equation,

£//.*

6 £7
Maximum iqtward deflection between A and B
Equating the slope to zero, we get.

4 3
21
X"
VT
2/
Puttbi X*- in the deflection equation.
V3
 0BPLBC1I0N or BBAUK 451

2/ \ •,WI»( 21 \
Eiymam'
iVtJ + Iv 3 J
'

12 \ 3

4
VT wt*

ymm —
4
pVT Jsy

Diction at C. Patting x»3/ in the deflection equation,

El ye
— ^ W+^- (30+

==~WP

PtoMeni 26S. A beam of kngth L has supports I apart wM

equal overhangs. The beam carries a point load at midspcat. W FM
Y
the ratio -y in order the downward dtfkctlan at the eeatre is equal to

the upward ^flection at either end.

w SeMhn. Fig. 423
shows the beam. Down-
. ' " E ward deflection at the

4'-!
Wl^
Sflope at A otB rjgy.
Fig. 423

.'. upward deflection at D— Slope at A^AD

_ Wl^ L-l
“iSEI 2
Equating the deflection at the centre to the deflection at
eadi end,
Wl* Wl* L-l
48£/“l6£/' 2
2/8«3/* a-0
21*=3/* L-31*
5/*-3/“L

•*
I 3
4S2 STRENGTH OP IIAIBRIALS

§67. BeRm subjected ta Couples

424 shows a
Fig.
AB of span /
supported at A and B
and subjected to couples
M\ and A< 2 Let Mi be
-

an anticlockwise couple
and Af3 be a clockwise
— e
I

couple. 424
Let
W2
Reaction at each end=-
I

The B.M. at any section distant x from A is given by

#2

EI—-^ ~ Vx —Mi +Mi following Macaulay’s rule.

But it must be noted that

When jic< ii only the first expression should be considered.

Whenji;>/i and the first two expressions should be

considered
When x>h and </ all the three expressions should be
considered.
The above expression should be rearranged as follows.

El‘^- l+mx-kT
Integrating, we get,

l~Mi(x~li) j-M2(x-k) (Slope equation)

^ :

Integrating again, we get,

El ^ +C 1 JC+C3
_^Mi^x-kf

(Deflection equation)
Atx^O. y=0 C2=0
At XT I y ---
0. I'rom this condition, we can evaluate Ci. Now,
we can determine the slope and deflection at any point.
FiroMealt ‘266. A hemn of length I mth supports at the ends is
subjected to a couple M
at a distance a from the left end. Find the
slope at each end and the deflection at the point of application of the
couple.
M

Fig. 425
OEPUBCTION of bbams

Solation. Fig. 425 shows the beam

Taking moments about A,
Vi^l=M
Vb'
M
V 1

At any section distant x from A. the B.M. is given by.

El X ‘+A/
dx^ /

M- + M{x~aT
/

{Note the rearranged form of the expression)

Integrating,
dy Mjc2
El
dx 71
+Ci +Af(A-fl)
Integrating again.

El y - - + Cl x+ Ct f
2
At X —0, y =0
Ca-O
At x=U y=0
0

Cl
M (2/2-6/ar3a2)
6/
Slope at Ab Put x—0 in the slope equation

El (2/®-6/a+3fl2)
Dl

*a=- g^(2/2-6/a43fl»)
Slope at It. Put jc=/ in the slope equation

El fo- -y- ~ (2/*-6/a4-3a®)

--^j[3/2+2/2~6iii+3fl*]

_ 3/(S/2-6/a+3a2)
61
Af(5/*-6to+3a*)
eEii
454 SntBMOTH OF MATBULF

Deflection at C. Put x=ainibe deflection equatimi.

£/yc i2P-6la+i^)

Afa(/-aX/-2a)
im
ProUea 267. A beam of span 6 m
and oj uniform flexural
rtgUSty El'^dOOO tn^ is subjected to a dockuise couple of 30 tm
at a Stance of 4 m
from the left end. Find the deflection at the
pobu of appUeation of the couple. Find also the maximum deflec-
tion.
3CIIR

Fig. 426

Soietioe. Fig. 426 shows the beam AB with the couple applied
at C.
Taldng moments about A^
F.X6-30
F*=5rt
K.-5/I
The B.M. at any section distant x from A is given by,

EI^-‘-5x +30
= -5jcI-|-30(x-4)*
Integrating,

Int^mting again,'
^ +Ci |+30(x-4)

EIy^-^-+Cix+Ci + 15(x-4)a ;

At *=0, y=0
Cs*=0
At *“6, y=»0
0=-5x6«+6Ci+15(2)*
Ci=20
OBfLfiCTlON OP BBAMS 4S5

DeflecHon at C. Putting x=4 m, in the deflection equation,

Eiyc=-4
O
(4)8+20 x4“26'67

26 67 2 6 67 ^

Max. Deflection. This will occur in the large segment.

Equating the slope to zero, we get.

El +20
ax 2
x=2y/Tm
Putting x—2\/ jrm ^t\the deflection equation

5 *
Ely„ -(
2 +20X2V 2
)

• u
80^2x100 —0'943 cm
3 X 4000
Problem 268. A beam 6 m long is subjected to two couples as
follows :

(/) A clockwise couple of 20 tm at a [Link] of 2 m from the

left end.

00 An anticlockwise couplehf 8 tmata distance of 4 m from the

left end.

Find the deflection at the points of application of the couples.

For the beam take El— 4150 tnfi,
SeAtMau.
Reaction at each support

The B.M. at any section distant x from the left end A is given
by
2Ptf7^ 8tm

Vs2l V*2I
Fig. 427

El41y. 2x +20 -8
dx^
The above equation should be rearranged as follows :

£'/0-=-2x +20(x-2)* I
-8(.v-4)‘’
 STREI40TH Of MAtERiALI
456

Integrating, we get.
£7^=-x3+Cr l+20(;c-2)|-80c-4)
ax
Integrating again, ^

Ely^ — -^+Cij:+C2;+10(x- 2)2 \—4ix-4)^

At x-0, j'-O
C2=0
At x=6, y=0
0— -J-+6C1+I6O-I6
Cl = — 12
Deflection at C. Putting x=2 m in the deflection equation,

ElVc’— - -- 12 x 2 *- 26-67
2

0 <J45 cm.
4 50 1

Deflection at D. Putting jc= 4 m in the deflection equation,

- 29 33
£/yd»
—y - 12 X 4+ 10(4-2)*=

)’-=- 7?^^ X 100 cm, = -0-707 m.

Problem 269. Find the deflection at C for the beam haded as
shown in Fig. 428 (a). Take £1^4000 trn\
Solution.

Fig. 428

The load 20/ is acting on the bracket. This load will be

transmitted to the beam at C along with a couple 20 x 0*5= 10 tm Ot
as shown in Fig. 428 (fr).
DfiFLECTlON OF BEAMS 457

Taking moments about A

K»k6=(20X4)+10
K»=I5/
K«=20-15«5f
The B.M. at any section distant x from A is given by

E^^Sx -20(x-4)+l0

The above equation is rearranged as follows :

El^ =5jr -20(x—4)+10(x-4y

Integrating, we get,

EI-^ =^+Ci i-10(;c-4)2+10(;t-4)

Integrating again,

EIy^~ +Ctx+Ca - (x-if f 5(x-4)2

At x=0, y=0
C2=0
At x=6, y=0
0=5x62 f6Ci- 2^(2)®+ 5(2)2

Ci’= -28-89
To find the deflection at C putting a— 4 m in the deflection
equation, we get,

Elyc^ (4)3- 28 89 X 4

-=-62-23
.
62*33 ^
46oo’''^‘''”-
~ — l'56 cm.
ProMem 270. Find the slope and deflection at B, C, D for the
cantilever shown in Fig. 429. Take for the cantilever El =5000 tm.^
Solution.
Total couple applied on the cantilever
=20+5-15
=10 /m.O
Reacting moment at A 10 tm.
:. The B.M. at any section distant x from A is given by

£/^ =- 10 +20 -15

58 STRENGTR OP IIATEUALS

MgztOlm

Fig. 42v

The above equation Is rearranged as follows :

[El-^ =-l0 +20(jc-2r |-15(jc-4r

Integrating, we get,

EI-^
ax
— 10.!t+Ci i+20(x-2)!-15(x-4)

At x=0, =0
dx
Ci==0
Integrating again,

Ely 5x^+ C2I+ lCU-2)a - -~{x - 4)^

At x—0, >’»»0
Ca==0
Siope at B. Put x~2 m in the slope equation.
— 10X2--20
f,-
•
— — 20 =‘—0’004 radian
i*

Slope at C. Put x~4 m in the slope equation

El iV= — 10x4+20x2=0
*< 1=0
Slope at D. Put x—2 m in the slope equation.
£/id= — 10X6+20X4-15X2= — 10

Deflection at B, Put
^
x=2 m
^^_o-oo2 radian
in the deflection equation.
£I
yi>=^~^XlQ0=—0-4 cms.
Deflection at C.
£/ j,, —
Put x=4 m in the deflection equation
5 X 16+ 1 0 X 4 = -40
40 40x100
.
.
V
El 5000
“ ^
 Y—

OBPLBCnON OF BEAMS
Deflection at D. Put x=6 m in the deflection equation.

£/ Pd = -5x36+10x16 X4--
—
§68. Moment area method— Mohr’s theorenm
Let i45 represent part
~
otHaa deflected form of a
y ^TTTIUhi
beam of uniform section. \ j|||
<tu
Let A
point ofhe a.

zero slope and zero deflec*

lU Ifll
tiOD. ^ jS ^ jjp^

Let P and Q be two i i

j
points on the deflection >
|
|

curve whose horizontal dis- i

I
1 1

tances from .8 are x and

x+dx respectively. '

Let the angle between • \

the tangents at P and Qhe \ {
dO. Obviously the angle \ j
between the normals at P \ I

and Q will also be equal \ I

to de. !
^
Let R be the radius of i r
curvature of the elemental \
l

part PQ. » !

i I
But Pfissdx \ 1

y
n .
1 ^ \
R El
\j
where M the bending mo-
is \
j
ment at any section between
Fand Q. i

^
.
F„. 430
Since A is point of zero slope, the total slope at B is given by

of the B.M. diagram between

A and B)
In case, the slope at A is not zero* we have
 460 STRENGTH OE MATERIALS

Total change in slope between B end A equals the area of B.M.

diagram between B and A divided oy the flexural rigidity El
Deflection, due to the bending of the portion PQ
dy- xd6
Substituting from Eq. (/)

[Link]
...Hi)
El
Total deflection at B due to bending of all elemental
portions like PQ
x=BA
1 V [Link]

jt-0

== [The first moment of the area of the

B.M. diagram between B and A about B]

In case the point A is not a point of zero slope and deflection,
the deflection of B with respect to the tangent at A equals the
first moment about B of the area of the B.M. diagram between Band A.
The above two results are known as Mohr's theorems.
Though in general, problems on deflections can be solved by
the above principle, it is convenient to use these principles with great
advantage in the following types of problems :
(a) Cantilevers (slope at the fixed end is zero)
Simply supported beams carrying symmetrical loading
(b)
(slope at mid span is zero)
(r) Beams fixed at both ends (slope at each end is zero)
While dealing with members carrying uniformly distributed
loading the bending moment diagrams being parabolic the following
properties about areas and centroids may be of great advantage.
Fig. 431 shows part of a
parabola tangential to the base AB. f
Let AB>=b I

Fig. 431

Area ABJJ
 ^cCTlON Ot 4^)1

Wc shall now apply Mohr’s theorems to some problems for

which the theorems may have their best application.
(i) Cantilever carrying point load at the free end
W
Fig- 432 {a) shows a
cantilever AB fixed at A and
free at B.
Let I be the length of
the cantilever. Let a point '

load W
be applied at B.
r ig. 432 (h) shows the
B.M. diagram for the canti-
lever.

Let the deflection of B

with respect to A (point of
zero slope) be >V>.

[Link] the slope at B be Oo.

Fig. 432
Area of B.M. diagram between A and B
El
Area of B.M. diagram
= Wl-
Wh
2

06
~ Wl^
2EI
Ax
El

I'
J57^ — /
2EI 3
WP
3EI
in) Cantilever carrying a
uniformly distributed load.

Fig. 433 shows a canti-

lever of length / carrying a
uniformly distributed load of
w per unit run.
Area of the B.M.
diagram

wP
6
462 STRENGTH OF MATBRUU
Since 41 is tiie point of zero slope.
The slope at B
*"
El
“ 6EI
Since A the point of zero deflection.
is
The deflection at B
-n. El
But

w/^ 3
y*=
6£r’ 4
wl*

(m)
~
Sin^tly suntorted beam earrytng
m a point load at mid xpan.
Fig. 434(n) shows a simply
supports beam AB of span /
carrying a point load at mid W
span C.

Fig. 434 (jb) shows the

B.M. diagram for the beam.

Since the loading is s^m-

metrkai on the span the maxi-
mum deflection occurs at the
mid span C.
Fig. 434.

„ B.M. diagram between A and C

Stopeat A— ••= Area
. .

Area of B.M. diagram between iifandJC

1 *
*
2 4
Wfi
“ 16
Wt*
16EI
Distance of the centroid of the B.M. diagram between A and
Cfrom A
/
bZ- 3
Deflectkmof A to
witti respect C
—defleoiion of C with respect to A
DOUCnON OP BEAMS

J7*
16“
/
3
“ El
WP
“ 48£/
(Iv) Simply supported beam carrying a untformly distributed

d^lUMIT RUN Fig. 435 (a) shows a simply

support^ beam AB of span/
cariying a miUbrmly districted
load of w per unit run over the
whole span.

Fig. 435 (b) shows the B.M.

diagram for tte beam.

Since the loading on the

beam is symmetrical the maxi-
mum d^ection occurs at C.
Fig. 4SS. At C the slope is zero.
Area of B. M. diagram between A and C

Slope at A

Deflection of A with respect to C

•Defleeiion of C
with respect to A
Ax

•
“ 24EI 16

^ ad*
“iW JBf
 464 SIKENGTH OF MAiatlALS
Problem 271. A horizontal cantilever ABC 5 metres long is built
in at A and
supported at B, 4 metres from A, by a rigid prop so that
AB is horizontal. If AB and BC carry uniformly distributed loads of
3 tint, and 15 tjm. respectively, find the load taken by the prop.
Solution. Let the
prop reaction be R.
The^ loading on the
cantilever can be split up
into the following loads :

(/) Upward (force R

at B
(U) Distributed load
of rs tjm on BC
(Hi) Distributed load
of 3 t/m on AB
The ftM. diagrams
for the separate effects of
the above loading are
shown in Fig. 436.
We have

/<i=+YX4X4/i
= +8i?
The trapezium bet-
ween A and B can be
split into two triangles

-|2=_1-X4X075
=-1-50

Az==- -1 X 675x4
13-50

Ai=- - X4X24
== -32
We know that the
slope zero at A and the
is
deflection is zero at B

S -^',—0 for the

portion AB
.'.
Ai^i
94 Mm.
(mimericaify Pig. 436

8J(x-|-»l'SX J+13-5X *+32x3

DEFLECIION op beams 465

toifMes

=6' 28 tonnes
Problein 272. A beam rests on two supports at the
horizontal
same level and a uniformly distributed load. If the supports
carries
are symmetrically placed, find their positions when the greatest
downward deflection has its least value. {London University)
Solution. Let 21 be the
^arlumr run distance between the two sup-
ports and let a be the overhang*
ing distance on each side.

Let the distributed load

on the beam be w per unit run.

Each vertical reaction

=w(/+o)

In order the greatest down-

ward deflection may have its
least value the deflections at
the centre and at the end must
be equal.

Since the slope is zero at

the centre we have for
one half the beam, about one
Fig. 437 end
Splitting theB.M. diagram into components Ai due to support
FOhCiion and Az due to load, we have
AiXi=^A 2X 2 {numerically)

I
i H- il+a) U } (a+ (/+fl)
) f il+a)
5/»+3/*a-9Ai2-3fl®=0
Let a=Kl
5fi^iKP-9IKil^-3K^P=0
5+3K-9K^-3K’^=^0
Solving, bi trial and error
X=0 807
0=0-807 /

But distance between the two supports

.1(2202) CO
a— 0'403x distance between the two sig>ports.
 466 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

§69. Relation between maximum bending stress and maximnm deflection

Case L Simply supported beam carrying a point load at mid

span.
Let the span of the beam be /. Let W be the point load at
mid span.
Maximum bending moment
WI

Let the section be symmetrical about the neutral axis

Section modulus
f ._2/ \
(
V dl2 d )
where /"Moment of inertia of beam section
about the neutral axis
d -depth of the beam section.
Maximum bending stress
A/ Wl d
Z ~
A '
II

Maximum deflection

48£7
/_
S
~ /2

S-
6Ed

I
'
1 ~
6 E
Case [Link] supported beam of span ( carrying a uniformly
distributed load w per unit run over the whole span.

For this case, maximum t>cnding moment

wl^

Section modulus ~Z— -r- as before.

d
Maximum bending stress

^
M d
Z S '21

...(0
deflection of beams 467
Maximum deflection
, 5 wl*
_ ...(»)
384 El
/
« 5“
^
2i Ed
}_ d __ 5_ J_
7 " 24 .(6)
/ £
Problem 273. A beam is rectangular in section. The beam is
freely supported at its ends and is subjected to a uniformly distributed
load. If the maximum bending [Link] is SO [Link]-^, find the ratio
of the depth of the section to .span in order that the deflection may not

exceed of the span. Take E—O'12'x. HP [Link]."

Solution. Let / be the spin, d the depth of the section and S

the central deflection.
We have
8
~ L
I
'
I 24 ‘
E
d _5_ /_ /

I
“ 24 E ii

5 80
x480
2V 012x 1 ( 1
“

Problem 274 A beam consists of a symmetrical rolled steel joist.

The beam is simply supported at its ends and carries a point load at the
centre of the .span If the maximum stress due to bending is J400
[Link]-., find the ratio of the depth of the beam section to .span in order

the central deflection may not exceed of the span. Take E~-2x l(fi

kgfem.^
Solution. Let the span of the beam be 1.
Let 8 be the central deflection. Ler the depth of the beam
section be d.
We have.
Jr~ /
/ 6 E
1 _d^± 1400
480 I 6 2X10®
A ” 16
/
1400
2x10®r
X 480
468 STRENGTH OF MAITOAUI
Froblem 275. The stress in a steel beam is limited to 1400 kglcm,^

and its central deflection is of the span. The maximum moment of

inertia of a beam section 300 mm X 140 mm, rolled steel Joist is 8604
cm,^ Calculate the span for this beam when both the above conditions
are to be satisfied if the loading is uniformly spread on the span. Find
also the intensity of loading. Take E=^2x Kfl [Link]!^.
Solution. I^t the unifornily distributed loading be w per unit run.
wl^
Max.

Max. bending stress /

"
M ‘

Z
,
m /2 d
“ 16 /

_ S M'/*
Centre deflection * ~ 384 El
24 dE
- 5 • ii~

= J_ JL
24 E '

LX t400
4 2 X 10»
7
“ 80
80
•-jd .

— X 20 cm
=344'3 cm
=3’443 metres.
From (i)

16 If
d/2

_ 16 x 8604 X 1400 , ,
30 X (344-3)2
“=54*18 kg. I cm.
>^5418 kg-lmetre run.
deflection of beams 469

§70. Beams of varying sections

If the section of a beam varies along the span the slopes and
deflections can be determined by rearranging the relation

El Af to the form,

Nowt by successive integrations the slopes and deflections can

be computed.
Problem 276. A cantilever carries a point
of length I W
had at
the free end. If the moment of inertia of the section increases uniformly
from I at the free end to 21 at the fixed end, calculate the deflection
at the free end,
SolDtioD. At any section

4 distant jc from B the moment of

inertia of the section

PiR. 438
B.M. at the section
=Af Wx
^ dx^ “ /*

Wl HI
I
1-fl
'

-7]'r
1 +

T
,

'
EL
T

Integrating, we get,

where Ci is a constant of integration.

470 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

At A the slope is zero.

i.e., at X‘=

lyri

n'l
^
nz/2
log. 2+Ci

'-(l-log. 2)

••
^dy Wl
r^+'7
,
WP, ( \
»cg.(^l+-yj+ , ,
x ,
— WP ,,
(l-log.2)

Integrating again, we have,

„ Wlx^ .
WP{ , I
x\ { X 1

11 +-27-f'“8-i'+-/j-j7- ,*{
WP
"'
+ (I -log, 2)

... ,+ ')-,+„„g.( H-f

)}

(l-log.2). X+C2
At A the deflection is zero.
I.e,, at X" /,

U73 U//2
0- {/ log. 2- /+ / log. 2}

Wfi
+ -I- (l-log.2H C2

0= — WP + WP
,, . , „ , ^
Y~
jy/3
C2=
-jY"
—7— JJ./3
log. 2

C2 = —WP (log. 2-0-5)

Wlx^_^WP{ ,j_x\
.
•
.
Pv
£>»» ,
'(
1+ — ,,,
I-,-—
^
WP 2-0-5)
+ -y- x(l-log.2)- (log.

To find the deflection at B, putting x=0, in the above relation,

we have,
WP
Ey,^-JZ^ 2-0-5)
(log.
 deflection of beams 471

yi>=--- (log. 2-~0-5)

El
§71. Strain energy stored due to bending

\ ig. 439

In chapter 2, we have studied about strain energy stored by a

member due to axial loading. If a member of length / and sectional
area A is subjected to a total axial force S on the section we know
tl\e strain energy storeti

volume

In Fig 439 is shown a beam subjected to an external loading.

C\msider two sections I - I and ’—2, dx apart Let us assume that
if^c bending moment is practically constant between the two sections.

Let this bending moment be A/.

The part of the beam between these two sections can be taken
u> co-isist of an infinite nunibei of elemental cylinders of area da and
U'ligth dx.
Con^-’dcr one such elemental cylinder at a distance y from the
neutral layer.
The stress in this elemental cylinder

where I is the moment of inertia of the beam section about the

neutral axis.
Strain energy stored by the elemental cylinder
f2
. volume of the elemental cylinder.

f2
- IE [Link]
i.-;,

* [Link]
i-fy) 2E
472 SIRBNG1H OF MATOUALS

M^dx /j, 9^
.

'
if/*
Strain energy stored by dx length of the beam
= Strain energy stored by all the elemental
cylinders between the two sections

2f/* ^ da.y^

_ K^dx , .

-2 gjz
M*dx
“ 2EI
This is the energy stored by dx length of the beam.
Energy stored by the whole beam

J 2E1
Problem 277. A
cantilever of uniform section carries a point
load at the free end- Find the strain energy stored by the cantilever
and hence calculate the deflection at the free end,
Solation. Fig. 440 shows
cantilever AB of length fixed /,
^
at .4 and free at B and carrying u x
^ »

a point load fV at the free end ^

B. -^1 ^
B
At any section X distant , |

X from B the bending moment r " » ^

is given by Fig. 440
M^Wx
/. Strain energy stored by the cantilever

j 2EI
I

fV^^^dx
f
“J 2EI

Let 8 be the deflection of the free end.

Woriedone >= Average load x deflection
deflection of beams 473

Equating the work done to energy stored, we have.

6EI

lEI
Problem 278. A cantilever of length I carries a uniformly distri-
buted load of w per unit run. Find the strain energy stored by the
cantilever.

Sclation. Fig. 441 shows

the cantilever AB fixed at A and fOrlUNITRUN ^ j
free at B andcarrying unifor-
mly distributed load of w per
unit run over the whole length.

The B.M. at any section Pig. 441

X distant x from B

2
Strain energy stored by the cantilever
f M^ dx
J 2El

'^‘=J(-2 )~2EI
0
/

\x^ dx-
%E! %EI 5
0

Wir
40E/
Problem 279. A simply supported beam of span I carries a point
load IV at mid-span, Find the strain energy stored by the beam and
hence calculate the central deflection.
Solution. Fig. 442 shows
w
the imply supported beam AB
V v? -I,,-
of pan / carrying a point load t X
H at the mid span C C
-j

Each vertical reaction

*
i.
I
W f
2 Fig. 442

At any section in AC^ distant x from A, the B.M. is given by,

M— -zr- X
474 STRENGTH OP MATTKIALS

Strain energy stored by the part AC

r M^dx
2EI
112
>2 x-dx
4 ~2EI

112
W’2
x^dx
8£/
0
Si rain energy stored by the whole beam
— W't- 2 X energy stored hy AC
112

= 2X~| f
.2^.
0

4El ‘
3 ‘
8
R/2/3

96EI
Let the central deflection be
Work done=i WB
Equating the work done to strain energy stored, wc have,
H'2/3

961:1
WP
48L7
Frobiem 280. A beam of leniith I is simply supported at its ends.
The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of u pit unit run over
the whole span, find the strain energy stored by the beam.
Solution Fig. 443 shows tafkfHtl RUN
a simply suppt)ried beam AB 3

carrying a uniformly distiibuted

load of w per unit run.
4
Oft
Each vertical reaction ^ 2

^w\ F.r. 443

2
The BAl. at any section A' distant v from A is given by.
,-2
_H’.Y
- X-
2

xU- -x)
 B

DdFLECITON OP BEAMS
475

Strain energy stored by the beam

M^dx
lEl
I

4 ^ 2£/~

2Ix^ \-x^)dx
iEirl
0

- n “
m\ 3
-11
4
+4)
5 /

'lAQEI
Problem 281. Find the strain energy stored
by the structure
shown in Fig. 444 and hence compute the vertical
deflection of the end
A. Assume the section of the member is uniform.

1 '
I
Solution.
tTOuiiuii. At any seen
section m in AB distant x
y 1^-. from A, the B.M. is given by.
i w
I M Wx
Strain energy stored by A
- f

j 2/;/

^ f Wdx
i

'

j 2LI
rig, 444
IW
bEI
At any section in BC distant i from B, the B.M. is given by,

Strain energy stored by BC

^ f M -dA
J 2£7
I

\Vfa-dy
J 2Ei
0

2EI
476 STRENGTH OF lUTBRIAlR

Total energy stored

, n't = - -
6£I
. + --Jli
7El
W~a^
ia+3l)
6E1
Let S be the vertical deflection at the end A,
Equating the work done to energy stored, we have,

(a+3l)

._WaHa+3I}
^
3EI
Problem 282. Find the strain energy stored by the quadrantal
ring shown in Fig. 445 of radius R. Hence calculate the vertical
deflection of the end A.
Solution. At any section X, whose radius
vector OX makes an angle 0 with the vertical,
the B.M. is given by
WR sin 0

Strain energy stored

= W',
r M '^ds

J IE!
V2
r (ITRsi n 0)gfjtt/e)

J 2EI
0
rcl2

sin® 6 </0
2EI I

W~' n
'

2EI 4
W^nR^
%EI
Let the vertical deflection at A be 8.

Equating the work done to strain energy stored, we have.

W^izP?
SEI
WnR^
8
AEI
Probiem 283- A cantilever of length I carries a point had W
at f"s free end. The member is circular in section having a diameter
deflection of beams 477

D for a distance ~ from the Jixed end and a diameter y- for the

Show that the deflection at the free end

23 WP
remaining length. is

where I is the moment of inertia of the smaller section.

SolntHNi* Fig. 446 shows the cantilever ABof length / carrying
the point load W at the free end.
The part AC is of diameter D

Fig. 446

The part CB is of diameter

Moment of inertia of the section for the part AC^

Moment of inertia of the section for the part

64 \ 2 ) 1024
Let the moment of inertia of the section for the part CD !
Moment of inertia of the section for the part /!C=I6 f
Strain energy stored

__ H/ _ f i Bending nwment)^dx
'

J 2( flexural rigidity)

HI I

( Wx)^x d ( lVx)'^dx
2EI 2E{\61)

W'2 1 lyz 1

2EI •
3 8 3 IE! H"-:]
3
mF, 7 ^2/3 ^
23 Wip
Ai~El l(y%EI '76 < El
Equating work done to strain energy stored,

7^ ~~Er
, 23 we
384 El
ProUea Find the strain energy stored by the frame shown
284.
in Fig. 447 end find the horizontal deflection of the roller end D.
SotatioB. Obviously there will be a horizontal reaction P at A.
478 STKENGTH OF MATERIALS

? P

Fig. 447 Fig. 448

Strain energy stored by the frame

^2 X strain energy stored by AB
-4- strain energy stored by BC,
At any section AB distant y from A the B.M. ‘is given by,
M^-Py
Strain energy stored by the column AB
_ fA/Vr
J 2EI
I

-J 2E/
0
/, Strain energy stored by both the columns
/
f P^^dy
J 2EI
0

jy
El 3
PUjt

At any section in BC distant .x from B, the B.M. is given by,

M^Pl
Strain energy stored by 8C
m» f
“J 2 El

f '
PV^dx
J 2EI
0

P'l^
2EI
deflection of beams 47.9

Total strain energy stored by the frame

. P^Pa
3 £I 2 El
pivi

-6H <''+'“>
Let S be the horizontal movement of D
Equating the work done to strain energy stored, we have,

Problem 285. For the semicircular arch of radius R shown in

Fig. 449Jind by the arch and hence find the
the strain energy stored
horizontal defection of the roller end B.

r
^49 Fig. 450
Solution. See Fig, 450.

Obviously the hori/oiital reaction at the hinged end =~-P.

At any section whose radius vector
A' OA makes an ancle B
with the horizontal the B.M. is given by

M ^ P R sin
Strain energy stored

'
ds
We
\ 2 Ef
nil
(P R sin . (R dll)

-'I 2 El

”12
Rl f
sin^ 6 d6
El j

_P^ R^ n
4'
El
Let the horizontal deflection of the roller end be S.
480 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Equating the work done to strain energy stored, we have,

A El
_PRH
2 Ei
Problem 286. A beam of rectangular section has a uniform
breadth B and depth which varies uniformly from at each end JD D
at the middle oj its length. A second beanie made of the same material
as the first beam^ has the same length and breadth but a uniform depth
3D. find the ratio of the strain energy of the first beam to that of the
second beam when each is simply supported at its ends and carries a
central point load (London University)
Solution. (/) Beam of vary-
ing depth.

Fig. 451 shows the beam

whose depth uniformly increases
from D at each end to 3/) at
the centre.

Let the span of the beam

Fig. 451 be/.

At any section .V di>tant .v from A^x<~j^ the depth of the

^
section n' —D
il f
-K'+t)
Motnenf of inertia at the section X

B.M. at-V = M= ~
12

A
12 \ n
Strain energy stored by the beam
fAf-rf.v

11/2
III
x^dx
4
4x
:
V /
//2
3H''2 x-^
dx
1
OElUCriON OF BEAMS 481

4ji:
1 .

Let

-v=4 0.--1)

du
i
When .v=-0,
M---I

, .
1
and when X ^

u=-3
3
2w4-l /
dll
EBiy^\ 16 m3 4
1

64
3 IK ’73
LB If]
f
pV
\
_
ir
2
)
dll

3 2
u i

(34 u

3 1

64
3 \y'2.i\
3 f
^ 18 H-:)J
64 EBD^
logr 3-
J
(//) ij/ constant depth
Strain energy stored

""^3
96 £/“__ fi(3i))3
96 £ ,-y-

Jf^/3
^3-=^
216 £5I»3

^ °^‘ ^
,_i_l2i6 ebd^
Ui 04 '
EBDi_ 9 J 1£2/3

§72. Work done by a force on a member

be very convenient to realize the expiession for the work
It will
done by a force on a member. Let a member be subjected to a force
W (applied gradually). See Fig. 452.
 \

4g2 STRKNGTH OF MATFHMLS

Let S be the deflection of the member in the line of action of

the force. In this case the deflection is caused by the force W,

[ 45:
Work done by the force

, rf
=
2
1 ig. 453 shows a inefuber cairvmg a load A'. This load by
virtue of irsown direct action will produce a defleciion.

I Ig. 4V^

l„e(a moment, consider the load A as a very small load

us, for
Hence the deflection produced by A is also very small and the work
done by K may be ignored.
Suppose now due to the ac' ion of s(^me other externa! agency
the member is subjected to a deform ition. [Link] v be the dellection
in the line of action of the load A'.

Now the work done by the load A'-'A.i

Thus wc find that

(/) If a loiul acts on a me'nbcr .tn^l ]»(..!, \-cs a deflection in

of action, bv
its line ^’i^luo of its (>wn direct [Link], (he work done by
the load IV-
(a) If a member subjected to a load K is given a deformation
V in the line of acti<'m of by virtue of some K other external agency,
the work done by thejoad Ky
§73. Law of reciprocal deflection or Maxwell's reciprocal theorem
In any beam or truss the deflection at any point D due to a load
W at any other jyoint C is the ^ame as th' :c:7 at C due to the f

same had IV applic at D.

Fig. 454 (/) shows i structure AR carrying a load iranplied at
any point C. Let the deflection at C be \c. Let the deflection d
any other point D be Ad.
Fig. 454 (ri) shows the sam^' structure .4 i? carrying the same
hmd W
at D, Let the deflections at C and D be and respec-
tiv“elv.
 pbFLLClION Oh BEAMS 483
W

\ JK. 455

Ixt the straciurc L>e KuUed as shown in i ig. 434 {/). Work
done on the structure = i IV c, as the structure is loaded with the

load IV at C Let an other equal load be applied at Z). There

will be furti und dj at C and D as shown in
Fig. 455
Total work done in this position

Let now the order of loading be changed.

Let the structure be first loaded as shown in Fig. 453 (it I f or

FIk. 456
484 STRENGl H OP MATERIAL^

tills position, the work done-iH^^i. As the structure is loaded with

tiic load IV at Z), an equal load
let be applied at C. Further
deflections of Ac and A^/ will occur at C and D respectively. See
Fig. 456.

Total work done in this position

Equating the two expressions obtained for the total work done
when both the loads arc present on the structure, we have

^\W^d\\WAc\- WAd
^c=^Ad
i e ,
The deflection at C due to the load Pk' at D
- the deflection at D due to the same load
WdX c.
§74. Bette’s Law
In any structure the material of which is elastic and follows
Hookc\s law and in which the supports are unyielding and the
temperature is constant, the virtual work done h\ a system offorces Fi,
^2 Fa, ..during the distortion earned hy a system if forces W\, Woj
,

is equal to the virtual work done by the svstem of forces IV\, 1F2,

]Vz ..during the distortion caused bv the system of forces Pi, Pj. /"a...

Fig. 457 shows the structure subjected separately to the two

systems of forces.
Let IF^^^Exteinal work done on the structure when the system
of forces Pi, P^, P3 be applied.

Let IFc' —External work done on the structure when the system
of forces lp 2 IF3 be applied.
>

Fig. 457
DtrLKCTlON OF BEAMS 485

Let Vi, Ka be the deflections caused by the system of forces

f I, /^e, at the points of application of the forces Wj, IV2,
respectively.

Let n, vj, r.'i be the deflections caused by the system of forces

1^1, lf 2t at the points of application of the fo»-^es /’i, F2, /^3
respectively
Let the structure be first loaded with the system offerees
Fu Pi
Work done on the structure^ FKr
As the struct urc is carrying this system of forces, let now the
vvstera of forces Wis Ha be applied.
Total work done
-W h IV'r ^Piyi bP2n+P:,ys
Let now the order of loading be changed.
Let the structure be first loaded with the system of forces IVu
n'2. Ha-
Work done on the structure fV'> .

As the structure is carrying this system, let the system of forces

Pi. P^i be applied.
Total work done- .4 IV. f Wi Y) 1 Y2+ >'3

Lquitiup the expressions for the total work done when both the
systems of lorsos arc piesent on the structure,
We have
It'. 4 I Pixi 4 I Pm - H' e\ He 4 IVi Yi r Hi >'2 JT'a Y3
PiM ^
P:yi i Pm H ^ 144 H’lY^y Ha >4
/. work done by the system of forces Pi, Py, P:i due fo
Virtual
the caused by the system of forces H'x. H'4 H;j equals
deflections ,

\irtiial work done by the system of forces M'V H\ IL:: due to the
deflections caused by ihe system of forces Pi, P2, Ps-

§ 75 . The first theorem of Castigliano

In anv beam nr truw subjected to any load swytem, thy deflection

at any point r is yiven by the partial dijjerential coefficient 0/ the total
'strain nergy stored with respect to a force Pr acting at the pohit r in
(

the direction in which the dejlection is desired.

p? p. p* p«

Fig. 45?
 486 [Link] OF MAlIiRIALS

Fig. 458 shows a stnicUire .4/? carrying a load system Pi,

P-U,. Pr,.,Pu,

Let the deflection at the point r be t’

Let fFr— External work done by the given load system

H'/ — Corresponding strain energy stored.

Pig. 459

Suppose the load P^ acting at the point r increases by a small

amount zlP-. The of such an increase
effect in Uie magnitude of the
load Pr can be studied as follows

Let a load APr alone be applied at r

Let the deflection at r due to the load . : / be Ay..

/. Work done - I APr. f
This being tlic product of two nhnitclv smah qu intitics, can he
ignored.
As the structure K canytug ;(ie load \P^ at r.

Let the given load system P\ Pj. P3 , be applied on the

- structure.

Total external work done

y

Let the corresponding strain energy stored hv the structure be

Wi^^AWi
Wr + APr Jr \W^ -
. . .(//)

FTom equations (?) and (//), we have

APryr'-^AW^

The above is more justified when i^Pr is an infinitely small

quantity.

•
y = Lim AW t

" APr^O APr

^differential coefficient of the total strain

energy stored with respect to Pt.
 .

election of BhAM=; 487

Application of tin '

rst theorem of Castigliano to problems on
Jefltctions.

Problem 287. Find the dcjlcciion at the free end of a cantilever

a concent t\}tcd load at the fret end. Assume uniform flexural
i'urrviiig
riguHt V’.
Solution, f' ii 460 sliows a cantilever carrying a point load P
at the irec end 1. The bcnJin«> moiiient at any section distant a-

[Link] the free end is given by

Fig 4H)
A/
-
-P\
St I ni) energy stored Sy the cantilever
r \edx
VlEI

f P^x^ dx
2Ef

pi /»

ir.i 3
p-r-
f>E/
. . By the the first theorcni of Castigliano,
the deflection in the line of action of the force P,

{IP) P PP
dp 6Er 3EI
Problem 2S8. Find the central deflection of a simply supported *

heam carrying a concentrated load at mid span. Assume uniform

flexural rigidits .

Solution. Fig. 461 shows a beam AB simply supported at A and

B and carrying a central load P. Each reaction
P
“
2
 488 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

The bending moment at any section in distant x from the

end A is given by
P
Af - ~ X

% Fig. 461
Strain energy stored by the beam
CM^dx
^ 2E/
J
112
_»( P‘^‘‘ dx
4' 2EI
J
0
p2 1
/a
°
4Ef > 8

96 E/
pip
-
W<
96£/
The deflection in the line of action t^f P is given by
-

A'_
"
?> 96/7
s-
48E/
Problem 289. A simply supported beam earries a point loa d P
eccentrically on the span. Find the deflection under the load. Assume
uniform flexural rigidity.
Solution. Fig 462 shows a beam AB of span I which carries a
load P at C.

— X 1

Fig. 462
 - a

defiection of beams 4R9

Let AC— and BC^b.

1)
Reaction at

Renction at

The strain energy stored by the beam AB

strain energy stored by /(T
+ strain energy stored by BC

l( Ph Y dx {( Pa \i,2
dx
Ir
0
/ 2El
0

pia%s
6Eifi + bEfP

Since a + /^=/

6£-//

Deflection under load /' is given by

n o

iP bCiT
Problem 290. The semicircular arch shown in fig. 463 has one
uf //V hinged while Us other end is on rollers. The roller end is
cniis
piuled with a horizontal force P. Determine the hitrizonial
movement
of the roller end. Asmme uniform Jlexurcd rigidity.
Solatioo. There will be a
horizontal reaction at A.

The bending moment at

ariv section X is given by

Af jP r sin B.

Strain energy stored

by the arch ^i
Fig. 463

r M^ds

«/2
P*r2sin2e.r</e
2Ei
490 si»u,\c;n. uh rims

^
y y 1
0

r -r - r.

’
4/:/

I lon/oiital movcrih nt of the roller end is i»iven b\

. ^ ^ i2P)r^ K
'
rV VE!
Pr^ K
IE!
above examples the deflection vvas determined in the
In the
line of action of a force Rut ifir is lequircd to lind the deflection
at point where ni' force is actnal'v acting* then an imaginary force
0 should be applied at the point and the total tMiergy stored b> the
structure should be determined This expression for Die total
energy should be different fated with respecf to <> In the resulting
expression should be pat ecjual to /er^* The following e< irnpies
will further explain tins point

Problem 29 1 Find the iLilr n‘o/t m tih' cenfro of a [Link] i>f

spun 1 currymi: u nnif(*rnifr ./, </ LtaJ o/ w pi r unit ran ,>,• f //,,,

w'hoL' ^pun /fvs:./ui* uniform rhn'./z'k

Solution Inirodijce an ima^'i:iar\ concentrated load Q ar the

middle pmnt.
U pAf .j n, '*•

li’ ih4

Fach vertical reaction

m7 t
Q
2

Bending moment ai a scctii>r. distant a* from one end

m7 \~Q _ MCV-
2 ^
2
Total strain energy stored by the beam
f dx .

] lEl
OEPMCmON OF BEAMS 491

wl-\~Q wx- T dx
-1[
tii.

wl l
Q \2

To find the central deflection, [Link] the total

.ifviin energy .vith respect to Q, we have
in
. Sjf'.
“
If J u’/ \Q II \ > ,

"p ^
: j
>

/:
I 1 fu/ o
H 1

1 J J
0
’

1
'
wl ‘
Q 1 F M'
1

LI 1
2 3 8 2

1 1
wF wF ,
(JP 1
El i
48 128 4H !

‘ 5
I
‘-1
wC
El ^ 384 48 J

Putting Q 0, we have
5 u/‘
384 El

Problem 292. Find the dcfh’dr^n al (he free ( nd oj u curuitever

<[l length / carrying a uniformly dtarV^uud loiuJ of w pci unit run over

the whole span^ Assume uniform jlcwual rigulify.

.Solotion, Introduce an imagnuiiy point load Q at the Tree end.

«U' yr:

'hcr££jZc±xx-x:.C'Cj-i i.:;

be . nJ ^
^-r-r-rvrr c£U2CIlCcdl

Fig. ^65

at any section distant x from the free end

The bending moment
 .

492

Strum energy stored

by the cantilever
M^dx
2Ef

dx
'2E1
u

total energy w hh VsjLf differentiating the

0
1
r Qp ,
wp 1

Putting {?=0, we have,

f/
F/L' 3'+~Fj

8E/

^acoTmrTd had
""
;SS 5SLS
Sohiflon, Pert/rn/ ,/e;7,,,v,Vm
«/ ^

Fie. 466
Fig. 467
The bending moment at any section
making an angle 0 with the vertical is
X the radm< vector OA‘
given bv
Af»>-i>r sin 9
dlflection of beams 493

Strain energy iitoied

A/‘W.s
f
j 2/;/
'12

_ f P'Y- sin- 0 . n/t'

"“j
2F/
0

_ P -V=»
'2
LI 4

^~Jli
Vertical deflection of A

a/»

8£/

Mil
tiorizonlat inovcnicnl of 4

Introduce an iitiapiiiaiy luni/oni.d loite (j at A.

The beniling niuiueiit at any .'cetK>:' \ is now vi\cn by
M -1/Vsin!.' Or(l -cos H)]

Strati! cnciL’y sU>rcd by the siiucture

t~<h
-- I S
([
f’r sin tt
i (?r( ! cos 0) T ''jH.
J 2El
1 he horizontal movement of A is given by
.'TK
6a
<(?

2 sin 6 |
Qr( 1 ci's U) r( I— cos 6) ~
/'(/n

I J 2EI
re/Z 7t/2

^3^ - cos
|-
El I
sin e (1 fl) ^/0+ (J — cos 6)- ,/tl

Putting
K‘JL

sin 0(l-cos »)r/e

494 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
n/2

;[(i-cos0)2]

Pr^
lEI
Problem 294. The bend ABC
shown in Fi^. 468 carries a concent-
rated \ertical load P at A. Find the vertical and horizontal deflection
of A A\s wne un ifo rm flexural rigidi t\\
Solution. Vertical deflection of A. Strain energy stored by the
frame
strain energy stored by 4/i 4-strain energy stored by BC,

py 4.
6£/ 2£/
n‘>
IV. LIB" (a 1-3//)
6FI
To find the vertical deflection of A dilferentiatiiv’ the loial
energy stored with respect to P, we have,
^ j {2P)a^(a \ 3 h)
~(P ()£/

h
B A

T
1

h h

Cl
rrr**-^7r»

mjh/n
c
 ‘

495
T)EFLE( TK)N of br\ms

PaHa ^ 3//)

3El
When i.e., if had been a cantilever
Particular case. I

fixed at B
Pa^
3EI

Horizontal deflection of A

To find the *iori 7 <>ntai JellectiiMi id 1 intn>Jucc an ini<itiinary

force Q hori/ontally at i-
Strain cncrjiy st'Oicd i^y ilu* 'troctioi' is no eiven h'
a /:

ir,
I 1E‘ 2/7
U i)

•'
*ui
Differentiating the birain enepiv .vi’ (J

liorizvintal nioxenicni f '

. II
^ (

I " '

n\_ ' ^ 1

I’uitlUj; (J '*• '^0 li.i\o

’

, f'tih

2 /:/

iod the [Link]‘ //«"•, //o.** o{ the lOnjoroi i'cml

iVoblcin 2‘’5. f t

4HCJ)tl'0 sIwM N 07 I Of:.

Solution. Stra n energ> >loic-J \y- hh' whole straetvne

\V 2 [Link] stored pn AJk and C /^|

K i

hiK. -I7U
 496 STRENGTH OF UATCRt/Us

M'-(Is
2EI
j P \2 IP \2

^2 ') fl2 «) +
I
0
r 2EI IK <'•+»>
r^,.
=2 [P-
14 •
d
3
j +? ^S.+?
lEI 4 2£/ 4
.
J,.
2£/
4 jw-.)3|‘
-

]
=--2
[;24£/
'

8£7
PV
"2x __ _
11

24 El “l2 El
Vertical deflection of D
t'W'.^ll (^)a3
()P 12 El'
II /»<a®

6 El
Problem 2% .4 miU steel bur 10 an. diameter is bent as
\Iiowh
in Fig. 47 1. It isji\ed horizontally at A and a load of 50 kg. hangs at
D. Draw the bending moment diagram for the part.s A B, BC and CD
indicating the maximum value.s. Find the maximum bending .Uress
Find also the deflection at D. Take E --2x 10^ [Link].“

Solution. Conventions for bending moments.

For horizontal members, sagging moments will be regarded as

positive.

For the vertical member, bending moment producing concavity

on the right hand side of the member will be regarded as positive.

B.M. at Z)=»
B.M. at C as a part of C/)-= -50 X 2= -100 A-gm.
B.M af C as a part of CB= -F 100 kgm.
B.M. at B as a part of BC-^A-mkgrn.
B.M. at B as a part of -4B— + 100 kgm.
B.M. at A — — 50 X 1 = — 50 kgm.
Maximum bending moment
= 100 kgm.
Maximum bending stress
M 100 X 100
kg./cm.^
Z x(U})8
32
^mkglcm.*
 497
: -r?

'

s'v /'
\ i

1 I
f :

•*>y th'‘ I
% M'>''
t\ AT
;., ,ine:.r-s:'r^''’r' ^<-\
'• ' ..•f
"t'M'c'l b'-- D(
I •
by BC

^ '»
'> f*I

1
r
irj M lik
2EJ
ti
2f./
498 STRENGTH OP MATPRULS

=ZL+i. />*
6EI1EI (f)
T El
Veitical deflection at /)

= S’ ?^= _P
0> 6 El 3 El
P=50
£=2x 10* kg-lcm?
it(lO)*
/= cm.*
64

^=29 50X64
X( 100)8 cm.
3 2xl0«Vn(10)*
0'49em.

§76. Impact loading on beam

Simply supported beam

f
Fig. 473 (a) shows a simpjy
If 1
supported team AB of span 1.

Let a load fV be dropped

(€.) on the centre of the span from a
t height h.
»
P 1

V? ——) maximum
Let S be the instantaneous
deflection.

/. Work done on the beam

(t)
a).

Fig. 473

shows the same beam carrying a gradually applied

Fig. 473 (h)
load? so as to produce the same deflection ^ at the centre. For this
cose the work donc==i ?8.

But 8= —
p/3
48?/
1 Pfi
-Work done-^?,^~

96EI
Eqcating the two expressions obtained for the work done, we
have
ppjPLFOTlON OF BEAMS

The above equation is a quadratic equation in P, By solving

equation the equivalent gradually applied load P can be deter-
giincd Once P is known, the maximum deflection is determined

from the relation or from the relation.

The maximum bending moment to which the beam is subjected

in is give by

A^maa “ "-i
4
ff Z be the section modulus for the section, the maximum
i>t.>ruaii‘^ous stress

Af

Problem 297. A 500 mm. x 180 mm. rolled steel beam is simply
uiportcdofi a span of 6 metres A load of 2 tonnes is dropped on to
fKhIdfe of the beam from a height of J' 25 cm Find the maximum
iro'U ^i^ancous deflection and the maximum stress induced. Take for
the beam section Lr~ 452 1 8' 3 cm and E~^ 2x 10^ tonnesjem^.
Solution.
2 tomes.
Let be the maximum deflection.

Let P tonnes be the equivalent gradually applied load on the

middle of the beam so as to produce the same maximum deflection.

2(l"25+8)-.4pJ5
2*50 f 2S”iPa
54-48-P8
^(P— 4)-5
p/3

_ P{600^
48£7
PX600’
48E/
(P-4) -

/»(/»-4)=
5x48x2xl0»x452I8-3
(600)»
i»(P_4)== 100-4
p»-4P^m-4
 |

500 SIRENGTH OF MATBUUlS

(jP-.2)2=104'4
(P-2)- 10-22
P=I2‘22 tomes.
Max. B.M.
PI
^Mmaz- '

4
12J2X600 tonne cm.
4
-I2'22x 150 tonne cm.
f
iexiion modulus— Z =
y
45218*3
~ cm.^
25
-^1808*7 cm?
Maximum bending stress

=/=
M
Z
_ 12-22x150
“ tjenu-
1808-7
= 10 14 r/cm.®
— 1014 [Link]?

R
^
" 48 £/

''
J222 X 6008 on
48x2xi6=‘x452)8 ^

— O' 6084 cm.

§77. Laminated Springs or Leaf Springs
This is a commonly occur-
ring type of spring used in carriages
like cars, lorries or wagons. This
spring consists of a number of
leaves or plates of equal width and
thickness but of varying length,
placed one below the other.
These springs get loaded at
the ends and are supported in the
middle.
I

In this type of spring, since ,

: .
:
;
;
{ |

friction between the plates is }-~

V ’
t-
'
-j—
''
--J
negligible, each plate can be consi- «- .

dered as free to slide over its Fig. 474

neighbouring plate. Further all the plates may be assumed to
maintain the same radius. Each plate section hence has its own
 Ofcl LKCTfON OP BEAMS 501

Fig. 475 Fig. 476

neutral axis. Hence the plates may be looked upon

as being
arranged by side. Hence for analysis purposes the carriage
side
spring can be considered as equivalent to a beam whose depth is
uniform and equal to the thickness of one plate and whose width
uuifornaly increises from zero at each end to nb at the centre where
yiis the number of plates and b is the width of each plate.

The equivalent beam is shown in Fig. 475.

Consider the equivalent beam. Let the span of the beam

be I.

Width of this beam at a section X at a distance v ^less than

s r(>ni the left end

Moment of inertia at the section X

12
nbt^
61

It.M at the section

R El
W 6\
~2
502 STRiiNGiH OF MATBRUU
I 3Wl
—constant
R Enbfi
Hence the beam will bend to a constant radius.
Central deflection
/2

8 ’
Enbt^
3
...(/I
8 Enbt^
B.M. at the centre
Wl
A/-
Section modulus at mid span

Z=« . -g-

Bending stress

M Wl _
6 _
4"
Z nbt'^

...(//)
^ 2
*
^nb7^~
From equations (i) and (ii)

//2
a--: ...(iii)
4£r
It may be noted that the spring has been analysed as a Amo;
of uniform strength.
Work done by the load on the spring— strain energy stored by
the spring— i IVS
Stiffness of the spring— load required to produce unit'deflection

JV
'
a'
ProUem 298. A spring 75 cm. long is required to carry
leaj
a central point load of 500 kg. If the central deflection is not to
exceed 2 cm. and the bending stress is not to [Link] 2 tjem." determine
the thickness, width and number of plates.
Also compute the radius to which the plates should be curved.
Assume width of the plates = 12 times the thickness and
E=2xJ0hkg./cm.^ {AAIIE, November 1971)
Sointioa. IS cm. b=\lt
ik - ."00 kg. E=2 X 10* [Link].^
S=2 cm.
/=2000 kgjcm.^
 t

uBPIECTION beams 503

We know the following relations :

f_ 3 Wl
^ ...(0
2 nb?
___ 3 WP
...(«)
8 EnbP
...(Hi)
AEl

^ ...(iv)
8i?

fP 2000x752
From (iii)
^ -
' 4£S 4x2xl0«x2
ft = 12 XO-7=r4 cm.
3 Wl 3 800X75
From (0 “ fbP 2 '
^xi2(0-7)2
2
=8 plates.
„ P 75X75
^
From (/v) ^ 8~-2' ^

Problem 299. A leaf spring is to he made of seven steel plates

6-5 cm- wide and 6 3 mm. thick. Calculate the length of the spring
275 kg., the stress being limited
so that it may carry a central load of
t., 1600 k^.lcm.^ Calculate also the deflection at the centre of the
spring. i ^ [Link].^ {AMIE, May 1970)
Solution.
K= 7 I —
b^O'Sem. 8 —?
f"=0’63 cm.
W'=275 kg.
/=1600 kg /cm.^
£=21 X 10® kg./cm.

r
" 2
^ WL
nbt^

3 W
7 X 6-5 X 0 63^x1600
''
-70 cm.
'
3 275

* g Enbt^

_ 3 275x70»
"T (2-lx10«)x7X6-5(0-63)»
=/•-#«/ cm.
I m long is made up of pktes
Problem 300- A laminated spring
cm. thick. If the bending stress in the plates
each 5 cm. wide aid I
 504 3 rRt,N(.. 5 H C'J

ii Hmth d if- / how mun^ pines k-i; iuI tliihfi /’J,"

spring to cttrr r a cem ral poiti! I -uil of e..

If E-=- y t :< 10^ kg jc‘h'', «.!ut: n'

load of 200 kg '

Soititioj*.

/) •" 5 an.

t- I cot.

/-K'iM) kgu:

ie j.-n
? ii'V
'

I \n
U I

tbt^

2(10 JiM
RKK' '
5 t-

fl-
4 i:t
K-'OOxUHi !f)<i

4 2 ‘
I X 1 (
f*' X 1

- J-l<lcn..
Problem .’VU. A carriage spring ir i'd.'i metres I ,ne
up .if plat, 's
HiV/f and lOnd dw ,m,.[Link] of rhtes
! nil. thick
i'.naired f ,r ihi '.'iting if a central point I'.iad
of ^I’O I g. in h
and if the bending stress is not to euecd 1400 [Link].^ Find ah
thv r

central deflection. Take E ~7'.< 10^ [Link].^

Solution. Bending stress

-f-
'“2 itbt-

W!
2 •
fbt^
3 600 X 125
^
"
2 1400 x 8 X 1
-= / y plates.
Central deflection

8-1
8 Enbfi
600XJ25®
8 2xi0«xirx8x 13

=“^496 cm.
 U^CTlON OF BEAMS 505
jbLl

Problem 302. A laminated carnage spring is 80 cms* long and

fwhr leaves of the same thickness and 4 cm. wide. Find
t \hUkniSs of the leaves if the bending stress is to be limited to 200()
when the spring is subjected to a point load of 600 kg. at the
•urc. find also the central deflection. Take E~ 2 X 10^ [Link],^

SulutioD. Maximum stress

3 Wf
^
2 nbt^

2 nbf
3_ 6^^80
2 T2X 4X2000
0‘866 cm. say 0*9 cm.
Central deflection
\V^
EnbV^
_ 600 X 80 '^

"^8 2X10«X 12x4(0*9)’^

S = /‘65 cm.
78. CoDjugate Beam Method
We have earlier discussed the slopes and deflections of beams
ubjected to an external loading by various meihoJs like moment
:srca njctbod, Macaulay's method^ etc. The methods discussed
Mflier were convenient for cases where the beam is of uniform
'v \ural rigidity. If the flexural rigidity is not uniform throughout
liC length of the beam, the methods discussed earlier are very

Fig. 477

laborious. The conjugate beam method presents a very easy approach

and the student will find its application very interesting. Before this
ingenious method is introduced, it will be worthy to go through the
following discussion.
Fig. 477 shows the bending moment diagram for a beam A B
with supports at A and B.
Taking A as origin, consider any section X distant x from A.
Let M be the bending moment at X.

See Chijpter 8.
506 STRENGTH OF MATERIAU

Wc have, with the usual notations,

Integrating from 0 to x, we have,

E! -= £/(/*- ia) == Mdx--a>:

I

where as is the area of the B.M. diagram from A to X.

; J_
/.=/«+ ...(/•)

d^v
Again,

Multiplying by x.

Elx^i =Mx.
Integrating for the whole range from A to B, we get

L L

£/ X i/x*==| Mxdx
j

L
7 — Moment of
H! *
* f the
t whole
]b.M. diagram about
z A,
0

-ax
where flf^area of the B.M. diagram from A to B
A'«centroidal distance of this diagram
from A,
We know,
At .^-=0, j-0
At .x=/, y=^0 .

dv
and =io
dx
Substituting the limits, we get

Ell ib=^dx
ax
...(«)

Similarly it can be shown,

— a(/- x) ...(«<)
j«—
~Ell
deflection op beams 507

Again,

(Pv
£/x“^2
Integrating from 0 to x.

Mxd X
0 0

- Moment of the area of B.M. diagram

between A and X about A
where t//- — area of B,M. diagram between A and A'

va-centroidal distance of this diagram from A.

Substituting the limits, we get
Elixir, -y)
ajcXx
y-xu-
Ux
But from equation (/) /x -/ i-b
El

y-^x
i
r.-t
r El
[Link])

El
It can be realized that a,{x—xr.) is the moment of the area
3 * about X.

y-.X,a
moment of about X ...(iv)

Summary of results.

EIL \ El A ^f) ...(1)

ax ( a \x
...(2)
EIL " \ El ) L

/x=/..+ ...(3)
yf
and ^==j:/x-f-Moment of
1
about X ...(4)
^
5!0 STRENGTH OF MATERIATS

( ^) ( onjui^ale beam Fig. 480 (/>) Conjugate beam

I
diagram us
-
- while the thickness of the diagram is • If this
^ tf
method is adopted the total load on the conjugate beam —volume
of the load diagram^- area of the load diagram X thickness.
It will be t'ouiid convenient to introduce the diagram in
El
this way. This method will be adopted in the examples that follow.
Problem 303. A beam of length I is simply supported at the
ends and carries a concentrated load iv at a distance a from each end.
Find the slope at each end and under each load. Find also the de-
flection under each load and at the centre.
Solution. Fig, 481 U) shovvs a beam AB ol span / carrying
point loads W each at D and E distant a from the supports.
Fig. 4H1 ib) .shows the B.M. diagram for the beam.

Fig. 481
DEFlECTiON OF BEAMS 511

Fig. 48! (c) shows the conjugate beam carrying the loading

coiTCsponding to the diagram. This

^ diagram is practically

the same as the M diagram except in the case of the ~ diagram,

we should imagine a thickness of

•

Total load on the conjugate beam

—Volume of the load diagram
1
-2x |~ [Link]-^j |+(^-2a) IVaX
El El
Wa- Wji(l-2a)
El
+ -

El
_ Wa(/-a}
El
Reaction at each support for the conjugate beam

^ the total load

^ Wa{h~a)
"
IE!
Slope at each end of the given beam
--Shear force at each end of the conjugate beam

_ IVad- a)
;
2Ei
Slope under each load of the given beam
Shear force under each load of conjugate beam
Wa[l-a) _ 1

"
2EI Y a Wa El
_ llVa(l-a) Wd^
lEl 2El

_ Wid,l-2a)
2El
Deflection under each load of the given beam
=B.M. under each load of the conjugate beam

-
Wad-a) 1 ^ I

2El 2 Ef
fVaHl-a) IFa*
2El 6El
Wa^
(3/-3a-a)
6El
WdH3l-4a)
6El
 Problem 304. A beam AB of span I is simpiv supporicJ .n
and B and carries
a point load IV at the centre C of the span. ;
moment of inertia of the beam section is / for the left half and .? I >

the right half Calculate the dope at each end luufthr centre and
dt flection at the centre
Solution. 1 !g. 482 (a) shows the given beam.

fig. 482 (h) shows the bending moment [Link] for ’-’e: ee-
lierm (^/-diagram)
Fig. 482 U ) shows the conjugate beam.

Fig. 482
DEFLBCnm OP BBAMS S13

Itie load diagnuD for the conjugate beam is pven by tbe

^diagram. The thidcness of this diagram is for the left
j

half and
^ ^ ^ for the right half.

Pr^ectks «f loads on die conjugate beam an ahomi fceloir.

(Note : Volume of load diagram=load)
'

Load componentl Magnitude Dhtanca Mamemt

of had from A about A

1 1 Wl 1 WP 2 1 1 WP
2 ’
2 . 4 '
El 16£/ 3 " 2 3 4SEI

1 /
^
wt \ Wi- /
+ -L . J— 2./
WP
2 2 4 •
2£I 1
37EI 2 3 2 3 «El
!

Total
3 Wt^ WP
32 El 24EI
. - . . -

Let V-i and Vi, be the reactions at A and B for the conjugate
beano-
Taking moments about A, we have,

^
2AEI

lAEJ
WP
But total load on the conjugate beam=-Y.,-
El
,,_
Va-
3 Wl'^ _ WP _5 WP
-32
El 2AEI 96 El
Now we can easily determine the slope and deflection for the
given beam.
Slope at A for the given beam- Shear force at A for the con-

jugate beam =-^

Slope at B for the given beam = Shear force at B for the con*

jugate beam
WP
24£/
Slope at C for the given beam = Shear force at C for the con*
jugate beam
^5
~
WP _ WP
96 El \6El
WP
96JS7
514 STRENGTH (HF MATERIALS

{numerteally)
96£/
Deflection at C for the given beam— B.M. at C for the con*
jugate beam J _L- /JL ±\
96 El '
2 \6Ei \ 3 '
2 /

WP
6AEI
ProUem 3#5. A beam ABCD
is simply suppm’ted at its ends
A and D over a span of 30 metres. It is made up of three portions AB,
BC and CD each 10 metres in length. The moment of inertia of the
section of these portions are /, 3 1 and 21 respectively, where I=2x 1(P
cm*. The beam carries a point load of 1.51 at B and a point load of
30t at C. Neglecting the weight of the beam calculate the slopes and
deflections at A, B, C
and D. Take E-2x
l(fi tfem^.

Scrintion. Fig. 483 shows the given beam. Let vn and va be

(o)
the reactions at the supports. Taking moments about A, we have
V,, X 30= 15 X 10+ 30 X 20

Fig. 483
vj=25t and »o=45— 25=20t
BM. atB =20x10 -200 rm.
B.M. ate -25x10=250 On.
DEFlECnON OF BEAMS 515

Fig. 483 (b) shows the B.M. diagram for the given beam.

Fig. 483 (c) shows the^ diagram which is the loading on the

conjugate beam. The thickness on the diagram is •— for the portion

AB, for the portion BC and for the portion CD The

properties of the loads on the conjugate beam are given below :

{Note : Volume of load diagram— load)

Magnitude Distance Moment

1

Load component of load from A about A

j

Load on AB 1

‘ 1000 20 20000
- X10X200.'< i

4 El 3 3Er
1 oad on BC \

2000 10000
200xl0x--^ 15
3£/ El

1 250 50 12500
2 3£/ 3 9El

Load on CD
625 70 43750
4“ xl0x250x .1,
2 2El El 3 3E!
-
i

7125 293750
Total 1
3El ~9Fl

Let F- and Vj be the reactions at A and D for the conjugate

beam.
Taking moments about A, we have.
293750
Fjx30--=
9Er
2937 5
21EI
= 7125 _ 29315 34750
Va
ZEI 21EI 21EI
Now we can easily determine the slopes and deflections at
A, ft. C, D for the given beam.
Slope at A for the given beam
=S.F. at A for the conjugate beats
,
516 SntENOTH OT MATBUALS

_ 34750
“ nm
_ 34750 X (100)*
27x2x10*x2XJ0«
=0003218
Slope at B for the given beam
=cS.F. at B for the conjugate beam
_ 34750 1000
27Er El
__ 7750
21EI
7750 X (100)*
“ 27x2x Iu3x2xl0®
=00007176
Slope at C for the given beam
— S.F. at C for the conjugate beam
_ 29375 _ 6^5
21El El
^ 12500
21EI
_ 12500 X (100)*
27x2xT0»x2x 108
=0-001157
Slope at D for the ^ven beam
=S.F. at D for the conjugate beam
_ 29375
27£7
29375 X (100)*
'27X2X1^ 2xl0«
' =0 00272
Deflection at A for the given beam
=0
Deflection at B for the given beam
==B.M. at B for the conjugate beam
_ 34750 1000
21 El El
257500
21EI
2S 7S00X (100)8
27 X 2~X10*X2 X 10«
=2-384 cm.
DBPLBCillON Of BEAMS 517
Deflection at C for the given beam
— B.M. at C for the conjugate beam
^75 X 10-
625
'
27E/ El 3
237500
~ 27EI
237500 x(100)»
“27x2x103x2x10*
=2' 199 cm.
SelatioB betweoi the given beam and coBjngate beam
The relations between the given beam and the corresponding
conjugate beam- for different conditions are shown in the table on
page 518.
We will now analyse beams with different end conditions.
Problem 306- [Link] of length I cartes a point load W
at the free end. Calculate the slope and defleetion at the free end.
Solution. Fig. 484 (a) shows the cantilever AB carrying the
load W at B.
Fig. 484 (h) shows the Af-diagram for the cantilever.
Fig. 484 (c) shows the corresponding conjugate beam carrying
the “• loading.

PIS.4S4
Slope at B for the given beam
•
<bS.F. at ^ for the conjugate beam
±,I.
-j m JL.
- 2gi
 STRENOIH OF MATBRULS

I
I
Slope 3f any section S.F 0 t . correspoodiog section

2 Dcflfciion at any sccti B.M.

I at the correspooding section

Given system o^ loading The loadfog diagraxD bteomes tiie

3 I
M disgrao

Free
Slope -iO S.F.-O
Deflection »0 B.M.-0
(o) B M diagram positive
(sagging) , load diagram is positive that ia»
Mmi I

the loadtog is downward

(b) B.M. diagram negative hi
(hogging) toad diagram Is negative that it

the loading is upward

DEIlfCTION OF 6BAM!l 519
Deflection at B for the given beam
~B.M. at B for the conjugate beam
“ 2£/ •
3
*

JW3
iEI
Frobiem 367. A cantilever of length I carries a point load at W
a distance h from the fixed end. Calculate the slope and deflection
at the free end.
Solutwn. Fig. 485 (a) shows a cantilever AB of length I fixed
at A and carrying a point load IF at a distance h from A.
w

Pig. 485

F'ig. 485 {b) shows the B.M. diagram for the cantilever.
Fig. 485 (c) shows the corresponding conjugate beam whose
load diagram is the diagram.

Slope at B for the given beam

— S.F. at B for the conjugate beam

Deflection at B for the given beam

=B.M. at B for the conjugate beam
k \
~ 2EJ V 3*
/
Probieni 368. A cantilever of let^th I carries a uniformly
distributed toad of w per unit run over the whole lengtl . cidetdate
the slope and deflection at the free end.
520 $fltBNGtB Of MATERIAU

fiiihHnii Fig. 486 (a) shows a cantilever of length / AB

carrying a nnifiwmly distributed load of w per unit run over the
whcde kngtii.
Fig. 486 (6) draws the B.M. diagram for the cantilever.

Fig. 486 (c) shows the correqranding conjugate beam whose

load diagram is the diagram.

w per unit run

(«) !

given beam

Fig. 486

Slope at j8 for the ghreo beam

=S.F. at jB for the copjugate beam
>=VoIuiiie of load diagram
=Ateaxdiidcness
base X altitude xthidmess

“ JL
3
'
“T"
^ •
1

El
""
w/*
f^EF

,
Deflection id for the givm beam
»B.M. at for the ocmjQgatO beam
wfi 3 wd*
~6EI ’
tEI
Drohlwn 3gg. I is snAjected to a cou^
A emaiFever of latgBt
M» at the fits tati. Cekudae rhe dope oad dtfieetim at the free
end. !
I
 pBfLECnON OF bbamS 521

Solution. Fig. 487 (a) shows a cantilever AB fixed at A.

The free end B is subjected to a couple Mo.

thickness eJ-
E1

Fig. 487
Fig. 487 ib) shows the B.M. diagram for the cantilever.'
Fig. 487 (c) shows the corresponding conjugate beam carrying

the -^loading.

Slope at 5 for the given beam=S.F. at B for this conjugate

beam

Deflection at
-Molx ~
B for the given beams=B.M.
Mo!
El
at Bfor the conju-
^
gate beam

~ El •
2
_ Mo^
~ lEl'
ProUem 310. A cantilever of length 1 is subjected to a couple
Mo at a distance l\ from the fixed end. Find the slope and deflection
at the free end.
^
Sointion. Fig 488 (a) shows a cantilever AB of length / fixed
at A. Let a couple Mo be applied at. C distant h from A.
Fig. 488 (b) shows the B.M. diagnun finr the cantilever.
 522 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Fig. 488 (c) shows the corresponding conjugate beam whose

load diagram is the diagram.

hi
Ho

Cofij'ugate beam

Fig. 488
Slope at B for the given beam=S.F. at B for the conjugate beam
AUi
~ El
Deflection at B for the given beam— B.M. at B for the conju-
gate beam

Problem 311. A propped cantilever A B of length I fixed at A

carries a point load W at mid'span. Find the reaction at the prop.
Solution. Fig 489 (a) shows the propped cantilever carrying
the point load at midspan.
Let the reactions at the fixed end A and the propped end B
be va and VI, respectively.

Fig. 489 (b) is the B M. diagram when the prop is absent.

Fig. 489 the B.M. diagram due to prop reaction alone.
(c) is
The above two B.M. diagrams together constitute the final B M.
diagram.
Fig. 489 id) shows the corresponding conjugate beam (note the
end conditions for the conjugate beam) whose load diagram is
the
M diagram. For the conjugate beam, since the B.M. ati?
 OEFUCTION Oi- BEAMS 523

T ,

Fig. 489
equals zero, taking moments about B, we have

ProMem 312. A beam AB of span / is fixed at A and freely

supported at B. For the left half AC the moment
of inertia of tht
section is 21, while for the right half it is I.
is applied at the end B.
A clockwise couple
Find the prop reaction and the slope at thi
M
end. Find also the B,M, at the fixed end.
Solodoo. Fig. 490 (a) shows the given beam AB. Let i
be the reaction at B,
Figs. 490 (6) and (c) show the B.M. diagrams due to the sepi
rate effects of Mo and z'ft.
 524 SrtBIHTIB (»> llAinUALS

Fig. 490
Fig. 490 (d) shows the corresponding conjugate beam, the load
diagram for which is the
M diagram.

The thickness of the diagram is -~j for the Idft half and
for the right half.
Note the end conditions for the conjugate beam.
For the conjugate beam, taking moments about B,
we have,

lEl 2 1 2EI ~A

_i_w
~ JL ^ '
2.1^
2 2EI 3

4. L
^ ±
2-2 £*L
2
_i_
2EI
2_
3 *
±2
5

Slope at B for the given be8m=S.F. at A for the conjugal

-Mol/ _L 4.
_ jlf +Moju J.
2
_i
2^^
J. w—2BI~
2^^ L. i
2~
'Y
^

2
>

~2EJ
 .

omaCTKW (»> BBAIIS 525

3 M.l 5 ViP ^ M»l 5 5 Mol

“ 4 '
16 16 £/ “ 4 El 16 •
3 El
n MJ_
“48 El
Now for the given beam, B.M. at A
=5*/-Afo=-| Mo
Examples in Qiapter 8
1. A
cast iron beam 4 cm. wide and 8 cm. deep is placed od
supports 1*25 metres apart and is subjected to a central point load
3000 kfTo If the central deflection is found to be 6*5 mm., find the
value of the Young's Modulus tor the material.
(I‘lxl0«%./cw2)
2. Find the uniform bending moment which is to be applied
to a steel rod 18 mm. diameter so as to bend it into a circular arc of
18 metres radius.
If the bar is 3*25 metres long, find the central deflection. Take
£•=2x10® [Link].^
3. A cantilever of uniform section has a length /. It is
propped at the free end and carries a point load IV at sl distance a
from the fixed end.
(a) If the prop holds the free end at the level of the .fixed end,
find the prop recti on
(b) If now the prop is removed what will be the deflection at
the free end 7

4. A cantilever of uniform section and length /

horizontal
carries two point loads, IT at the free end and at a distance a
from the free end. Find the deflection at the free end.

[3|-{3W-.)+a»)]
5. A beam of span 2/ simply supported at the ends carries two

equal loads W symmetrically placed at a distance of -y on either side

of midspan Find the maximum deflection.

r23 WPl
LSI if J
6. A
horizontal cantilever of uniform section of length /
carries two vertical point loads iV\ and 20 W acts upwards at the
free end and IV2 acts downwaids at a distance a from the fixed end.
Find the end deflection.

[-— {2WiP-W2flm-a)}^
 526 tfntBNGlH Of MATOttU
7. A beam simply supported at the ends has a span I. It is
subjected to equal and opposite end couples Mo. Find the slope at
the ends and the central deflection.
rMi . Mi"]
L 2ET ’ iEf J
8. A beam simply supported at the ends having a span /
carries three point loads W each symmetrically placed on the span at

intervals of . Find the central deflection and the slopes at the

ends.
r 19 wp j_
'
1 384 El 32 El J
9. A cantilever of length / carrying a point load W at the free
end 10, propped
is at a distance a from the fixed end to the same level
as the fixed end. Find the load on the prop.
Show that there is always a real point of inflexion and find its
distance from the fixed end.

I-]
A cantilever of length / carries a uniformly distributed
load of w per unit run for a distance | / from the fixed end. Find
the slope and the deflection at the free end.

5- w/® 117 w/* 1

r .
’
L128 El 2048 El J
11. A beam
of uniform section of length 1 is loaded by its
own weight only and is supported at two points with equal over-
bangs. Find the distance between the two supports.
13,
(a) so that, with the supports at the same level the two ends
of the beam remain horizontal.
(h) so that, the deviation from the straight
is as small as
possible. fO-5774/; 0 554/]
12. A beam of length 21 has one support at the left end
where it is encasted while it is freely supported at a distance
from the left end. If the beam carries a concentrated load midway
between the two supports find the upward deflection of the right
end.

A horizontal cantilever ACB I units long, is fixed at A

and supported at C. It carries a uniformly distributed load
freely
of w per unit run over the entire length. Find the position of the
supports so that the reactions at the two supports are equal.
(0‘8375 / from the fixed end)
 )

DEFLECnON O" BEAMS 527

14. A cantilever of length / carries a total triangular load fV

whose intensity variesuniformly from zero at the free end to a
maximum at the fixed end. Show that the deflection at any point
distant X from the free end is given by

15. A bridge across a river has a span 2/ and is constructed

with beams resting on the banks and supported at the middle on a
pontoon. When the bridge is unloaded, the three' supports are all
at the same level, and the pontoon is such that the vertical displace-
ment is equal to the load on it multiplied by a constant A. Show
that the load on the pontoon, due to a concentrated load placed W
one-quarter of the way along the bridge, is given by

11 fV

i< I+-T
where f is the second moment of area of the section of the beams.
1 6. Two
equal steel beams are built in at one end and con-
nected by a steel rod as shown.
Show that the pull in the tie rod is given by

17.

where d is the diameter of the rod. and 7 is the second moment of

area of the section of each beam about its neutral axis.
The free end of a horizontal cantilever of length / is
supported by a short vertical strut of area A and height h and of the
same material as that of the cantilever. If the cantilever carries a
total uniformly distributed load W
over the whole length, find the
load transmitted to the strut. Assume that the lower end of the
strut does not sink

/ ZAWl^ \
V 8^/®-|-24 h )