02 iaÓ;s úoHq;h

2'1 jia;=jla wdfrdamKh lsÍu

b;d l=vd m%udKfha úh<s lvodis len,s
lsysmhla lmd .kak' tu lvodis len,s
fïihla u; ;nkak' mEklska úh<s
ysiflia msrsu`oskak' tu mEk lvodis len,s
wi,g f.k tkak'
Tng l=ula ksÍlaIKh l< yels fõo@
2'1 rEmh lvÞis len,s mEk fj;
lvÞis len,s mEk fj; wdl¾IKh jk wdl¾IKh jk wdldrh

wdldrh ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'

²² ysifliaj,g wu;rj mEk msßue§fuka lvodis len,s wdl¾IKhg
iu;a fjk;a øjH ;sfíoehs mÍlaId lrkak'
²² mEk fjkqjg fhdod.; yels fjk;a øjH ;sfí o @
we;eï øjH ;j;a øjHhlska msßue§u isÿl< úg ieye,a¨ øjH tajdg
wdl¾IKh ùug fya;=j Tng lsj yels o @
fï ms<snoj fidhdne,Sug my; l%shdldrlfuys ksr; fjuq'

l%shdldrlu 2'1
wjYH øjH (- ùÿre oKavla" P.V.C ng lene,a,la" tnkhsÜ
oKavla" fmd,s;Ska fld<hla" fiao frÈ lene,a,la ^is,ala fros&"
f,dau frÈ lene,a,la yd isyska lvodis len,s
l%uh (- imhd we;s øjH ^2'1 rEmfha wdldrhg& msßue§ug fmr
yd msßue§fuka miq l=vd lvodis len,s fj; <xlr ksÍlaIKh
lrkak' 2'1 j.=j
lvodis len,s fj; <xl< úg
wjia:dj øjH
ksÍlaIKh
msßue§ug ²² ùÿre oKav
fmr ²² P.V.C ngh
²² tnkhsÜ oKav
msßue§fuka ²² fiaoj,ska msßueÈ ùÿre oKav
miq ²² f,dauj,ska msßueÈ tnkhsÜ oKav
²² fmd,s;skaj,ska msßueÈ P.V.C ngh

22 úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h

j.=j 2'1 ys i|yka øjH msßue§ug fmr lvÞis len,s wdl¾IKh fkdl<
o msßue§fuka miq l=vd lvÞis len,s wdl¾IKh lrk nj ksÍlaIKh
l< yels h' fï wkqj øjH msßue§u l< úg tajd u; lsishï fjkila
isÿù we;s nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkakg we;'
we;eï øjH msßue§u l< úg taajdg ieye,a¨ øjH wdl¾IKh jk nj
m<uqj fmkajd fok ,oafoa ú,shï .s,an¾Ü ^l%s'j 1600& kï úoHd{hd
úisks'

wu;r oekqug

ú,shï .s,an¾Ü kï úoHd{hd úiska weïn¾ kñka

y`ÿkajk >k øjH lene,a,la fiao frÈj,ska
msßue§u l< úg ta fj; isyska lvodis len,s
l=re¨ msydgq jeks ieye,a¨ øjH wdl¾IKh jk
nj ksÍlaIKh lrk ,È'
msßue§fï § øjH u;=msg úoHq;a wdfrdamK yg
.kakd nj;a fï ksid tu øjH fj; ieye,a¨ foa
wdl¾IKh jk nj;a .s,an¾Ü úiska m%ldY lrk
,§'

²² we;eï øjH msßue§fï § tajd u; úoHq;a wdfrdamK we;s fõ'

²² msßue§u ksid øjH u;=msg [Link] úoHq;a wdfrdamK iaÓ;s úoHq;a
wdfrdamK f,i yeÈkafõ'
2'2 iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK j¾.
iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK ms<sn`o j ;jÿrg;a wOHhkh i`oyd my;
l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu 2'2
wjYH øjH (- ùÿre o`vq folla" tnkhsÜ o`vq folla" is,ala frÈ lvla"
f,dau frÈ lvla" kQ,a len,s yd wOdrl folla
l%uh (-
²² fiao frÈj,ska msßuÈk ,o ùÿre oKavla wdOdrlhl t,a,kak'

úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h 23

 ²² f,dau frÈj,ska msßueÈ
tnkhsÜ oKavla wfkla
ùÿre
wdOdrlfha t,a,kak' tnkhsÜ
oKav
oKav
²² fiao frÈj,ska msßueo
wdfrdamKh lr.;a wfkla
ùÿre oKav t,a,k ,o o`vq
wi,g fjk fjk u f.k ùÿre oKav
ùÿre oKav
tkak' 2'2 rEmh wdl¾IK yd úl¾IK

²² ksÍlaIK igyka lrkak'

²² f,dau frÈj,ska msßueo wdfrdamKh lr.;a wfkla tnkhsÜ oKav
ta wdldrhgu t,a,k ,o o`vq wi,g fjk fjk u f.k tkak'
²² ksÍlaIK j.=.; lrkak'
t,a,k ,o oKav <xlrk ,o oKav ksÍlaIK
ùÿre ùÿre úl¾IKh fõ
tnkhsÜ ùÿre
ùÿre tnkhsÜ
tnkhsÜ tnkhsÜ
ksÍlaIK i`oyd fya;= idlÉPd lrkak'
wdfrdams; o`vq w;r wdl¾IK fuka u úl¾IK o we;s jk nj ksÍlaIKh
l< yels h'
wdfrdams; o~q w;r wdl¾IK yd úl¾IK we;sjk wdldrh 2'3 yd 2'4
rEmj, ±la fõ'
f,dauj,ska
fiaoj,ska msßuÈk msßueÈ fiaoj,ska
,o ùÿre o~q tnkhsÜ oKav msßueÈ
ùÿre oKav

2'3 rEmh úl¾IKh 2'4 rEmh wdl¾IKh

icd;Sh wdfrdamK úl¾IKh fõ' úcd;Sh wdfrdamK wdl¾IKh fõ'

wdfrdams; o`vq w;r wdl¾IK yd úl¾IK we;s ùug fya;=j iaÓ;s úoHq;a
wdfrdamK j¾. folla mej;Suhs' tajd my; mßÈ fõ"
24 úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h
1' Ok ^+& iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK
2' RK ^-& iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK
²² icd;Sh iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK iys; jia;+ w;r úl¾IK we;s fõ'
²² úcd;Sh iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK iys; jia;+ w;r wdl¾IK we;s fõ'
tfyhska fiaoj,ska msßuÈk ,o ùÿrej,g ^+& iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamKhla
o" f,dauj,ska msßuÈk ,o tnkhsÜj,g ^-& iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK o
,efí'
iaj wOHhk wNHdi
fmd,s;Ska fld<hlska msßuÈk ,o PVC oKavla kQ,lska t,a,d we;'
fiaoj,ska msßuÈk ,o ùÿre oKavla ta wi,g <xl< úg PVC oKav
bj;g ;,a¨ ù hkq fmkq‚' PVC oKav i;= wdfrdamK j¾.h l=ula o@

wu;r oekqug
²² iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK y`ÿkd .ekSu i`oyd
Ndú; lrk WmlrK lsysmhla we;' bka
tla WmlrKhla kï iaj¾Km;% úoHq;a
o¾Ylh hs'
wdfrdams; jia;=jla by<ska we;s ;eáh wi,g
<x l< úg iaj¾Km;% tlsfklska wE;aùu
isÿ fõ'
wm úiska fuf;la W.;a lreKq kej; idrdxY lsÍu i`oyd 2'3
l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu 2'3
wjYH øjH ( úh<s msßisÿ îu ng" fv%daúka mska" ùÿrejla"
fmd,s;Ska lene,a,la
²² îu nghla f.k fmd,s;Ska lene,a,lska msßue§fuka
wdfrdamKh [Link]'
²² wdfrdamKh lrk ,o îu ngh my; rEmfha wdldrhg
iu;=,s;j msysgk fia fv%daúka mska tll r`ojd hál=re lrk
,o ùÿrej u; ;nkak'

úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h 25

 îu ngh

fv%dúka mska tl ^Ñ;% lgqj&

hál=re l< úÿrej

a rEmh ^me;af;ka neÆ úg& b rEmh ^by<ska neÆ úg&

2'5 rEmh

²² we`.s,a, [Link] fia wdfrdams; îu ngh

wi,g ^fi(ñ( 1 muK& wf;ys we`.s,a,la <x
lrkak' ^by<ska neÆ úg fmfkk wdldrh
rEmfha olajd we;'&

²² îu nghg msßuÈk ,o fmd,s;Ska lene,a, <x 2'6 rEmh

lr n,kak'

²² bka miq wdfrdams; îu ngh wi,g wdfrdamKh

lrk ,o ;j;a îu nghla <x lrkak'

²² ksÍlaIK i`oyd fya;= idlÉPd lrkak'

2'7 rEmh

îu ngh frÈ lene,af,ka fyda fmd,S;Ska [Link] msßueÈu ksid tajdfha

iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK yg .kS' wdfrdams; îu ng fj; fjk;a øjH
wdl¾IKh lrhs' icd;Sh wdfrdamK iys; îu ng w;r úl¾IK
we;s fõ' iïu; wdfrdams; oKavla [Link] îu ngh i;= wdfrdamK j¾.h
y`ÿkd .ekSug yels h' ta wkqj îu ngh RK f,i wdfrdamKh ù we;s
nj y`ÿkd.; yels jkq we;'
2'3 iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK we;sùu
wm fuf;la wOHhkh l< ùÿre" tnkhsÜ" f,dau" fiao wd§ iEu øjHhla
;=<u (+) yd (-) f,i wdfrdams; wxY= iudk m%udKhla [Link] mj;S'
msßue§ug fmr øjH u; (+) yd (-) wxY+ iudk m%udK [Link] úisÍ mj;S'
tneúka tu jia;+ wdfrdamKhla fkdolajhs'

26 úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h

øjH hq., tlsfkl msßue§fï § isÿjkafka tla øjHhl u;=msg we;s
^-& wdfrdams; wxY+ ^bf,lafg%dak& .e,ù wfkla øjHhfha u;=msgg tl;=
ùuhs'
^-& wdfrdams; wxY+ bj;a jQ øjH ^+& f,i o " ^-& wdfrdams; wxY+ tl;= jQ
jia;=j ^-& f,i o wdfrdamKh fõ'
øjH hq., tlsfkl msßue§fï § isÿjk l%shdj,sh mshjr [Link] my;
wdldrhg ±laúh yels h'
1& msßue§ug fmr 2& msßue§fï§ 3& msßue§fuka miq

frÈ lene,a,

ùÿre oKav
2'8 rEmh 2'9 rEmh 2'10 rEmh

+ wdfrdams; yd tla jia;=jla u; we;s ^-& wdfrdams; wxY+

- wdfrdams; wxY+ ^-& wdfrdams; wxY= .e,ù u;=msg tla/iaùu
iudldr f,i úisÍ wfkla jia;=j u;=msgg ksid tla øjHhla ^-&
mj;S' wfrdamKhla tla fjhs' f,i o ^-& wdfrdamK
fkdolajhs' bj;ajQ øjH ^+& f,i o
wdfrdamKh fõ'
jia;= folla tlsfkl msßue§fï § ieuúgu tla jia;=jla ^+& f,i o
wfkla jia;=j ^-& f,i o wdfrdamKh jk nj Tng meyeÈ,s jkq we;'
tA wldrhg ^+& yd ^-& f,i wdfrdams; jia;+ tlsfkl iam¾Y jQ úg
m%;súreoaO wdfrdamK tlsfkl WÞiSk ùu isÿ fõ' túg jia;+ u; iaÓ;sl
úoHq;a wdfrdamKhla fkdue;'

úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h 27

fï ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a wOHhkh i|yd my; 2'4 l%shdldrlfuys fhfouq'

l%shdldrlu 2'4
iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK yqjudre ùu [Link] wdfrdams; jia;+ WÞiSk
jk whqre mÍlaId lsÍu
wjYH øjH (- iudk m%udKfha ùÿre iy tnkhsÜ oKavla" fiao yd
f,dau frÈ len,s" wdOdrl folla" kQ,a len,s

l%uh (-
--
yy fiaoj,ska msßue§fuka wdfrdamKh - - -- - ----- --
+ + + + +
+ + + ++
lr.;a úÿre oKavla iy f,dauj,ska
msßue§fuka wdfrdamKh lr.;a 1 wjia:dj
tnkhsÜ oKavla kQ,a [Link]
wdOdrlj, t,a,kak'
yy t,a,k ,o o~q fifuka <x lrkak'
yy ksÍlaIK igyka lrkak'
yy ±ka kej; kej;;a wdOdrl u;
t,aÆ o~q <xlr m<uq ksßlaIKh 2 wjia:dj
u ,efí±hs n,kak'
yy ksÍlaIK i|yd fya;= idlÉPd
lrkak'

^+& yd ^-& f,i wdfrdamKh l< o~q tlsfkl <x l< m<uq wjia:dfõ §
muKla wdl¾IKh jQ nj;a kej; kej;;a <x l< o tAjdfha wdl¾IK
fyda úl¾IK we;s fkdjQ nj;a ksÍlaIKh fõ'
óg fya;=j jkqfha m<uq wjia:dfõ § isÿ jQ wdl¾IKfha § tAjdfha
wdfrdamK yqjudre ùu ksid wdfrdams; o~q tlsfkl WÞiSk ùuhs'

mejreu 2'1
tnkhsÜ oKavla f,dau frÈj,ska msßue§fï § ^¬& yd ^-& wdfrdamK
udrejk whqre fláfhka úia;r lrkak

28 úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h

2'4 iaÓ;s úoHq;h yd iïnkaO ixisoaê
tÈfkod Ôú;fha § iaÓ;s úoHq;h yd iïnkaO isÿùï wm yg w;aú§ug
isÿjk wjia:d fndfyda h' tjeks wjia:d lsysmhla ms<sn`o i,ld n,uq'
² wl=Kq we;sùu
jeis iys;j fyda rys;j wl=Kq
we;sjk wjia:d Tn ±l we;'
wl=Kq [Link] we;eï úg foam<
ydks fuka u Ôú; ydks o isÿjk
wjia:d wikakg ,efí' wl=Kq
we;sùu isÿjkafka j,dl=`M u;
we;sjk iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK
fya;=fjks'
j,dl=`M u;=msg we;s l=vd c, ì`È;s
tlsfkl .eàu ksid tajdfha iaÓ;s 2'11 rEmh wl=Kq we;sùu

úoHq;a wdfrdamK [Link]' fufia j,dl=`M u; iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK

/iaùu ksid wdfrdams; j,dl=`M we;s fõ'
wdfrdams; j,dl=`Mj, tla /iajk úoHq;a wdfrdamK úÿ,s mq,s`.=jla f,i
fjk;a j,dl=¿ fj; fyda fmdf<dj fj; mekSu wl=Kq we;s ùu f,i
yÿkajkq ,efí'

wu;r oekqug
wl=Kq we;sjk wdldrh ms<sn`oj m%:ujrg mÍlaIK isÿlrk ,oafoa
fnkacñka *a?kala,Ska kï úoHd{hd úisks' Tyq úiska wl=Kq iys;
wjia:djl § j,dl=`M olajd hjk ,o irex.,hla wdOdrfhka tys
we;s iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK fmdf<dj fj; f.k tk ,È'

fnkacñka *a?kala,Ska fnkacñka *a?kala,Ska wl=Kq ms<sn`o

m¾fhaIK isÿ lrñka

úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h 29

² frÈ ue§fï § ála yv we;sùu
is,ala jeks frÈ j¾. ue§fï § we;eï úg ála Yíohla iu`. Tnf.a
wf;ys frdau ta fj; we§u Tn ksÍlaIKh lrkakg we;' óg fya;=j frÈ
ue§fï § bia;%slalh frÈ iuÕ iam¾Y ùu ksid iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK
we;sùuhs'
² rEmjdyskS ;srh wi,g w; <xl< úg frdau ta fj; wdl¾IKh ùu
iuyr rEmjdyskS hka;% l%shd úrys; lsÍfï § wf;ys frdau tys ;srh
foig wdl¾IKh jk nj Tn olskakg we;' rEmjdyskS ;srfha u;=msg
we;s iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK fya;=fjka YÍrfha frdau ta fj; we§u isÿ
fõ'
by; isÿùïj,g wu;rj
Pdhd msgm;a hka;%" .=jka úÿ,s yd rEmjdyskS hka;% jeks bf,lafg%daksl
mßm: wdÈh ;=< o iaÓ;s úoHq;h m%fhdackhg .kakd wjia:d mj;S'
2'5 Odß;%l

l%shdldrlu 2'5
wjYH øjH (- 15 cm x 15 cm m%udKfhka fyda ta wdikak m%udKhl
;=kS we¨ñkshï ;yvq folla" jhr len,s folla" .e,ajfkda ógrhla"
fmd,s;Ska fld<hla" úh<s fldaI folla" fif,dafÜma fyda rn¾ má
l%uh (-
²² we¨ñkshï ;yvq folg jh¾ len,s fol iú lrkak'
we¨ñkshï
²² ;yvq fol w;rg fmd,s;ska fld<h ;yvqj
;nd ;yvq tlsfkl iam¾Y fkdjk
fia rn¾ má fyda fif,dafÜma [Link]
fmd,s;ska
rojkak' fld<h
²² ;yvq yd iïnkaO jhr fol úh<s
fldaIj,g iïnkaO lr iq`M fõ,djla
;nkak'
²² fldaI fol bj;a lr ;yvq yd iïnkaO
l< jhrj,g .e,ajfkdaógrh iïnkaO
lr laIKslj ksÍlaIKh lrkak' ^fuu
mshjr laIKslj isÿ l< hq;= h'&
2'12 rEmh ir, Odß;%lh
²² ksÍlaIK i`oyd fya;= idlÉPd lrkak' yd Odß;%l fh¥ mßmr:hla

30 úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h

Tn úiska l%shdldrlu 2'5ys § idok ,oafoa ir, Odß;%lhls' úh<s
fldaIj,g iïnkaO l< úg Odß;%lh ;=< iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK .nvd
ùu isÿ fõ' wegjqu .e,ajfkda ógrhg iïnkaO l< jydu tys ;snQ
wdfrdamK bj;a ù hhs' iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK .nvd l< yels Wmdx.
Odß;%l f,i ye`Èka fõ'
Odß;%lh ;=< we;s wdfrdamK bj;a lsÍu
úi¾ckh f,i yeÈka fõ'
.e,ajfkda ógrh yryd wdfrdamK úi¾ckh ùu
ksid tys W;al%uKh ùu isÿ fõ'
Odß;%lh ;=< .nvd l< yels wdfrdamK ukskqfha
*erâj,sks (F)' tys Wm tallhla f,i uhsfl%d 2'13 rEmh
*erâ (µF) ±laúh yels h' Odß;%lhl rEmigykla

úúO m%udKfha jvd ld¾hlaIu Odß;%l j¾.

we;' tajd fndfyduhl wdfrdamKh l< hq;=
fjda,aàh;dj" ^+& yd ^-& w.%" tys .nvd l< yels
Wmßu wdfrdamK m%udKh we;=`M ;j;a lreKq
rdYshla igyka lr we;' 2'14 rEmh
Odß;%lhl ixfla;h

mejreu 2'2

.=jka úÿ,s hka;%" rEmjdyskS hka;%" CFL wd§ bf,lafg%dksla mßm:

ksÍlaIKh lrñka tajd ;=< we;s úúO j¾.fha Odß;%l y`ÿkd .kak'

l%shdldrlu 2'6
Odß;%lhl wdfrdamKh yd úi¾ck y`ÿkd .ekSu
wjYH øjH (- 1000 µF Odß;%lhla" úh<sfldaI ;=kla" l=vd LED
tlla" jhr len,s
l%uh (- Odß;%lfha fofl<jr jh¾ len,s yd iïnkaO lrkak'
úh<s fldaI fol ksjerÈ f,i Odß;%lfha w.%j,g iïnkaO
lrkak' ;;amr lsysmhla ;nkak' laIKslj úh<s fldaI bj;a
lr Odß;%lfha w.% w;rg LED tl iïnkaO lr ksÍlaIK ,nd

úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h 31

 .kak' ^negßfha + w.%h iú jQ me;a;g LED ys + w.%h iïnkaO l<
hq;= h&
Tfí ksÍlaIK i`oyd fya;= idlÉPd lrkak'

2'15 rEmh Odß;%lhla wdfrdamKh yd úi¾ckh

LEDh oe,aùug fya;=j Odß;%lh ;=< .nvd ù ;snQ wdfrdamK LEDh

yryd úi¾ckh ùuhs' kej;;a ksjerÈ f,i úh<s fldaI Odß;%lhg
iïnkaO lsÍu [Link] th wdfrdamKh lr.; yels h'
by; l%shdldrlu lsysm jrla isÿlr n,kak'

idrdxYh
²² we;eï øjH fjk;a øjHj,ska msßue§u ksid iaÓ;s úoHq;h yg
.kS'
²² iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK j¾. folla we;' tkï ^+& iaÓ;s úoHq;a
yd ^-& iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK jYfhks'
²² jia;+ msßue§fï § tla jia;=jl we;s ^-& wdfrdams; wxY+ bj;a ù
wfkla jia;=jg udreùu isÿ fõ'
²² icd;Sh wdfrdamK iys; jia;+ w;r úl¾IK n, o úcd;Sh
wdfrdamK iys; jia;+ w;r wdl¾IK n, o [Link]'
²² wl=Kq .eiSu iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK ksid [Link] ixisoaêhls'
²² rEmjdyskS hka;%" Pdhd msgm;a hka;% wdÈh ;=< o iaÓ;s úoHq;h
Ndú; fõ'
²² úoHq;a wdfrdamK .nvd l< yels [Link] f,i Odß;%lh
ye¢kaúh yels h'

32 úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h

wNHdi
1' iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK Ndú;hg .kakd wjia:d folla ,shkak'
2' YsIHhl= úiska msßue§u [Link] wdfrdamKh lr.;a P.V.C oKavla
kQ,lska t,a,d fiaoj,ska msßuÈk ,o ùÿre oKavla ta wi,g f.k
tk ,È P.V.C oKav bj;g ;,a¨ ù hkq ksÍlaIKh úh'
i. P.V.C oKav úl¾IKh ùug fya;=j l=ula o @
ii. P.V.C oKav i;= iaÓ;s úoHq;a wdfrdamK j¾.h l=ula o @
3. my; rEmfha oelafjkafka tla;rd YsIHhl= ieliQ mßm:hls' X
w.%h A ia:dkhg iïnkaO l< úg .e,ajfkda ógr lgqj p,kh
jQ w;r" B ia:dkhg iïnkaO l< úg kej;;a p,kh úh'
by; isÿùu meyeÈ,s lrkak' tu wjia:dfõ oelsh yels ;j;a
ksÍlaIKhla ,shkak'
A x
B

mdßNdIsl jpk
iaÓ;s úoHq;h - Static Electricity
wdfrdamKh - Charge
úi¾ckh - Discharge
Ok wdfrdamK - Positive charges
RK wdfrdamK - Negative charges
Odß;%l - Capacitor

úoHdj | iaÓ;s úoHq;h 33