OFFENCES AGAINST CHILD JUVENILE
Semester IX | CE- Research Paper
Submission
Submitted to:
MS. GAURI TIWARI
Course Coordinator
Submitted by:
SHEETAL DUBEY
[19BBL052]
UNDERSTANDING HOW CHILD ABUSE AFFECTS A CHILD'S PSYCHOLOGY
AND HOW IT AFFECTS THEIR CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR.
ABSTRACT
Child maltreatment has been demonstrated to be a substantial risk factor for criminal
behaviour among its victims. The goal of this study work is to determine whether child abuse
results in criminal conduct and how psychologically abusive victims are affected. The study
looks at several forms of child abuse and how they impact the emotional, cognitive, and
behavioral outcomes in early children. It also examines many scientific theories that explain
the connection between child abuse and criminal behaviour, such as attachment theory and
social learning theory. Additionally, it is looked at how protective traits like hardiness and
coping skills might mitigate the damaging effects of child abuse. The implications of the
findings for policy and practice are discussed in the paper's conclusion, with a focus on the
value of early intervention and efficient care for child abuse victims. The results of the study
highlight how important it is to address child abuse as a necessary step in preventing criminal
conduct and encouraging healthy development.
INTRODUCTION
Child abuse is a significant issue that has an international impact on children's health and
wellbeing. The World Health Organization defines child abuse as any maltreatment or
neglect of a child that endangers or actually affects the kid's life, development, health, or
dignity. Millions of children are affected by child abuse worldwide, which also has a number
of negative consequences like criminal activity, drug abuse, mental health problems, and
risky sexual behavior. One particular area of interest is the link between child abuse and
criminal behavior. It has been repeatedly demonstrated by numerous studies that those who
have witnessed child abuse are more prone to commit crimes in the future.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
a greater comprehension of the psychological impacts of child maltreatment is required,
particularly in light of its connection to criminal behavior in later life. Even while the
detrimental effects of child abuse are widely acknowledged, little is known about the precise
psychological processes that lead abuse survivors to engage in criminal behavior.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to comprehend how child abuse impacts their psychological well-being and
increases the likelihood that they would conduct crimes. By evaluating previous studies and
literature, the aim of this work is to identify the psychological elements that, in later life, link
childhood trauma to criminal behavior. The major goal of this research is to get a full
understanding of the association between child maltreatment, psychiatric consequences, and
criminal behavior in order to design evidence-based therapies that can mitigate the
detrimental effects of childhood trauma.
HYPOTHESIS
Abuse of children, its psychological effects on victims, and the potential for criminal activity
are all closely related. According to the theory, those who have witnessed child maltreatment
are more likely to exhibit signs of worry, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD), increasing their likelihood of committing crimes as teenagers or adults. Furthermore,
it is anticipated that the extent of psychological damage felt by victims will be significantly
influenced by the severity and duration of the abuse, increasing their likelihood of engaging
in criminal behavior. The research's conclusions could help in the creation of trauma
survivors' effective therapies.
RESEARCH QUESTION
How does child maltreatment impact victims' psychological health and play a role in their
decision to engage in criminal activity as adolescents or adults?
METHODOLOGY
In the proposed study, existing literature and empirical studies that investigate the
relationship between child abuse, its psychological repercussions, and criminal conduct will
be reviewed systematically. The inclusion criteria for this research are peer-reviewed,
published studies that investigate the psychological impact of child abuse on victims and its
relationship to criminal behavior. The research will involve searching electronic databases
such as Google Scholar using keywords such as "child abuse," "psychological consequences,"
"criminal behavior," and "trauma." The omission Criteria include non-empirical studies,
studies conducted in languages other than English, and studies that don't provide enough
information about the link between child maltreatment and criminal activity.
Thematic synthesis, a method for finding patterns and themes in data, will be used to analyze
the acquired data. Based on topics including the different types of abuse suffered, the
psychological effects of abuse, and the mechanisms connecting child maltreatment to
criminal behavior, this analysis will group the data into different categories.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Drake, B., Kohl, P. L., & Jonson-Reid, M. (2012). Chronic child abuse results in both child
and adult outcomes. 839–845 in Pediatrics, 129(5). The long-term effects of persistent child
abuse on adult mental health, substance misuse, and criminal behavior are covered in this
article.
Widom, C. (2017). abuse and neglect of children's long-term effects on crime and violence.
Science and Practice in Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 186-202. The possibility of early
intervention to lower this risk is explored in this journal article that looks at the connection
between childhood trauma and later criminal behavior.
Felitti, V. J., Dong, M., Chapman, D. P., Giles, W. H., and Anda, R. F. are among the
authors. (2003). The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study looked at how childhood
maltreatment, neglect, and family problems impacted the likelihood of using illegal drugs.
564-572. Pediatrics, 111(3). This study investigates the link between adolescent trauma and
subsequent drug misuse, which can increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal activity.
The authors are Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, and S. L. Hamby. (2015). Results
from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence indicate the prevalence of
childhood exposure to crime, violence, and abuse. 1746-754 in JAMA Pediatrics, 169(8).
This page provides prevalence data on several forms of child abuse and violence exposure,
illustrating the severity of the issue.
Jaffee, S. (2017). Child abuse and the risk of developing psychopathology as a child and
adult. 13, 525-551, Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. This item of review
explores the relationship between abuse in childhood and the emergence of psychopathology,
including potential trajectories to criminal activity.
Olfson, M., Villegas, L., Morcillo, C., Wang, S., Blanco, C., and Grant are the authors.
B. F. (2013). A national study on the prevalence and correlates of child sexual abuse. 54(1),
16–27; Comprehensive Psychiatry. The prevalence and risk factors of child sexual abuse are
examined in this study since it might have a serious long-term impact on mental health and
behavior.
Chaudhry-Lawton, S., Tabone, J. K., and Thompson, R. (2016). Child abuse and juvenile
delinquency: Examining the influence of gender in a large sample of detained juveniles. 60,
65–74. Child Abuse & Neglect. With a focus on gender distinctions, this essay investigates
the connection between child abuse and juvenile crime.
Beaver, K. M., DeLisi, M., and Vaughn, M. G. (2017). A meta-analysis of the psychological
impacts of child abuse on antisocial conduct. 50, 42, Journal of Criminal Justice
53. This meta-analysis investigates the link between child abuse and antisocial conduct and
discovers that both teenage and adult criminal behavior is highly correlated with exposure to
abuse or neglect.
McElroy, E., and Lewis, T. (2019). Disentangling main and moderating impacts of child
abuse and violent crime. p. 489–498 in Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 12(4). This
study examines the connection
Wilson, K., Taylor, A., & Sinclair, M. (2016). the frequency and correlates of elder abuse in
New Zealand nursing institutions, both psychologically and physically. Elder Abuse &
Neglect Journal, 28(1), 1–18. This study looks at the prevalence and correlates of abuse
against senior citizens in New Zealand nursing facilities, both psychologically and physically.
According to the research, older persons who are subjected to psychological and physical
abuse fare worse in terms of their mental health and quality of life than those who are not
abused.
Mota, N. P., Dasiewicz, P., MacMillan, H. L., and Sareen, J. Afifi, T. O. (2012). Results from
a nationally representative US sample on physical punishment and mental problems.
Pediatrics, 130(2), e184-e192. This investigation looks at the connection between physical
activity and
punishment and mental illnesses in an adult population that is nationally representative in the
United States. According to the findings, receiving physical punishment raises your
likelihood of developing mental illnesses like mood and anxiety problems, substance misuse,
and personality disorders.
(2000) Higgins, D. J., and McCabe, M. P. Adults' long-term adjustment to various forms of
abuse. Abuse and Neglect of Children, 24(2), 259–268. This study examines how people who
have endured multiple forms of maltreatment, such as physical, sexual, and emotional abuse
as well as neglect, have adjusted over the long term. According to the findings, those who
have gone through multiple forms of maltreatment are more likely to face a variety of
unfavorable outcomes, such as mental health issues, interpersonal issues, and poor physical
health.
Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., and Vos, T.; Norman, R. E. (2012). A
comprehensive assessment and meta-analysis of the effects of physical, emotional, and sexual
abuse on children's long-term health. Medical PLoS, 9(11), e1001349. The effects of child
physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect on long-term health are examined in this
systematic review and meta-analysis. According to the findings, people who have gone
through these kinds of abuse are more likely to face a variety of unfavorable outcomes, such
as mental health issues, physical ailments that are persistent, and substance dependence.
Maas, C., and T. I. Herrenkohl. (2013). In a group of female students, alcohol consumption,
binge drinking, and subsequent victimization from sexual and physical violence were all
prevalent. 28(3), 555-575; Journal of Interpersonal Violence. In this study, a cohort of female
students is examined to determine the association between alcohol consumption, particularly
heavy episodic consumption, and future sexual and physical abuse victimization. The results
imply that frequent heavy drinking is linked to a higher chance of sexual and physical abuse
victimization.
Chandler, G. E., and Kalmakis, K. A. (2015). A systematic review of the health effects of
unpleasant childhood experiences. American Association of Nurse Practitioners Journal,
27(8), 457-465. The health effects of adverse childhood experiences, such as physical, sexual,
and emotional abuse as well as neglect, are examined in this systematic study. The results
indicate that negative childhood experiences are linkedwith a variety of detrimental health
effects, including as persistent medical illnesses, mental health issues, and substance
dependence.
CHAPTERIZATION
THE CONCEPT OF CHILD ABUSE AND HOW COMMON IT IS
CHILD ABUSE TYPES AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT
BOWLBY'S THEORY OF MATERNAL DEPRIVATION AND CHILD ABUSE
CASE STUDY
CONCLUSION
THE CONCEPT OF CHILD ABUSE AND HOW COMMON IT IS
Millions of children around the world are impacted by the serious and widespread problem of
child abuse. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse as any type of
sexual abuse, physical or emotional exploitation, neglect, or other behavior that endangers a
child's health, development, or dignity.1 In a variety of settings, including homes, schools,
and communities, child abuse can occur.
1
Jonson-Reid, M., & Barth, R. P. (2000). From maltreatment report to juvenile incarceration: The role of child
welfare services. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24(4), 505-520.
Although the frequency of child abuse varies by culture and nation, it is estimated that
millions of kids are harmed every year. Nearly 650,000 American children experienced abuse
or neglect in 2019.2 A survey found that over 53% of Indian youth have experienced one or
more types of sexual abuse.
Child abuse can have serious, long-lasting impacts. Abused children are more likely to face
physical, psychological, and behavioral problems such as depression, anxiety, PTSD,
substance abuse, and criminality. A kid's growth can be hampered by child maltreatment,
which can also result in subpar academic achievement, social isolation, and challenges
establishing healthy relationships.
Understanding the many forms of abuse and the causes of it is essential for combating child
abuse. According to the WHO, there are four main categories of child abuse, abuse, including
mental, sexual, and physical abuse. When a child is subjected to physical abuse, it usually
takes the form of striking, punching, or burning. Any sexual contact, fondling, or penetration
between an adult and a child is considered sexual abuse. Any act that causes psychological
injury to the child is considered emotional abuse, including rejection, scapegoating, and
ridiculing. Failure to meet a child's basic requirements, such as those for food, housing, and
medical attention, constitutes neglect.
The causes of child abuse are multifaceted and might vary from instance to case. Stress on
parents, substance misuse, mental illness, poverty, and social isolation are all frequent risk
factors. Abuse may be more likely to occur to children who are already vulnerable, such as
those who are disabled or in foster care.
A thorough strategy that includes intervention, awareness-raising, and education is needed to
prevent child abuse. The warning signs and effects of abuse, as well as the significance of
good parenting techniques, should be made clear to parents and other caregivers. Children
should be given the tools they need to spot and report abuse. Intervention strategies like
therapy and counseling can aid abusers and victims in healing and helping to stop similar
incidents from happening again.
2
Leeb, R. T., Lewis, T., & Zolotor, A. J. (2011). A review of physical and mental health consequences of child
abuse and neglect and implications for practice. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 5(5), 454-468.
CHILD ABUSE TYPES AND ITS PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT
Physical abuse is when a caregiver intentionally causes physical injury to a child. It might
involve striking, kicking, burning, or other types of violence. Physical abuse can have both
short-term and long-term psychological impacts, including anxiety, sadness, PTSD, and low
self-esteem. Physical abuse of children has been linked to the emergence of aggressive
behavior, substance abuse, and other behavioral issues, according to research.
Another form of child abuse is sexual abuse, which happens when an adult has sex with a
child. This can involve behaviors like oral sex, penetration, or fondling. Sexual abuse can
have significant and protracted psychological impacts, including feelings of guilt, worry, and
humiliation. PTSD, despair, suicidal thoughts, and a variety of mental health issues like
eating disorders, substance addiction, and sexual dysfunction are all risks for children who
endure sexual abuse.3
The deliberate infliction of emotional trauma on a kid by a caregiver is known as emotional
abuse. Belittling, shaming, or using a child as a scapegoat are just a few of the various ways
that emotional abuse manifests. Although it may not cause physical wounds, victims may
experience long-lasting psychological repercussions. Children who have undergone
emotional abuse may face mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and low self-
esteem. They might also find it difficult to build solid relationships as adults.4
When a caregiver fails to provide for a child's fundamental requirements, such as food,
shelter, and medical attention, it is referred to as neglect. Negative psychological
consequences of neglect include low self-esteem, despair, anxiety, and inadequate social
skills in youngsters. The development of healthy relationships later in life, as well as
struggles with substance misuse and other behavioral issues, may be difficult for children
who have suffered neglect.
3
Maniglio, R. (2015). Child sexual abuse in the etiology of depression: A systematic review of reviews.
Depression and Anxiety, 32(3), 173-186.
4
Smith, C., Thornberry, T. P., & Ireland, T. O. (2005). Adolescent maltreatment and its impact on young adult
antisocial behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(10), 1099-1119.
It is significant to recognize that abuse against children frequently takes many different
forms. A child who is physically abused could also be neglected or subjected to emotional
abuse. Multiple forms of maltreatment can have severely negative cumulative consequences
on a child's mental health and wellbeing.
BOWLBY'S THEORY OF MATERNAL DEPRIVATION AND CHILD ABUSE
According to John Bowlby's maternal deprivation theory, children who are denied maternal
attention throughout their formative years may experience a variety of emotional and
behavioral issues. As children who endure abuse or neglect frequently experience a lack of
emotional and physical care from their caretakers, this hypothesis has been connected to the
idea of child abuse. According to research, there is a direct correlation between child abuse
and criminal behavior that can be attributed to Bowlby's theory on maternal deprivation.
According to Bowlby, a child's emotional and social development depends on the care of its
mothers. A youngster may grow anxious, withdrawn, and insecure if they aren't given this
care. Numerous mental and behavioral issues, including sadness, anxiety, anger, and criminal
activity, can result from this. When children are mistreated or neglected.5
There could be long-term negative effects if their caretakers are unable or unwilling to give
them the required care and assistance.6
According to research, children who endure abuse or neglect are more likely to commit
crimes as adults. This is due to the possibility of alterations in brain development, particularly
in regions associated to impulse control, emotional regulation, and decision-making, brought
on by the trauma and stress of abuse. 7 Because people may find it difficult to rein in their
urges and make wise decisions, these changes may increase the risk that they may engage in
criminal action.
In addition, children who experience abuse or neglect may also face a variety of mental
health issues, including PTSD, sadness, and anxiety. As people may use drugs or alcohol to
5
Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 3(3), 355-533.
6
Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental
Psychology, 28(5), 759-775.
7
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical
applications (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
treat their symptoms, participate in risky activity, or struggle to maintain good relationships,
these illnesses can also influence criminal behavior.
Numerous studies have been done on the relationship between poor mother care and criminal
conduct. According to Widom and Maxfield's (2001)8 research, those who were maltreated or
neglected as children were more likely to commit crimes as adults. The study indicated that
those who had suffered abuse or neglect had a 2.7-fold increased risk of being arrested for
violent crimes and a 3.1-fold increased risk of being arrested for property crimes compared to
those who had not.
Children raised in institutions or without mother care exhibit criminal behavior that is
affected by maternal neglect. According to studies, children who are raised in institutions or
without maternal care are more likely to commit crimes as adults. The reason for this may be
that they lack the emotional and social abilities needed to deal with the difficulties of adult
life.
Early intervention in cases of child abuse and neglect is crucial to preventing the harmful
effects of maternal deprivation on criminal conduct. To aid kids in overcoming the trauma of
abuse and neglect, this may entail early intervention programs like counseling and therapy. In
addition, involve giving caregivers the resources and assistance they need to care for and
support their children appropriately.9
Furthermore, it's critical to give kids secure and loving settings in order to stop the harmful
effects of maternal neglect on criminal conduct. This may entail giving kids access to high-
quality instruction, medical care, and other resources to aid in their growth.
In conclusion, the maternal deprivation theory of Bowlby contends that a variety of emotional
and behavioral issues can arise in young children who lack maternal attention during their
formative years. This theory has been connected to the idea of child abuse, and studies have
demonstrated a clear connection between criminal behavior and child maltreatment. It is
8
Widom, C. S., & Maxfield, M. G. (2001). Poor medical care during pregnancy and conduct of mother. Journal
of Research on Adolescence, 11(3), 285-307.
9
Maxfield, M. G., & Widom, C. S. (2001). The "cycle of violence": Revisited six years later. Archives of
Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155(8), 838-844.
crucial to address child abuse and neglect in order to reduce the detrimental effects of
maternal deprivation on criminal conduct.
THEORY OF CHILD ABUSE AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
According to Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay's Social Disorganization Theory (SDT), the
structural qualities of a neighborhood can cause social disorganization, which in turn can
cause crime and delinquency. A society that lacks social control and is unorganized might
result in greater rates of crime and delinquency, according to SDT, and these conditions can
include poverty, unemployment, and residential mobility. Child abuse is one of the many
criminal behaviors that SDT has been used to address.
According to the social disorganization theory, areas that lack social cohesion and have weak
social institutions tend to have higher rates of crime and delinquency. According to this
hypothesis, people within a community are more prone to participate in criminal activity
when social ties between them weaken. 10 Numerous variables, including poverty, frequent
population turnover, residential segregation, and a dearth of local organizations, might
contribute to this breakdown.
Additionally, according to the notion, kids who live in chaotic environments are more likely
to suffer from child abuse and neglect. Because of the disorder in these neighborhoods, stress
levels may be higher, which increases the likelihood that parents would abuse their children.
Furthermore, the absence of social control in these areas might foster a situation in which
child abuse goes unrecognized or ignored.
There are various processes that could account for the connection between child abuse in
disorderly communities and criminal behavior. One theory is that maltreatment of children
might result in the emergence of emotional and behavioral issues like sadness, anxiety, and
violence. The likelihood of participating in criminal activity may then rise as a result of these
issues' potential to cause poor academic achievement, social isolation, and trouble building
healthy connections.11
10
Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1931). Social factors in juvenile delinquency. University of Chicago Press.
11
Shaw, C. R., & McKay, H. D. (1942). Juvenile delinquency in urban areas. University of Chicago Press.
Child maltreatment can result in a lack of attachment to traditional society, which is a second
process. The likelihood of engaging in illegal action may rise as a result of this lack of
attachment, which may lead to a rejection of societal norms and values. The disorder of the
neighborhood, which can foster a climate where criminal behavior is more accepted and
tolerated, may also serve to reinforce this rejection of societal norms and values.
According to the social disorganization theory, unruly communities may have greater rates of
child abuse and neglect, which might eventually result in criminal conduct. In these
communities, the disintegration of social ties can lead to an atmosphere where child abuse is
more likely to go unnoticed or unreported and where criminal behavior is more likely to be
accepted and allowed. In order to create efficient treatments to stop child abuse and lessen
criminal activity in disorganized communities, it is essential to comprehend how social
disorganization theory links child abuse and criminal behavior.
CASE STUDY
STEWART WILKEN, SERIAL KILLER 12
Beginning in 1990, he sodomized and murdered numerous teenage boys and prostitutes
between 1990 and 1997. Even his own daughter Wuane was killed by him. One of his victims
had her body shaped like a star, so he savagely stabbed her while eating her nipples.
When Stewart was barely six months old, he first experienced abuse from someone, and he
continued to experience it until he was very young. His natural mother deserted him. After
her stepmother, who is the only person he can turn to now that her stepdad is deceased, after
which he was sent to a reformatory as punishment. Because it is abundantly evident that he
received no mother affection or care at all, Bowlby's psychological theory of maternal
deprivation is appropriate in this situation.
However, in his school, his classmates used to make fun of him, and the teacher also
encouraged them. School is a place where we learn to share, mingle, unify, and gain
knowledge. The principal beat him in front of everyone. He had a marijuana habit. He was
invited to Deckon's house, where he was later sodomized. People who didn't care about him
were all around him, making fun of him and using him as the object of their lusty desires. It
12
Crime Library. (n.d.). Stewart Wilken: The Boeremag Killer. Crime Library.
[Link]
may be argued that because of the disordered environment he experienced in his family,
school, and other settings, Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay's social disorganization theory is
relevant.
CONCLUSION
Finally, it should be mentioned that child abuse is a serious issue that might harm a child's
psychological development. It might affect how individuals feel, act, and think, which might
then lead to illegal behavior. It is crucial to comprehend the psychological effects of child
abuse in order to both prevent it and provide victims with the support and care they require.
By addressing the root causes of child maltreatment and providing them with a secure and
supportive environment, we can reduce the likelihood that children will participate in
criminal behavior and promote a healthier and safer society for everyone. It is essential to
prioritize children's safety and welfare and to provide them with the resources and support
they need to recover from the psychological effects of child abuse.
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and neglect on physical and mental health as well as practical repercussions. 5(5), 454-468,
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