CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Length Measurement Results (Rulers)

In Table 1 and Table 2, the results of measurements from the wooden and plastic

rulers are presented. The data show slight differences between group members’

measurements, indicating some human error or variation in the way each person read

the ruler. However, the overall precision was high for both rulers, with minimal

deviations in repeated measurements.

Table 1. Calculated True Value of Length

Wooden Ruler 1 Plastic Ruler 2

Groupmates Number Calibration Length Calibration Length

1 cm 19.22 cm 19.21

2 cm 19.21 cm 19.34

3 cm 19.22 cm 19.22

Average 19.21 19.25

Table 2. Calculated Deviation

Ruler No. Deviation Average

Member 1 Member 2 Member 3 Deviation

Ruler 1 0.01 cm 0 cm 0.01 cm 0.006 cm

Ruler 2 -0.04 cm 0.09 cm -0.03 cm 0.006 cm

precision compared to the plastic ruler. However, the plastic ruler was slightly more

accurate when compared to the known calibration length.

The precision of the wooden ruler is slightly better than the plastic ruler,

possibly due to its rigidity, which may reduce slight measurement fluctuations.

However, systematic errors (possibly due to wear) make it less accurate. The plastic

ruler may have inherent calibration issues, leading to a higher average reading.

Table 3. Calculated Percentage of Error

Wooden Ruler 1 Plastic Ruler 2

Average Value Percentage Error Average Value Percentage Error

19.21 cm 0.001% 19.25 cm 0.001%

The percentage error is defined as the initial difference, expressed as a

percentage, between the calculated value and the actual value. Most often used by

corporate firms and statisticians, this tool assesses whether data collecting is moving in

the proper direction. The percentage mistake formula is extremely important for

students pursuing degrees in science and economics while considering their academic

careers. There could be a number of mistakes made when performing research or

calculations using data from a database. Ng Jack (2020).

In the table 3 shown above, the percentage error of both wooden and plastic

ruler were calculated. To get the percentage error of each ruler its average value were
deducted by the actual value and divided by the average value and. Lastly, multiplied

by 100% and both wooden and plastic ruler got the same percentage error, with 0.001%

Volume Measurement Results (Pipettes and Cylinder)

Table 4 show the results for volume measurements. The pipette results show

better precision compared to the graduated cylinder due to its finer scale. However, both

tools exhibit minimal percentage errors.

Table 4. Comparison of Volume Measurements

Quantity Measured Measuring Devices

250 ml 100 ml Graduated Cylinder

20.1 ml 10 ml Pipet

9.5 ml 10 ml Pipet

50 ml 100 ml Graduated Cylinder

Graduated cylinders are prone to larger errors due to the width of their

calibration marks, making it difficult to judge smaller volumes accurately. In contrast,

pipettes are designed for precise liquid transfer and thus demonstrate better

performance in terms of both accuracy and precision.

Measuring of Density

Table 5. Object Densities

Objects Dimensions Mass (g) Volume (cm³) Density

(g/mc³)
 Cylindrical r= 4 cm

Block h= 6.8 cm 45.51 g 3.41 cm³ 0.133 g/cm³

Rectangular L= 1.8 cm

Block W= 1.7 cm 16.59 g 24.174 cm³ 0.68 g/cm³

H= 7.9 cm

The density values for the cylinder and rectangular block indicate that both

materials are relatively light for their volume, with densities well below 1 g/cm³. This

suggests that these materials could be lightweight substances like wood or plastic. 0.68

g/cm³ is the final density of the rectangular block.

In Table 6, the density values fluctuate slightly, but they remain around 1 g/mL,

which indicates the liquid could be water or a water-like substance, as water’s density

is roughly 1 g/mL at room temperature.

Table 6. Liquid Density

Volume (ml) Weight (g) Mass (g) Density (g/cm³)

5 ml 68..96 g 4.85 g 6.970 g/cm³

10 ml 74.42 g 16.31 g 1.031g/cm³

15 ml 79.13 g 15.02 g 1.001 g/cm³

20 ml 84.24 g 20.14 g 1.007 g/cm³

Graduated Cylinder Weight ( 50 ml)= 64.11 g

cylinder (weight in grams) is deducted by the original weight if the measuring device (

graduated cylinder) which has the weight of 64.11 grams. The last step is to find the

density of the water by using the formula of Density (𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚/𝑣).