Engineering Mathematics - II

1. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗⃗, evaluate the line integral 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ from (0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1)along the

1
path 𝑦 = 𝑥. Ans: 2

2. Evaluate 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗,where 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑦 𝑗⃗and C is 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 in the XY plane from

(0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (4, 4). Ans: 264

3. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑗⃗, then find c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗, where C is the arc of the parabola

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4 from (2, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (4, 12) Ans: 732

4. If 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗ , then evaluate 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗, from the point (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1, 1) where C is the

67
curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 Ans: 60
5. Find the work done in moving a particle in the field
𝐹⃗ = 3𝑥 2 𝑖⃗ + (2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦) 𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑘⃗⃗ along the straight line from (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (2, 1, 3).
Ans: 16

6. Evaluate the line integral ∫𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦, where C is the square formed
by the lines 𝑥 = ±1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = ±1. Ans: 0
7. Find the total work done in moving a particle by a force field 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑥𝑧 𝑗⃗ + 𝑥𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗
along the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 from (0, 0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (2, 4, 8) Ans: 64

8. Evaluate  S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = 18𝑧𝑖⃗ − 12 𝑗⃗ + 3𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ and S is the part of the plane

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 12 which is in the first order. Ans:24

9. Evaluate  S
𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 where 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥 𝑗⃗ + 2𝑦𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗ and S is the surface of the

plane 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 which is in the first order. Ans:24

10. Evaluate  
V
∇ × 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑣 where 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑧)𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦 𝑗⃗ − 4𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗ and V is bounded

8
by the planes 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4 Ans: 3

2.4 Green’s Theorem

Green’s theorem relates a line integral to the double integral taken over the region bounded by the closed
curve.
Statement
If 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous functions with continuous, partial derivatives in a region R of the 𝑥𝑦 –
plane bounded by a simple closed curve C, then

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑀𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦,where C is the curve described in the positive direction.
𝜕𝑦
c R

Vector Calculus Page 42

Engineering Mathematics - II

Vector form of Green’s theorem


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =  ⃗⃗ dR
(∇ × 𝐹⃗ ) ∙ k
R

Problems based on Green’s theorem

Example: 2.64 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 
c
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 where C

is the boundary of the region defined by 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟏.

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −16𝑦 ⇒ = −6𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ 
c
(3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

By Green’s theorem in the plane,

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

1 1−𝑥
= ∫0 ∫0 (10𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑦 2 1−𝑥
= 10 ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑥
0

1 2
= 5 ∫0 (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
(1− 𝑥)3 5
=5 [ ] = … (1)
−3 0 3

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1

1
∴
OA
 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 3 ]10 = 1

Vector Calculus Page 43

Engineering Mathematics - II

Along 𝐴𝐵, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0

0
∴ 
AB
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 [3𝑥 2 − 8 (1 − 𝑥 )2 − 4(1 − 𝑥 ) + 6𝑥(1 − 𝑥 )]𝑑𝑥

0
3𝑥 3 8(1− 𝑥)3 4(1− 𝑥)2
=[ − − + 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 ]
3 −3 −2 1
8 8
= + 2−1−3+2 =
3 3

Along 𝐵𝑂, 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 varies from 1 to 0

0
∴ 
BO
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = [2𝑦 2 ]10 = −2


8 5
∴ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + − 2= … (2)
3 3
c

∴ From (1) and (2)

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∴ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Hence Green’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.65 Verify Green’s theorem in the 𝑿𝒀 −plane for 
c
(𝒙𝒚 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒚 where C is the

closed curve of the region bounded by 𝒚 = 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 .

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ⇒ = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥


𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
R.H.S = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 to √𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 44

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑦 varies from 0 to 1
1 𝑦

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 √
∴ ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫𝑦 2𝑥 − (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

1 𝑥2 √𝑦
= ∫0 [ 2 − 2𝑥𝑦] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦

1 𝑦 𝑦2
= ∫0 (2 − 2𝑦√𝑦) − ( 2 − 2𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦
3
1 𝑦 𝑦2
= ∫0 (2 − 2𝑦 2 + 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
2
5 1
𝑦2 4𝑦 2 𝑦3
=[2 − + ]
5 2
0
1 4 1 1
= − + = − 20
4 5 2

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+
AO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1
1
∴ 
OA
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 [(𝑥(𝑥 2 ) + (𝑥 2 )2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ∙ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ]

1
= ∫0 (3𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
3𝑥 4 𝑥5
= [ + ]
4 5 0
3 1 19
= + =
4 5 20

Along 𝐴𝑂, 𝑦 = 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0

0
∴ 
A0
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

0
= ∫1 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 3 ]10 = −1


19 1
L.H.S = 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = − 1 = − 20
20
c

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.66 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for 
c
(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟖𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝟒𝒚 − 𝟔𝒙𝒚)𝒅𝒚 where C

is the boundary of the region defined by 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 , 𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 .

Solution:

Vector Calculus Page 45

Engineering Mathematics - II

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 3𝑥 2 − 8𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −16𝑦 ⇒ = −6𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥


𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
R.H.S = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 2 to √𝑦
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1


𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 1 √𝑦
∴ ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 (−6𝑦 + 16𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

1 𝑦
= ∫0 [10𝑥𝑦]√𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1
= 10 ∫0 (𝑦√𝑦 − 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑦
5 1
𝑦2 𝑦4
= 10 [ 5 − ]
4
2 0
2 1 3
= 10 (5 − 4) = 2

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Consider ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = 
OA
+
AO

Along 𝑂𝐴, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1
1
∴ 
OA
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 3 )(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫0 (3𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 4 )𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫0 (−20𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

Vector Calculus Page 46

Engineering Mathematics - II

1
𝑥5 𝑥4 𝑥3
= [−20 +8 +3 3]
5 4 0

= −4 + 2 + 1 = −1
Along 𝐴𝑂, 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 varies from 1 to 0
0
∴ 
Ao
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫1 (3𝑦 4 − 8𝑦 2 )2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑦𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦

0
= ∫1 (6𝑦 5 − 16𝑦 3 + 4𝑦 − 6𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥
0
= ∫1 (6𝑦 5 − 22𝑦 3 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥
0
𝑦6 𝑦4 𝑦2
= [6 − 22 +4 ]
6 4 2 1

11
= 0 − [1 − + 2]
2
11 5
= − (3 − )=
2 2


5 3
L.H.S = 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = − 1 + =
2 2
c

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.67 Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for the integral c
(𝒙 − 𝟐𝒚)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 taken

around the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟏.

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −2 ⇒ = 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥


𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
R.H.S = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∴ ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 2)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
R R

=3  R
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

= 3 (Area of the circle)

= 3𝜋𝑟 2
= 3𝜋 (∵ 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 = 1)

L.H.S = 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦

Given C is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1

Vector Calculus Page 47

Engineering Mathematics - II

The parametric equation of circle is

𝑥 = cos 𝜃, 𝑦 = sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = −sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃, 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Where 𝜃 varies from 0 to 2𝜋
2𝜋
∴ 
c
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 (cos 𝜃 − 2 sin 𝜃 ) (– sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ) + cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃)

2𝜋
= ∫0 (− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 2 sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋
= ∫0 (− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 + 1) 𝑑𝜃 (∵ sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1)
2𝜋 sin 2𝜃 1−cos 2𝜃
= ∫0 (− + + 1) 𝑑𝜃
2 2

1 cos 2𝜃 𝜃 1 sin 2𝜃 2𝜋
= [− 2 (− )+ − ( ) + 𝜃]
2 2 2 2 0
cos(4𝜋) 2𝜋 sin 4𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 0 sin 0
= [ + − + 2𝜋] − [ + − + 0]
4 2 4 4 2 4
1 1
= + 𝜋 + 2𝜋 − = 3𝜋 [∵ sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0, sin 0 = 0, cos 0 = 1], [cos 𝑛𝜋 = (−1)𝑛 ]
4 4

∴ L.H.S = R.H.S
Hence Green’s theorem is verified.
Example: 2.68 Using Green’s theorem evaluate c
(𝒚 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 where C is the triangle

𝝅 𝟐𝒙
bounded by 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = ,𝒚 = .
𝟐 𝝅

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑦 − sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = cos 𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 1−0 ⇒ = − sin 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Limits:
𝑦𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 varies from to
2 2

𝑦 varies from 0 to 1

Vector Calculus Page 48

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝜋
1
Hence c
(𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 ∫𝑦𝜋2 (− sin 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2

𝜋
1
= ∫0 (cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 )𝑦𝜋
2
𝑑𝑦
2

1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑦𝜋 𝑦𝜋
= ∫0 [(cos 2 − 2 ) − (cos ( 2 ) − )] 𝑑𝑦
2
1 𝜋 𝑦𝜋 𝑦𝜋
= ∫0 [0 − − cos + ] 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2
𝑦𝜋 1
𝜋 sin
2 𝜋 𝑦2
= [− 𝑦 − 𝜋 + ]
2 2 2
2 0
𝜋 2 𝜋 𝜋
= −2− sin ( 2 ) +
𝜋 4
𝜋 2 𝜋
= −2− +
𝜋 4
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
= −4− = − [ 4 + 𝜋]
𝜋

Example: 2.69 Evaluate by Green’s theorem 

c
[𝒆−𝒙 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒚 𝒅𝒚)] where C being the

𝝅 𝝅
rectangle with vertices (𝟎, 𝟎), (𝝅, 𝟎), (𝝅, 𝟐 ) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟎, 𝟐 ).

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
We have to prove that 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Here, 𝑀 = 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 ⇒ = −𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Limits:
𝑥 varies from 0 to 𝜋
𝜋
𝑦 varies from 0 to 2
𝜋
𝜋
∴ 
c
[𝑒 −𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦)] = ∫02 ∫0 (−𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

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𝜋
𝜋
= ∫02 ∫0 −2 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜋
𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝜋
= −2 ∫02 [ ] 𝑑𝑦
−1 0
𝜋
= 2 ∫0 [𝑒 −𝜋 cos 𝑦 − 𝑒 0 cos 𝑦]𝑑𝑦
2

𝜋
= 2 ∫02[𝑒 −𝜋 cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦]𝑑𝑦
𝜋
= 2 [𝑒 −𝜋 sin 𝑦 − sin 𝑦]02
𝜋 𝜋
= 2 [(𝑒 −𝜋 sin 2 − sin 2 ) − (𝑒 −𝜋 sin 0 − sin 0)]

= 2 [𝑒 −𝜋 − 1]
Example: 2.70 Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐

𝟏
(𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙). Hence find the area of the ellipse + = 𝟏 by using Green’s theorem.
𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
c

Solution:

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
By Green theorem, 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Let 𝑀 = −𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −1 ⇒ = 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ 
c
(𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 ) = 
R
(1 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= 2  𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 2 (Area enclosed by C)
R


1
∴ Area enclosed by 𝐶 = (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥 )
2
c

Equation of ellipse in parametric form is 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏 sin 𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.

1 2𝜋
∴ Area of the ellipse = 2
∫0 (acos 𝜃)(𝑏 cos 𝜃) − (𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)(−𝑎 sin 𝜃 ) 𝑑𝜃
1 2𝜋
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫0 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
1 2𝜋 1
= 𝑎𝑏 ∫0 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑎𝑏 [𝜃]2𝜋
0 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏
2 2

Example: 2.71 Evaluate the integral using Green’s theorem

 c
(𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒙 + (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒅𝒚 where C is the boundary in the 𝒙𝒚 – plane of the area enclosed by

the 𝒙 – axis and the semicircle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 in the upper half 𝒙𝒚 – plane.

Solution:

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In this figure ′𝑎′ is represented as 1

 
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
By Green theorem, 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑦
c R

Let 𝑀 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
⇒ = −2𝑦 ⇒ = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Limits:
𝑦 varies from 0 to √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2

𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀 𝑎
∴ ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝑎 ∫0 (2𝑥 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑦
R

√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑦2
= 2 ∫−𝑎 [𝑥𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 0

𝑎 𝑎 2− 𝑥 2
= 2 ∫−𝑎 [𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + ] 𝑑𝑥
2

In the first integral, the function is odd function.

∴ The value is zero.
𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2
∴ we get 2 ∫−𝑎 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑎
𝑥3
= [𝑎2 𝑥 − ]
3 −𝑎

𝑎3 𝑎3
= (𝑎3 − ) − (−𝑎3 + )
3 3
4𝑎 3
= 3

Exercise: 2.4
1. Using Green’s theorem in the plane, evaluate 
c
(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 where C is the

3
closed curve of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 Ans: 5

2. Find by Green’s theorem the value of  c

(𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦𝑑𝑦) along the closed curve formed

1
by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 between (0, 0) 𝑡𝑜 (1, 1) Ans: 28

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3. Verify Green’s theorem for the integral c

[(𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦] taken around the

boundary area in the first quadrant between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 2 = 𝑥.

2
Ans: Common value =
3
2
4. Find the area of a circle of radius ‘a’ using Green’s theorem. Ans: 𝜋𝑎

5. Evaluate 
c
[(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦], where C is the triangle with vertices

𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋
(0, 0), ( , 0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ( , 1) Ans: +
2 2 𝜋 4

6. Using Green’s theorem, find the value of 

c
[(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦] along the closed

1
curve C formed by 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑥 Ans: − 12

7. Verify Green’s theorem for 

c
[(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦], where C is the boundary of the

rectangle in the xoy – plane bounded by the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑏.

Ans: Common value = 2𝑎𝑏2
8. Verify Green’s theorem for 
c
[(2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦], where C is the boundary of the

Circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 in the xoy – plane. Ans: 2𝜋𝑎2

2.5 STOKE’S THEOREM
Statement of Stoke’s theorem
If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C if 𝐹⃗ is continuous having continuous
partial derivatives in S and C, then


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

(or)


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
∇ × 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

n̂ is the outward unit normal vector and C is traversed in the anti – clockwise direction.
Problems based on Stoke’s theorem
Example: 2.72 Verify stokes theorem for a vector field defined by ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 = (𝒙2 – 𝒚2)𝒊⃗ + 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒋⃗ in a
rectangular region in the xoy plane bounded by the lines 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎 , 𝒚 = 𝒃.
Solution:

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By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 – 𝑦2)𝑖⃗ + 2 𝑥 𝑦𝑗⃗

Curl 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=| |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 2𝑥𝑦 0
= 𝑖⃗ (0) − 𝑗⃗ (0 – 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗[ 2𝑦 – (0 −2𝑦)]
= 4y 𝑘⃗⃗
Since the surface is a rectangle in the 𝑥𝑦 plane, 𝑛̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗ , 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Curl 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = 4y 𝑘⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗⃗ = 4y
Order of integration is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑦 varies from 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝑏 𝑎
⇒  S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫0 ∫0 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑏
= ∫0 4𝑦 [𝑥]𝑎0 dy
𝑏
= ∫0 4𝑎𝑦dy
𝑏
4𝑎𝑦 2
= [ ]
2 0

= 2𝑎𝑏2

⇒ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = 2𝑎𝑏2 … (1)

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Engineering Mathematics - II

Here the line integral over the simple closed curve C bounding the surface 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶𝑂 consisting of the edges
𝑂𝐴, 𝐴𝐵 ,𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝑂.
Curve Equation Limit
𝑂𝐴 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝐴𝐵 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑏
𝐵𝐶 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 0
𝐶𝑂 𝑥 = 0 𝑦 = 𝑏 to 𝑦 = 0

Therefore,  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =  𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗

c OABCO


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) + 2𝑥𝑦d𝑦 … (2)

On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑎
(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 𝑥2𝑑𝑥
𝑎

OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑥3 𝑎3
= [3] =
0 3

On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦


𝑏
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦
AB

𝑏
2𝑎𝑦 2
=[ ] = 𝑎𝑏2
2 0

On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 0

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (𝑥 2 − 𝑏2 )𝑑𝑥
0

BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑎 𝑥 2 − 𝑏2 𝑑𝑥

0
𝑥3
=[ − 𝑏2 𝑥 ]
3 𝑎
𝑎3
=− + 𝑎 𝑏2
3

On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0

(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = 0


CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

𝑎3 𝑎3
(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = + 𝑎𝑏2 − + 𝑎𝑏2 = 2𝑎𝑏2 … (3)
3 3

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From (3) and (1) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Hence Stokes theorem is verified.

Example: 2.73 Verify Stoke’s theorem for ⃗𝑭⃗ = (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 )𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒋⃗ taken around the rectangle
bounded by the lines 𝒙 = ±𝒂, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝒃.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑖⃗ − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑗⃗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 −2𝑥𝑦 0
= 𝑖⃗[0 − 0] − 𝑗⃗ [0 − 0] + 𝑘⃗⃗ [−2𝑦 − 2𝑦]
= −4𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗
Since the region is in 𝑥𝑜𝑦 plane we can take 𝑛̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Limits:
𝑥 varies from – 𝑎 to 𝑎.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 𝑏.
𝑏 𝑎
∴  S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = −4 ∫0 ∫−𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑏
= −4 ∫0 [𝑥𝑦]𝑎−𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑏
𝑦2
= −8𝑎 [ 2 ] = − 4𝑎𝑏2 … (1)
0


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CD
+ 
DA

Along 𝐴𝐵: 𝑦 = 0, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from – 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑎

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𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗⃗
𝑎

AB
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫−𝑎 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
𝑥3 2𝑎 3
= [ ] =
3 −𝑎 3

Along 𝐵𝐶, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

𝑏

BC
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 (−2𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

= −𝑎[𝑦 2 ]𝑏0 = −𝑎𝑏2

Along 𝐶𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑏, 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑎
−𝑎 3 −𝑎

𝑥
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = [ 3 + 𝑏2 𝑥]
𝑎
CD

𝑎3 𝑎3 2𝑎 3
= − − 𝑎𝑏2 − − 𝑎𝑏2 = − − 2𝑎𝑏2
3 3 3

Along 𝐷𝐶: 𝑥 = −𝑎, 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0

0

DC
 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑏 2𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑎[𝑦 2 ]0𝑏 = −𝑏2 𝑎

3 2𝑎 3

2𝑎
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 3 − 𝑎𝑏2 − − 2𝑎𝑏2 − 𝑏2 𝑎
3
c

= −4𝑎𝑏2 … . (2)

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑆

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

⃗⃗ where S is the upper half of
⃗⃗ = (𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚)𝒊⃗ − 𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒋⃗ − 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒌
Example: 2.74 Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝑭
the sphere 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟏 and c is the Circular boundary on 𝒛 = 𝟎 plane.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑖⃗ − 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑗⃗ − 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘⃗⃗

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
2𝑥 − 𝑦 −𝑦𝑧 2 2
−𝑦 𝑧
= 𝑖⃗[−2𝑦𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧] − 𝑗⃗ [0 − 0] + 𝑘⃗⃗ [0 + 1]
= 𝑘⃗⃗
Here 𝑛⃗⃗ = 𝑘⃗⃗ since C is the Circular boundary on 𝑧 = 0 plane.

∴ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = 
S
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = area of the circle

Vector Calculus Page 56

Engineering Mathematics - II

= 𝜋 (1)2 = 𝜋
Example: 2.75 Verify stokes theorem in a plane 𝒇𝒐𝒓 ⃗𝑭⃗ = (2 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝒙 2)𝒊⃗ − (𝒙 2 − 𝒚 2)𝒋⃗ Where C is the
boundary of the region bounded by the parabolas 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒙 and 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒚.
Solution:

By Stokes theorem, 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Given 𝐹⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2)𝑖⃗ − (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2)𝑗⃗

Curl 𝐹⃗ = ∇ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=| |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
(2𝑥y − 𝑥 2 ) −(𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )
2
0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖⃗ [𝜕𝑦 (0) − 𝜕𝑧 (−(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )) ]− 𝑗⃗ [𝜕𝑥 (0) − 𝜕𝑧 (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )]
𝜕 𝜕
+ 𝑘⃗⃗[𝜕𝑥 (−(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )) − 𝜕𝑦 (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 )]

= 𝑖⃗ (0) − 𝑗⃗ (0 – 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (− 2 𝑥 –2 𝑥)]

= −4𝑥𝑘⃗⃗
Since the surface is a rectangle in the 𝑥𝑦 −plane, 𝑛̂ = 𝑘⃗⃗ , 𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Curl 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ = − 4𝑥𝑘⃗⃗ ∙ 𝑘⃗⃗ = − 4 𝑥
Order of integration is 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
Limits:
𝑥 varies from 𝑦 2 to √𝑦.
𝑦 varies from 0 to 1
1 √𝑦
⇒ 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫0 ∫𝑦 2 −4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

Vector Calculus Page 57

Engineering Mathematics - II

1 𝑥 2 √𝑦
= −4 ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦2
1
= −2 ∫0 (𝑦 − 𝑦 4 )𝑑𝑦
1
𝑦2 𝑦5
= −2 [ 2 − ]
2 0

1 1
= −2 (2 − 5)
3
= −5


3
∴ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆 = − 5 … (1)
S

To evaluate: 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Here the line integral over the simple closed curve C bounding the surface 𝑂𝐴𝑂 consisting of the curves 𝑂𝐴
and 𝐴𝑂.


c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AO
… (2)

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2)𝑖⃗ − (𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2)𝑗⃗ … (3)

On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥, 𝑥 varies from 0 𝑡𝑜 1
(3) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (2𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 )2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 5 )𝑑𝑥
= (2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1

OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 (2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥

1
2𝑥 6 𝑥3 1 1
=[ − ] = − =0
3 3 3 3
0

On 𝐴𝑂: 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 , 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦, 𝑦 varies from 1 𝑡𝑜 0

(3) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ . d𝑟⃗ = (2𝑦 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 4 )2𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
= (4𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 5 )𝑑𝑦 − (𝑦 4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
= (4𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 5 − 𝑦 4 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
= (3𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 5 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
0

AO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫1 (3𝑦 4 − 2𝑦 5 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦

0
3𝑦 5 2𝑦 6 𝑦3 3 1 1 3
=[ − + ] =− + − =−
5 6 3 1 5 3 3 5


3 3
(2) ⇒ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0 − 5 = − 5 … (3)
c

From (3) and (1) c

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑛̂ 𝑑𝑆

Vector Calculus Page 58

Engineering Mathematics - II

Hence Stokes theorem is verified.

⃗⃗ = (𝒚 − 𝒛 + 𝟐)𝒊⃗ − (𝒚𝒛 + 𝟒)𝒋⃗ − 𝒙𝒛 ⃗𝒌⃗, where S is
Example: 2.76 Verify Stoke’s theorem in a plane for ⃗𝑭
the open surface of the cube formed by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟐,
𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒛 = 𝟐 above the 𝒙𝒚 – plane.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑖⃗ − (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑗⃗ − 𝑥𝑧 𝑘⃗⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑦 − 𝑧 + 2)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑦𝑧 + 4)𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑧

L.H.S =  c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

In 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = (𝑦 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑑𝑦
On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 2.
2
⇒ 
OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥

= 2[𝑥 ]20 = 4
On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2.


2
⇒ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 4 𝑑𝑦
AB

= 4[𝑦]20 = 8
On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 2 to 0.
0
⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫2 4 𝑑𝑥

= 4[𝑥 ]02 = −8
On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 2 to 0.

Vector Calculus Page 59

Engineering Mathematics - II

2
⇒ 
CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 4 𝑑𝑦

= 4[𝑦]20 = −8

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 4 + 8 − 8 − 8 = −4 … (1)

R.H.S =  S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑦−𝑧+2 𝑦𝑧 + 4 −𝑥𝑧
= 𝑖⃗ (0 − 𝑦) − 𝑗⃗ (– 𝑧 + 1) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 1)
= 𝑦𝑖⃗ − (𝑧 − 1) 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑥𝑦 − plane.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦𝑖⃗ − (𝑧 − 1) 𝑗⃗ − 𝑘⃗⃗

Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 n̂ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
2 2
Top (𝑆1 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ −1
∫ ∫ −1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
2 2
Left (𝑆2 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝑗⃗ −(𝑧 − 1)
∫ ∫(−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
Right (𝑆3 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑗⃗ (𝑧 − 1)
∫ ∫(𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
Back (𝑆4 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝑖⃗ 𝑦
∫ ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
Front (𝑆5 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑖⃗ −𝑦
∫ ∫ −𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 2
On 𝑆1 : ∫0 ∫0 (−1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2
= − ∫0 [𝑥 ]20 𝑑𝑦
2
= 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑦
= −2[𝑦]20 = −4
2 2
On 𝑆2 : ∫0 ∫0 (−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

Vector Calculus Page 60

Engineering Mathematics - II

2
= ∫0 (– 𝑧 + 1)[𝑥]20 𝑑𝑧
2
= 2 ∫0 (−𝑧 + 1) 𝑑𝑧
2
𝑧2
= 2 [− + 𝑧] = 2(0) = 0
2 0
2 2
On 𝑆3 : ∫0 ∫0 (𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
2
= ∫0 (𝑧 − 1)[𝑥]20 𝑑𝑧
2
= 2 ∫0 (𝑧 − 1) 𝑑𝑧
2
𝑧2
= 2 [ 2 − 𝑧] = 2(0) = 0
0
2 2
On 𝑆4 : ∫0 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 𝑦2 2
= ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= 2[𝑧]20 = 4
2 2
On 𝑆5 : ∫0 ∫0 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
2 𝑦2 2
= − ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
2
= −2 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= −2[𝑧]20 = − 4

∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −4 + 0 + 0 + 4 − 4 = −4 … (2)

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒚𝒊⃗ − 𝟐𝒚𝒛𝒋⃗ − 𝒛𝒙 ⃗𝒌⃗, where S is the open
Example: 2.77 Verify Stoke’s theorem in a plane for ⃗𝑭
surface of the rectangular parallelopiped formed by the planes 𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = 𝟎,
𝒛 = 𝟑 above the 𝒙𝒐𝒚 – plane.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑖⃗ − 2𝑦𝑧𝑗⃗ − 𝑧𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑦 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑑𝑧

L.H.S = c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
OA
+ 
AB
+ 
BC
+ 
CO

Vector Calculus Page 61

Engineering Mathematics - II

In 𝑥𝑦 plane 𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
On 𝑂𝐴: 𝑦 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 0 to 1.
1
⇒ 
OA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 0 𝑑𝑥

=0
On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 0 to 2.


2
⇒ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫0 0 𝑑𝑦
AB

=0
On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑦 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 1 to 0.
0
⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

0
𝑥2
= 2 [ 2 ] = −1
1

On 𝐶𝑂: 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 2 to 0.

0
⇒ 
CO
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫2 0 𝑑𝑦

=0

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0 + 0 − 1 + 0 = −1 … (1)

R.H.S = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Vector Calculus Page 62

Engineering Mathematics - II

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑦 −2𝑦𝑧 −𝑥𝑧

= 𝑖⃗ (0 + 2𝑦) − 𝑗⃗ (– 𝑧 − 0) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (0 − 𝑥 )
= 2𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑥𝑦 − plane.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗

Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 n̂ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
2 1
Top (𝑆1 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ −𝑥
∫ ∫ −𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0 0
3 1
Left (𝑆2 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝑗⃗ −𝑧
∫ ∫ −𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
3 1
Right (𝑆3 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑗⃗ 𝑧
∫ ∫ 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
0 0
3 2
Back (𝑆4 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝑖⃗ −2𝑦
∫ ∫ −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
3 2
Front (𝑆5 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑖⃗ 2𝑦
∫ ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
0 0
2 1
On 𝑆1 : ∫0 ∫0 (−1) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
2 𝑥2 1
= − ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑦
0
1 2
= − 2 ∫0 𝑑𝑦
1
= − 2 [𝑦]20 = −1
3 1
On 𝑆2 : ∫0 ∫0 −𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
3
= − ∫0 [𝑧𝑥 ]10 𝑑𝑧
2
= − ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
3
𝑧2 9
= −[2] = −
0 2
3 1
On 𝑆3 : ∫0 ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

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3
= ∫0 [𝑧𝑥 ]10 𝑑𝑧
3
= 2 ∫0 𝑧 𝑑𝑧
3
𝑧2 9
=[ ] =
2 0 2
3 2
On 𝑆4 : ∫0 ∫0 −2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3 𝑦2 2
= −2 ∫0 [ 2 ] 𝑑𝑧
0
3
= −4 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= −4[𝑧]30 = −12
3 2
On 𝑆5 : ∫0 ∫0 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
3 𝑦2 2
= 2 ∫0 [ ] 𝑑𝑧
2 0
3
= 4 ∫0 𝑑𝑧
= 4[𝑧]30 = 12


9 9
∴ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = −1 − 2 + 2 − 12 + 12 = −1 … (2)
S

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

⃗⃗, where S is the open surface of
⃗⃗ = 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝒊⃗ + 𝒛𝟐 𝒙𝒋⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒌
Example: 2.78 Verify Stoke’s theorem for 𝑭
the cube formed by the planes 𝒙 = ±𝒂, 𝒚 = ±𝒂, and 𝒛 = ±𝒂 in which the plane 𝒛 = −𝒂 is a cut.
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑗⃗ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗

𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑑𝑥 + 𝑧 2 𝑥𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑧
This square ABCD lies in the plane 𝑧 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 0
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −𝑎𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

L.H.S = 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ =
AB
 + 
BC
+ 
CD
+ 
DA

On 𝐴𝐵: 𝑦 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎.


𝑎
⇒ 𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫−𝑎 −𝑎3 𝑑𝑥
AB

= −𝑎3 [𝑥 ]𝑎−𝑎
= −𝑎3 (2𝑎) = −2𝑎4

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On 𝐵𝐶: 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from −𝑎 to 𝑎.

𝑎
⇒ 
BC
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫−𝑎 𝑎3 𝑑𝑦

= 𝑎3 [𝑦]𝑎−𝑎
= 𝑎3 (2𝑎) = 2𝑎4
On 𝐶𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 varies from 𝑎 to −𝑎.
−𝑎
⇒ 
CD
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑎 −𝑎3 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑎3 [𝑥 ]−𝑎
𝑎

= −𝑎3 (−2𝑎) = 2𝑎4

On 𝐷𝐴: 𝑥 = −𝑎 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 varies from 𝑎 to −𝑎.
−𝑎
⇒ 
DA
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫𝑎 −𝑎3 𝑑𝑦

= −𝑎3 [𝑦]−𝑎
𝑎

= −𝑎3 (−2𝑎) = 2𝑎4

∴ 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = −2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4 = 4𝑎4 … (1)

R.H.S =  S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

𝑖⃗ 𝑗⃗ 𝑘⃗⃗
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = | |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2 2 2
𝑦 𝑧 𝑧 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
= 𝑖⃗ (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧) − 𝑗⃗ (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) + 𝑘⃗⃗ (𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧)
Given S is an open surface consisting of the 5 faces of the cube except, 𝑧 = −𝑎.

∫ ∫ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 
S1
+ 
S2
+ ⋯+ 
S5

𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ = 2𝑦𝑖⃗ + 𝑧 𝑗⃗ − 𝑥 𝑘⃗⃗

Faces Plane 𝑑𝑠 n̂ Eqn 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ ∇ × 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂
Top (𝑆1 ) 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝑘⃗⃗ 𝑧= 𝑎 𝑧 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑦

Left (𝑆2 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 −𝑗⃗ 𝑦 = −𝑎 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥

Right (𝑆3 ) 𝑥𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝑗⃗ 𝑦= 𝑎 −(𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) −(𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 )
Back (𝑆4 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 −𝑖⃗ 𝑥 = −𝑎 −(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧) −(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑧)
Front (𝑆5 ) 𝑦𝑧 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝑖⃗ 𝑥= 𝑎 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑧 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
On 𝑆1 : ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑎
= ∫−𝑎[(𝑎2 𝑥 − 2𝑎𝑦𝑥 )]𝑎−𝑎 𝑑𝑦

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𝑎
= ∫−𝑎(𝑎3 − 2𝑎2 𝑦) − (−𝑎3 + 2𝑎2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 2𝑎3 − 4𝑎2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑎
𝑦2
= [2𝑎3 𝑦 − 4𝑎2 ]
2 −𝑎

= (2𝑎4 − 2𝑎4 ) − (−2𝑎4 − 2𝑎4 )

= 2𝑎4 − 2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4 + 2𝑎4
= 4𝑎4
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
On 𝑆2 + 𝑆3 ∶ ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 + ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎 −(𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎 4𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑧
𝑎
𝑎 𝑥2
= 4𝑎 ∫−𝑎 [ ] 𝑑𝑧
2 −𝑎
𝑎
= 2𝑎3 ∫−𝑎 𝑑𝑧
= 2𝑎3 [𝑧]𝑎−𝑎
= 2𝑎3 (0) = 0
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
On 𝑆4 + 𝑆5 : ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎 −(𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 + ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎(−𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑧 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑧) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑎 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎 ∫−𝑎 −4𝑎𝑧 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑎
= −4𝑎 ∫−𝑎[𝑧𝑦]𝑎−𝑎 𝑑𝑧
𝑎
= −4𝑎 ∫−𝑎 𝑧(2𝑎)𝑑𝑧
𝑎
𝑧2
= −6𝑎2 [ 2 ]
−𝑎

= −3𝑎2 (𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ) = 0

∴ 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 = 4𝑎4 + 0 + 0 = 4𝑎4 … (2)

From (1) and (2) 

c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠

Hence Stoke’s theorem is verified.

Example: 2.79 Evaluate  ⃗𝑭 ⃗⃗ by stoke’s theorem, where ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒚𝟐 𝒊⃗ + 𝒙𝟐 𝒋⃗ + (𝒙 + 𝒛) ⃗𝒌⃗, and C is the
⃗⃗ ∙ 𝒅𝒓
c

boundary of the triangle with vertices at (𝟎, 𝟎, 𝟎), (𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟎).
Solution:

Stoke’s theorem is 
c
𝐹⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 
S
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹⃗ ∙ n̂ 𝑑𝑠 … (1)

⃗⃗
Given 𝐹⃗ = 𝑦 2 𝑖⃗ + 𝑥 2 𝑗⃗ + (𝑥 + 𝑧) 𝑘

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