SECTION 407 - DETAILS OF

REINFORCEMENT
407.1 Notations
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to
centroid of tension reinforcement, mm
db = nominal diameter of bar, wire or prestressing
strand, mm
f'ci = compressve strength of concrete at time of initial
prestress, MPa
fy = specified yield strength of non-prestressed
reinforcement, MPa
Ld = development length, mm. See Section 412
407.2 Standard Hooks
"Standard hook'' as used in this code is one of the
following:
407.2.1 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less
than 60 mm at free end of bar.
407.2.2 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of
bar.
407.2.3 For stirrup and tie hooks:
1. 16 mm diameter bar and smaller, 90-degree bend plus
6db extension at free end of bar; or
2. 20 and 25 mm diameter bar, 90-degree bend, plus 12db
extension at free end of bar; or
3. 25 mm diameter bar and smaller, 135-degree bend plus
6db extension at free end of bar.
407.2.4 Seismic hooks as defined in Section 402.
407.3 Minimum Bend Diameters
407.3.1 Diameter of bend measured on the inside of the bar,
other than for stirrups and ties in sizes 10 mm diameter
through 16 mm diameter, shall not be less than the values
in Table 407-1.
407.3.2 Inside diameter of bends for stirrups and ties shall
not be less than 4db for 16 mm diameter bar and smaller. For
bars larger than 16 mm, diameter of bend shall be in
accordance with Table 407-1.
407.3.3 Inside diameter of bends in welded wire fabric
(plain or deformed) for stirrups and ties shall not be less
than 4db for deformed wire larger than MD40 and 2db for all
other wires. Bends with inside diameter of less than 8db
shall not be less than 4db from nearest welded intersection.
Table 407-1 - Minimum Diameters of Bend
Bar Size Minimum Diameter
10 mm through 25 mm 6db
28, 32 and 36 mm
diameter 8db
42 mm and 58 mm 10 db
407.4 Bending of Reinforcement
407.4.1 All reinforcement shall be bent cold, unless
otherwise permitted by the engineer-of-record.
407.4.2 Reinforcement partially embedded in concrete
shall not be field bent, except as shown on the design
drawings or permitted by the engineer-of-record.
407.5 Surface Conditions of Reinforcement
407.5.1 At the time concrete is placed, reinforcement shall
be free from mud, oil or other nonmetallic coatings that
decrease bond. Epoxy coatings of steel reinforcement in
accordance with Sections [Link] and [Link] shall be
permitted.
407.5.2 Reinforcement, except prestressing tendons, with
rust, mill scale or a combination of both, shall be considered
satisfactory, provided the minimum dimensions (including
height of deformations) and weight of a hand-wire-brushed
test specimen comply with applicable ASTM specifications
referenced in Section 403.6.
407.5.3 Prestressing tendons shall be clean and free of oil,
dirt, scale, pitting and excessive rust. A light coating of rust
shall be permitted.
407.6 Placing Reinforcement
407.6.1 Reinforcement, prestressing tendons and ducts
shall be accurately placed and adequately supported before
concrete is placed, and shall be secured against
displacement within tolerances of this section.
407.6.2 Unless otherwise specified by the engineer-ofrecord,
reinforcement, prestressing tendons and prestressing
ducts shall be placed within the following tolerances:
[Link] Tolerance for depth d, and minimum concrete
cover in flexural members, walls and compression members
shall be as follows:
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National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1
Effective Depth,
d
Tolerance on d
Tolerance on
Minimum Concrete
Cover
d  200 mm ± 10 mm -10 mm
d > 200 mm ± 12 mm -12 mm
except that tolerance for the clear distance to formed soffits
shall be minus 6 mm and tolerance for cover shall not
exceed minus one third (1/3) the minimum concrete cover
required by the approved plans or specifications.
[Link] Tolerance for longitudinal location of bends and
ends of reinforcement shall be 50 mm except at
discontinuous ends of members where tolerance shall be
±12 mm at the discontinuous ends of brackets and corbels,
and 5
 mm at the discontinuous ends of other members.
The tolerance for concrete cover of Section [Link] shall
also apply at the discontinuous ends of members.
407.6.3 Welded wire fabric (with wire size not greater than
MW30 or MD30) used in slabs not exceeding 3 m in span
shall be permitted to be curved from a point near the top of
slab over the support to a point near the bottom of slab at
midspan, provided such reinforcement is either continuous
over, or securely anchored at, support.
407.6.4 Welding of crossing bars shall not be permitted for
assembly of reinforcement.
Exceptions:
1. Reinforcing steel bars are not required by design.
2. When specifically approved by the engineer-of-record,
welding of crossing bars for assembly purposes in
Seismic Zone 2 may be permitted, provided that data
are submitted to the engineer to show that there is no
detrimental effect on the action of the structural
member as a result of welding of the crossing bars.
407.7 Spacing Limits for Reinforcement
407.7.1 The minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in
a layer shall be db but not less than 25 mm. See also Section
403.4.2.
407.7.2 Where parallel reinforcement is placed in two or
more layers, bars in the upper layers shall be placed directly
above bars in the bottom layer with clear distance between
layers not less than 25 mm.
407.7.3 In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression
members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not
be less than 1.5db or less than 40 mm. See also Section
403.4.2.
407.7.4 Clear distance limitation between bars shall apply
also to the clear distance between a contact lap splice and
adjacent splices or bars.
407.7.5 In walls and slabs other than concrete joist
construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be
spaced farther apart than three times the wall or slab
thickness, nor farther than 450 mm.
407.7.6 Bundled Bars
[Link] Groups of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in
contact to act as a unit shall be limited to four bars in one
bundle.
[Link] Bundled bars shall be enclosed within stirrups or
ties.
[Link] Bars larger than 36 mm diameter shall not be
bundled in beams.
[Link] Individual bars within a bundle terminated within
the span of flexural members shall terminate at different
points with at least 40db stagger.
[Link] Where spacing limitations and minimum concrete
cover are based on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled bars
shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from
the equivalent total area.
407.7.7 Prestressing Tendons and Ducts
[Link] Center-to-center spacing of pre-tensioning
tendons at each end of a member shall not be less than 5db
for wire, nor 4db for strands, except that if concrete strength
at transfer of prestress, f`ci is 28 MPa or more, minimum
center to center spacing of strands shall be 45 mm for
strands of 12 mm nominal diameter or smaller and 50 mm
for strands of 16 mm nominal diameter. See also Section
403.4.2. Closer vertical spacing and bundling of tendons
shall be permitted in the middle portion of a span.
[Link] Bundling of post-tensioning ducts shall be
permitted if it is shown that concrete can be satisfactorily
placed and if provision is made to prevent the tendons, when
tensioned, from breaking through the duct.
407.8 Concrete Protection for Reinforcement
407.8.1 Cast-in-Place Concrete (Non-prestressed)
Unless a greater cover is required by Section 407.8.6 or
407.8.8, specified cover for reinforcement shall not less than
the following:
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Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
Minimum Cover
1. Concrete cast against and permanently
exposed to earth ......................................... 75 mm
2. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
20 mm through 36 mm diameter bar ... ....... 50 mm
16 mm diameter bar, MW200 or MD200
wire, and smaller ...................................... 40 mm
3. Concrete not exposed to weather or in
contact with ground:
a. Slabs, walls, joists:
42 and 58 mm diameter bars ................ 40 mm
36 mm diameter bar and smaller ........ 20 mm
b. Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcement, ties,
stirrups, spirals .................................... 40 mm
c. Shells, folded plate members:
20 mm diameter bar and larger ........... 20 mm
16 mm diameter bar, MW200 or
MD200 wire, and smaller ................... 12 mm
407.8.2 Precast Concrete (Manufactured Under Plant
Control Conditions)
Unless a greater cover is required by Section 407.8.6 or
407.8.8, specified cover for prestressed and non-prestressed
reinforcement, ducts, and end fittings shall not less than the
following:
Minimum Cover
1. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
a. Wall panels:
42 mm and 58 mm diameter bars ........ 40 mm
36 mm diameter bar and smaller,
prestressing tendons larger than 40 mm
diameter and smaller, MW200 or MD200
wire and smaller ...................................... 20 mm
b. Other members:
42 mm and 58 mm diameter bars,
prestressing tendons larger than 40 mm
diameter .................................................. 50 mm
20 mm through 36 mm diameter bars,
prestressing tendons larger than 16 mm
diameter through 40 mm diameter ......... 40 mm
16 mm diameter bar and smaller, prestressing
tendons 16 mm diameter and smaller, MW200 or
MD200 wire, and smaller ..................... 30 mm
2. Concrete not exposed to weather or in
contact with ground:
a. Slabs, walls, joists:
42 mm and 58 mm diameter bars,
prestressing tendons larger than 40 mm
diameter ................................................. 30 mm
Prestressing tendons 40 mm diameter
and smaller …………………………….. 20 mm
36 mm diameter bar and smaller,
MW200 or MD200 wire, and smaller …..15 mm
b. Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcement db but not less
than 15 mm and need not exceed 40
mm
Ties, stirrups, spirals ........................... … 10 mm
c. Shells, folded plate members:
Prestressing tendons ………………….. 20 mm
20 mm diameter bar and larger ……….. 15 mm
16 mm diameter bar, MW200 or
MD200 wire, and smaller ...................... … 10 mm
407.8.3 Cast-In-Place Concrete (Prestressed)
[Link] Unless a greater cover is required by Sections
407.8.6 and 407.8.8, specified cover for prestressed and
non-prestressed reinforcement, ducts and end fittings, shall
not less than the following:
Minimum Cover
1. Concrete cast against and permanently
exposed to earth ........................................... 75 mm
2. Concrete exposed to earth or weather:
Wall panels, slabs, joists ............................ 25 mm
Other members .......................................... 40 mm
3. Concrete not exposed to weather or in
contact with ground:
a. Slabs, walls, joists . ............................. 20 mm
b. Beams, columns:
Primary reinforcement ....................... 40 mm
Ties, stirrups, spirals .......................... 25 mm
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c. Shells, folded plate members:
16 mm diameter bars, MW200 or MD200 wire, and
smaller ................................................. 10 mm
Other reinforcement ................................... . db but
not
less than 20 mm
[Link] For prestressed concrete members exposed to
earth, weather or corrosive environments, and in which
permissible tensile stress of Section 418.5.1, Item 3, is
exceeded, minimum cover shall be increased 50 percent.
[Link] For prestressed concrete members manufactured
under plant control conditions, minimum concrete cover for
non-prestressed reinforcement shall be as required in
Section 407.8.2.
407.8.4 Bundled Bars
For bundled bars, minimum concrete cover shall not be less
than the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not be
greater than 50 mm; except for concrete cast against and
permanently exposed to earth, minimum cover shall not be
less than 75 mm.
407.8.5 Headed Shear Stud Reinforcement
For headed shear stud reinforcement, specified concrete
cover for the heads or base rails shall not be less than that
required for the reinforcement in the type of member in
which the headed shear stud reinforcement is placed.
407.8.6 Corrosive Environments
In corrosive environments or other severe exposure
conditions, amount of concrete protection shall be suitably
increased, and the pertinent requirements for concrete based
on applicable exposure categories in Section 404 shall be
met, denseness and nonporosity of protecting concrete shall
be considered, or other protection shall be provided.
[Link] For prestressed concrete members exposed to
corrosive environments or other severe exposure categories
such as those defined in Section 404, and which are
classified as Class T or C in Section 418.4.3, specified
concrete cover shall not be less than 1.5 times the cover for
prestressed reinforcement required by Sections 407.8.2 and
407.8.3. This requirement shall be permitted to be waived if
the precompressed tensile zone is not in tension under
sustained loads.
407.8.7 Future Extensions
Exposed reinforcement, inserts and plates intended for
bonding with future extensions shall be protected from
corrosion.
407.8.8 Fire Protection
If the National Building Code, of which the National
Structural Code of the Philippines forms a part, requires a
thickness of cover for fire protection greater than the
minimum concrete cover specified in Sections 407.8.1
through 407.8.7, such greater thickness shall be specified.
407.9 Special Reinforcement Details for Columns
407.9.1 Offset Bars
Offset bent longitudinal bars shall conform to the following:
[Link] Slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis
of column shall not exceed 1 in 6.
[Link] Portions of bar above and below an offset shall be
parallel to axis of column.
[Link] Horizontal support at offset bends shall be
provided by lateral ties, spirals or parts of the floor
construction. Horizontal support provided shall be designed
to resist one and one-half times the horizontal component of
the computed force in the inclined portion of an offset bar.
Lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than
150 mm from points of bend.
[Link] Offset bars shall be bent before placement in the
forms. See Section 407.4.
[Link] Where a column face is offset 75 mm or greater,
longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels,
lap spliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset
column faces, shall be provided. Lap splices shall conform
to Section 412.18.
407.9.2 Steel Cores
Load transfer in structural steel cores of composite
compression members shall be provided by the following:
[Link] Ends of structural steel cores shall be accurately
finished to bear at end-bearing splices, with positive
provision for alignment of one core above the other in
concentric contact.
[Link] At end-bearing splices, bearing shall be
considered effective to transfer not more than 50 percent of
the total compressive stress in the steel core.
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Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines
[Link] Transfer of stress between column base and
footing shall be designed in accordance with Section 415.9.
[Link] Base of structural steel section shall be designed
to transfer the total load from the entire composite member
to the footing; or, the base may be designed to transfer the
load from the steel core only, provided ample concrete
section is available for transfer of the portion of the total
load carried by the reinforced concrete section to the footing
by compression in the concrete and by reinforcement.
407.10 Connections
407.10.1 At connections of principal framing elements (such
as beams and columns), enclosure shall be provided for
splices of continuing reinforcement and for anchorage of
reinforcement terminating in such connections.
407.10.2 Enclosure at connections may consist of external
concrete or internal closed ties, spirals or stirrups.
407.11 Lateral Reinforcement for Compression
Members
407.11.1 Lateral reinforcement for compression members
shall conform to the provisions of Sections 407.11.4 and
407.11.5 and, where shear or torsion reinforcement is
required, shall also conform to provisions of Section 411.
407.11.2 Lateral reinforcement requirements for composite
compression members shall conform to Section 410.17.
Lateral reinforcement requirements for prestressing tendons
shall conform to Section 418.12.
407.11.3 It shall be permitted to waive the lateral
reinforcement requirements of Sections 407.11, 410.17 and
418.12 where tests and structural analyses show adequate
strength and feasibility of construction.
407.11.4 Spirals
Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall
conform to Section 410.10.3 and to the following:
[Link] Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous
bar or wire of such size and so assembled as to permit
handling and placing without distortion from designed
dimensions.
[Link] For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals
shall not be less 10 mm diameter.
[Link] Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed
75 mm or be less than 25 mm. See also Section 403.4.2.
[Link] Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be
provided by one and one-half extra turns of spiral bar or
wire at each end of a spiral unit.
[Link] Spiral reinforcement shall be spliced, if needed,
by any one of the following methods:
1. Lap splices not less than the larger of 300 mm and the
length indicated in one of (a) through (e) below:
a. deformed uncoated bar or wire ................ 48 db
b. plain uncoated bar or wire ........................ 72 db
c. epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire .......... 72 db
d. plain uncoated bar or wire with a
standard stirrup or tie hook in
accordance with Section 407.2.3 at
ends of lapped spiral reinforcement.
The hooks shall be embedded within
the core confined by the spiral
reinforcement ........................................... 48 db
e. epoxy-coated deformed bar or wire
with a standard stirrup or tie hook in
accordance with Section 407.2.3 at
ends of lapped spiral reinforcement.
The hooks shall be embedded within
the core confined by the spiral
reinforcement ........................................... 48 db
2. Full mechanical or welded splices in accordance with
Section 412.15.3.
[Link] Spirals shall extend from top of footing or slab in
any story to level of lowest horizontal reinforcement in
members supported above.
[Link] Where beams or brackets do not frame into all
sides of a column, ties shall extend above termination of
spiral to bottom of slab, drop panel, or shear cap.
[Link] In columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to
a level at which the diameter or width of capital is two times
that of the column.
[Link] Spirals shall be held firmly in place and true to
line.
407.11.5 Tie reinforcement for compression members shall
conform to the following:
[Link] All non-prestressed bars shall be enclosed by
lateral ties, at least 10 mm diameter in size for longitudinal
bars 32 mm diameter or smaller, and at least 12 mm
diameter in size for 36 mm, 42 mm, 58 mm diameter bars,
and bundled longitudinal bars. Deformed wire or welded
wire fabric of equivalent area shall be permitted.
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National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1
[Link] Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed 16
longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or
least dimension of the compression member.
[Link] Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and
alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided
by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more
than 135 degrees and a bar shall be not farther than 150 mm
clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally
supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around
the perimeter of a circle, a complete circular tie shall be
permitted.
[Link] Ties shall be located vertically not more than one
half a tie spacing above the top of footing or slab in any
story and shall be spaced as provided herein to not more
than one half a tie spacing below the lowest horizontal
reinforcement in slab, drop panel, or shear cap above.
[Link] Where beams or brackets frame from four
directions into a column, termination of ties not more than
75 mm below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or
brackets shall be permitted.
[Link] Where anchor bolts are placed in the top of
columns or pedestals, the bolts shall be enclosed by lateral
reinforcement that also surrounds at least four vertical bars
of the column or pedestal. The lateral reinforcement shall be
distributed within 125 mm of the top of column or pedestal,
and shall consist of at least two 12 mm or three 10 mm
diameter bars.
407.12 Lateral Reinforcement for Flexural Members
407.12.1 Compression reinforcement in beams shall be
enclosed by ties or stirrups satisfying the size and spacing
limitations in Section 407.11.5 or by welded wire fabric of
equivalent area. Such ties or stirrups shall be provided
throughout the distance where compression reinforcement is
required.
407.12.2 Lateral reinforcement for flexural framing
members subject to stress reversals or to torsion at supports
shall consist of closed ties, closed stirrups, or spirals
extending around the flexural reinforcement.
407.12.3 Closed ties or stirrups may be formed in one piece
by overlapping standard stirrup or tie end hooks around a
longitudinal bar, or formed in one or two pieces lap spliced
with a Class B splice (lap of 1.3ld), or anchored in
accordance with Section 412.14.
407.13 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement
407.13.1 Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature
stresses normal to flexural reinforcement shall be provided
in structural slabs where the flexural reinforcement extends
in one direction only.
[Link] Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall
be provided in accordance with either Section 407.13.2 or
407.13.3.
[Link] Where shrinkage and temperature movements
are significantly restrained, the requirements of Sections
408.3.4 and 409.3.3 shall be considered.
407.13.2 Deformed reinforcement conforming to Section
403.6.3 used for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
shall be provided in accordance with the following:
[Link] Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
shall provide at least the following ratios of reinforcement
area to gross concrete area, but not less than 0.0014:
1. Slabs where Grade 280 and Grade 530
deformed bars are used .............................. 0.0020
2. Slabs where Grade 415 deformed bars
or welded wire fabric (smooth or
deformed) are used ..................................... 0.0018
3. Slabs where reinforcement with yield .
stress exceeding 415 MPa measured at
a yield strain of 0.35 percent is used ....... 0.0018 415
fy
[Link] Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall
be spaced not farther apart than five times the slab thickness
or 450 mm.
[Link] At all sections where required, reinforcement for
shrinkage and temperature stresses shall develop the
specified yield strength fy in tension in accordance with
Section 412.
407.13.3 Prestressing tendons conforming to Section
403.6.6 used for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
shall be provided in accordance with the following:
[Link] Tendons shall be proportioned to provide a
minimum average compressive stress of 0.70 MPa on gross
concrete area using effective prestress, after losses, in
accordance with Section 418.7.
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[Link] Spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed
1.8 meters.
[Link] When the spacing of prestressed tendons exceeds
1.4 m, additional bonded shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement conforming with Section 407.13.2 shall be
provided between the tendons at slab edges extending from
the slab edge for a distance equal to the tendon spacing.
407.14 Requirements for Structural Integrity
407.14.1 In the detailing of reinforcement and connections,
members of a structure shall be effectively tied together to
improve integrity of the overall structure.
407.14.2 For cast-in-place construction, the following shall
constitute minimum requirements:
[Link] In joist construction, as defined in Sections
408.14.1 through 408.14.3, at least one bottom bar shall be
continuous or shall be spliced over the support with a Class
B tension splice or a mechanical or welded splice satisfying
Section 412.15.3 and at non-continuous supports shall be
anchored to develop fy at the face of the support using a
standard hook satisfying Section 412.6 or headed deformed
bar satisfying Section 412.7.
[Link] Beams at the perimeter of the structure shall
have continuous reinforcement ove the span length passing
through the region bounded by the longitudinal
reinforcement of the column consisting of (1) and (2):
1. At least one sixth (1/6) of the tension reinforcement
required for negative moment at the support, but not
less than two bars;
2. At least one-quarter (1/4) of the positive moment
reinforcement required at midspan, but not less than
two bars.
At non-continuous supports, the reinforcement shall be
anchored to develop fy at the face of the support using a
standard hook satisfying Section 412.6 or headed deformed
bar satisfying Section 412.7.
[Link] The continuous moment reinforcement required
in Section [Link] shall be enclosed by transverse
reinforcement of the type specified in Section [Link].
The transverse reinforcement shall be anchored as specified
in Section [Link]. The transverse reinforcement need not
be extended through the column.
[Link] Where splices are required to satisfy Section
[Link] , the top reinforcement shall be spliced at or near
midspan and bottom reinforcement shall be spliced near the
support. Splices shall be Class B tension splices, or
mechanical or welded splices satisfying Section 412.15.3.
[Link] In other than perimeter beams, where transverse
reinforcement as defined in Section [Link] is provided,
there are no additional requirements for longitudinal
integrity reinforcement. Where such transverse
reinforcement is not provided, at least one-quarter of the
positive moment reinforcement at midspan, but not less than
two bars, shall pass through the region bounded by the
longitudinal reinforcementof the column and shall be
continuous or shall be spliced over or near the support with
a Class B tension splice, or mechanical or welded splices
satisfying Section 412.15.3. At non continuous supports, the
reinforcement shall be anchored to develop fy at the face of
the support using a standard hook satisfying Section 412.6
or headed deformed bar satisfying Section 412.7. .
[Link] For non-prestressed two-way slab construction,
see Section [Link].
[Link] For prestressed two-way slab construction, see
Section 418.13.6 and 418.13.7 .
407.14.3 For precast concrete construction, tension ties
shall be provided in the transverse, longitudinal, and vertical
directions and around the perimeter of the structure to
effectively tie elements together. The provisions of Section
416.6 shall apply.
407.14.4 For lift-slab construction, see Sections [Link]