Inductance, Capacitance,
and Mutual Inductance
Qi Xuan
Zhejiang University of Technology
October 2015
Electric Circuits 1
Structure
• The
Inductor
• The
Capacitor
• Series-‐Parallel
Combina8ons
of
Inductance
and
Capacitance
• Mutual
Inductance
• A
Closer
Look
at
Mutual
Inductance
Electric Circuits 2
Proximity
Switches
Some8mes
designers
prefer
to
use
switches
without
moving
parts,
to
increase
the
safety,
reliability,
convenience,
or
novelty
of
their
products.
Such
switches
are
called
proximity
switches.
Proximity
switches
can
employ
a
variety
of
sensor
technologies.
For
example,
some
elevator
doors
stay
open
whenever
a
light
beam
is
obstructed.
We
will
introduce
the
design
of
a
capaci8ve
touch
-‐sensi8ve
switch
at
the
end
of
this
chapter.
Electric Circuits 3
The
Inductor
Inductance
is
the
circuit
parameter
used
to
describe
an
inductor.
Inductance
is
symbolized
by
the
le4er
L,
is
measured
in
henrys
(H),
and
is
represented
graphically
as
a
coiled
wire—a
reminder
that
inductance
is
a
consequence
of
a
conductor
linking
a
magne8c
field.
Assigning
the
reference
direc8on
of
the
current
in
the
direc;on
of
the
voltage
drop
across
the
terminals
of
the
inductor,
as
shown
in
(b),
yields
Electric Circuits 4
Two
Important
Observa;ons
a) If
the
current
is
constant,
the
voltage
across
the
ideal
inductor
is
zero.
Thus
the
inductor
behaves
as
a
short
circuit
in
the
presence
of
a
constant,
or
dc,
current.
b) Current
cannot
change
instantaneously
in
an
inductor;
that
is,
the
current
cannot
change
by
a
finite
amount
in
zero
;me.
• When
someone
opens
the
switch
on
an
induc8ve
circuit
in
an
actual
system,
the
current
ini8ally
con8nues
to
flow
in
the
air
across
the
switch,
a
phenomenon
called
arcing.
• Arcing
must
be
controlled
to
prevent
equipment
damage!
Electric Circuits 5
Example
#1
• The
independent
current
source
in
the
circuit
generates
zero
current
for
t < 0 and
a
pulse
10te-5tA,
for
t > 0.
a) Sketch
the
current
waveform.
b) At
what
instant
of
8me
is
the
current
maximum?
c) Express
the
voltage
across
the
terminals
of
the
100
mH
inductor
as
a
func8on
of
8me.
Circuits
tric 6
d) Sketch
the
voltage
waveform.
e) Are
the
voltage
and
the
current
at
a
maximum
at
the
same
8me?
f) At
what
instant
of
8me
does
the
voltage
change
polarity?
g) Is
there
ever
an
instantaneous
change
in
voltage
across
the
inductor?
If
so,
at
what
8me?
Electric Circuits 7
Solu;on
for
Example
#1
a)
b)
c)
Electric Circuits 8
d)
e)
No;
the
voltage
is
propor8onal
to
di/dt,
not
i.
f) At
0.2 s,
which
corresponds
to
the
moment
when
di/dt is
passing
through
zero
and
changing
sign.
g) Yes,
at
t - 0.
Note
that
the
voltage
can
change
instantaneously
across
the
terminals
of
an
inductor.
Electric Circuits 9
Current
in
an
Inductor
in
Terms
of
the
Voltage
Across
the
Inductor
Integrate
t0 = 0
Electric Circuits 10
Power
and
Energy
in
the
Inductor
Electric Circuits 11
Example
#2
a) For
Example
#1,
Plot
i, v, p,
and
w
versus
8me.
Line
up
the
plots
ver8cally
to
allow
easy
assessment
of
each
variable's
behavior.
b) In
what
8me
interval
is
energy
being
stored
in
the
inductor?
c) In
what
8me
interval
is
energy
being
extracted
from
the
inductor?
d) What
is
the
maximum
energy
stored
in
the
inductor?
e) Evaluate
the
integrals
and
comment
on
their
significance.
Electric Circuits 12
a)
Solu;on
for
Example
#2
b) An
increasing
energy
curve
indicates
that
energy
is
being
stored.
Thus
energy
is
being
stored
in
the
8me
interval
0
to
0.2 s.
Note
that
this
corresponds
to
the
interval
when
p > 0.
c) A
decreasing
energy
curve
indicates
that
energy
is
being
extracted.
Thus
energy
is
being
extracted
in
the
8me
interval
0.2 s to ∞.
Note
that
this
corresponds
to
the
interval
when
p < 0.
Electric Circuits 13
d) Energy
is
at
a
maximum
when
current
is
at
a
maximum;
glancing
at
the
graphs
confirms
this.
From
Example
#1,
maximum
current
=
0.736 A.
Therefore,
wmax = 27.07 mJ.
e) From
Example
#1,
we
have
i(t) = 10te-5t A and
L = 0.1 H,
therefore,
=
w(0.2) – w(0) = L/2 × [i(0.2)2-i(0)2] = 0.2e-2 = 27.07 mJ
=
w(∞) – w(0.2) = L/2 × [i(∞)2-i(0.2)2] = -0.2e-2 = -27.07 mJ
Based
on
the
defini8on
of
p,
the
area
under
the
plot
of
p
versus
t
represents
the
energy
expended
over
the
interval
of
integra8on.
Hence
the
integra8on
of
the
power
between
0
and
0.2 s
represents
the
energy
stored
in
the
inductor
during
this
8me
interval.
The
integral
of
p
over
the
interval
0.2
s
-‐
∞ is
the
energy
extracted.
Note
that
in
this
;me
interval,
all
the
energy
originally
stored
is
removed;
that
is,
aNer
the
current
peak
has
passed,
no
energy
is
stored
in
the
inductor.
Electric Circuits 14
The
Capacitor
The
circuit
parameter
of
capacitance
is
represented
by
the
le\er
C,
is
measured
in
farads
(F),
and
is
symbolized
graphically
by
two
short
parallel
conduc8ve
plates.
Because
the
farad
is
an
extremely
large
quan8ty
of
capacitance,
prac8cal
capacitor
values
usually
lie
in
the
picofarad
(pF)
to
microfarad
(mF)
range.
The
graphic
symbol
for
a
capacitor
is
a
reminder
that
capacitance
occurs
whenever
electrical
conductors
are
separated
by
a
dielectric,
or
insula;ng,
material.
This
condi8on
implies
that
electric
charge
is
not
transported
through
the
capacitor.
Electric Circuits 15
Formulas
Integrate
t0 = 0
Electric Circuits 16
Power
and
Energy
in
the
Capacitor
Electric Circuits 17
Example
#3
The
voltage
pulse
described
by
the
following
equa8ons
is
impressed
across
the
terminals
of
a
0.5 µF capacitor:
a) Derive
the
expressions
for
the
capacitor
current,
power,
and
energy.
b) Sketch
the
voltage,
current,
power,
and
energy
as
func8ons
of
8me.
Line
up
the
plots
ver8cally.
c) Specify
the
interval
of
8me
when
energy
is
being
stored
in
the
capacitor.
d) Specify
the
interval
of
8me
when
energy
is
being
delivered
by
the
capacitor.
e) Evaluate
the
integrals
and
comment
on
their
significance.
Electric Circuits 18
Solu;on
for
Example
#3
a)
Electric Circuits 19
a) Figure
at
right
shows
the
voltage,
current,
power,
and
energy
as
func8ons
of
8me.
b) Energy
is
being
stored
in
the
capacitor
whenever
the
power
is
posi8ve.
Hence
energy
is
being
stored
in
the
interval
0-‐1
s.
c) Energy
is
being
delivered
by
the
capacitor
whenever
the
power
is
nega8ve.
Thus
energy
is
being
delivered
for
all
/
greater
than
1
s.
d) The
integral
of p dt is
the
energy
associated
with
the
8me
interval
corresponding
to
the
limits
on
the
integral.
Thus
the
first
integral
represents
the
energy
stored
in
the
capacitor
between
0
and
1
s,
whereas
the
second
integral
represents
the
energy
returned,
or
delivered,
by
the
capacitor
in
the
interval
1
s
to
∞:
Electric Circuits 20
Series
Combina8on
of
Inductance
Electric Circuits 21
Parallel
Combina8on
of
Inductance
Electric Circuits 22
Series
Combina8on
of
Capacitance
Electric Circuits 23
Parallel
Combina8on
of
Capacitance
Electric Circuits 24
Mutual
Inductance
L1, L2:
self-‐inductances;
M:
mutual
inductance
Dot
Conven)on:
When
the
reference
direc8on
for
a
current
enters
(leaves)
the
do\ed
terminal
of
a
coil,
the
reference
polarity
of
the
voltage
that
it
induces
in
the
other
coil
is
posi8ve
(nega8ve)
at
its
do\ed
terminal.
Electric Circuits 25
Equa;ons
Electric Circuits 26
Determining
Dot
Markings
a) Arbitrarily
select
one
terminal—say,
the
D
terminal—of
one
coil
and
mark
it
with
a
dot.
b) Assign
a
current
into
the
do\ed
terminal
and
label
it
iD.
c) Use
the
right-‐hand
rule
to
determine
the
direc8on
of
the
magne8c
field
established
by
iD
inside
the
coupled
coils
and
label
this
field
ϕD.
d) Arbitrarily
pick
one
terminal
of
the
second
coil—say,
terminal
A—and
assign
a
current
into
this
terminal,
showing
the
current
as
iA.
e) Use
the
right-‐hand
rule
to
determine
the
direc8on
of
the
flux
established
by
iA
inside
the
coupled
coils
and
label
this
flux
ϕA.
f) Compare
the
direc8ons
of
the
two
fluxes
ϕD
and
ϕA.
If
the
fluxes
have
the
same
reference
direc8on,
place
a
dot
on
the
terminal
of
the
second
coil
where
the
test
current
(iA)
enters.
(In
the
Figure,
the
fluxes
ϕD
and
ϕA
have
the
same
reference
direc8on,
and
therefore
a
dot
goes
on
terminal
A.)
If
the
fluxes
have
different
reference
direc8ons,
place
a
dot
on
the
terminal
of
the
second
coil
where
the
test
current
leaves.
Electric Circuits 27
Experimental
Method
When
the
switch
is
closed,
the
voltmeter
deflec8on
is
observed.
If
the
momentary
deflec8on
is
upscale,
the
coil
terminal
connected
to
the
posi8ve
terminal
of
the
voltmeter
receives
the
polarity
mark.
If
the
deflec8on
is
downscale,
the
coil
terminal
connected
to
the
nega8ve
terminal
of
the
voltmeter
receives
the
polarity
mark.
Electric Circuits 28
Example
#4
a) Write
a
set
of
mesh-‐current
equa8ons
that
describe
the
circuit
in
the
Figure
in
terms
of
the
currents
i1
and
i2.
b) Verify
that
if
there
is
no
energy
stored
in
the
circuit
at
t = 0
and
if
ig = 16 - 16e-5t A,
the
solu8ons
for
i1
and
i2
are
Electric Circuits 29
Solu;on
for
Example
#4
a)
Substitute
b)
Electric Circuits 30
Proximity
Switches
The
actual
values
of
the
capacitors
are
in
the
range
of
10
to
50
pF,
depending
on
the
exact
geometry
of
the
switch,
how
the
finger
is
inserted,
whether
the
person
is
wearing
gloves,
and
so
forth.
Electric Circuits 31
Example
#5
Assume
that
all
capacitors
have
the
same
value
of
25 pF.
Also
assume
the
elevator
call
bu\on
is
placed
in
the
capaci8ve
equivalent
of
a
voltage-‐divider
circuit,
as
shown
in
the
Figure.
a) Calculate
the
output
voltage
with
no
finger
present.
b) Calculate
the
output
voltage
when
a
finger
touches
the
bu\on.
Electric Circuits 32
Solu;on
for
Example
#5
Electric Circuits 33
Electric Circuits 34
Summary
• Inductance:
defini;ons,
characteris;cs,
and
equa;ons
• Capacitance:
defini;ons,
characteris;cs,
and
equa;ons
• Series-‐Parallel
combina8ons
of
Inductance
and
Capacitance
• Mutual
inductance:
dot
conven;on
Electric Circuits 35