Chapter 1: Introduction

Database System Concepts, 6th Ed.

©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
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 Outline

The Need for Databases

Key Features
DDL, DML
Relational Databases
Database Design
Storage Manager
Query Processing
Transaction Manager
File System and Database

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.2 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Database Management System (DBMS)

DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise

Collection of interrelated data
Set of programs to access the data
An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use
Database Applications:
Banking: transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities: registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax deductions
Databases can be very large.
Databases touch all aspects of our lives

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.3 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 University Database Example
Application program examples
Add new students, instructors, and courses
Register students for courses, and generate class rosters
Assign grades to students, compute grade point averages
(GPA) and generate transcripts
In the early days, database applications were built directly on
top of file systems

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.4 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Drawbacks of using file systems to store data

Data redundancy and inconsistency

Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
Difficulty in accessing data
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation
Multiple files and formats
Integrity problems
Integrity constraints (e.g., account balance > 0) become “buried”
in program code rather than being stated explicitly
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.5 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Drawbacks of using file systems to store data (Cont.)

Atomicity of updates
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial
updates carried out
Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should
either complete or not happen at all
Concurrent access by multiple users
Concurrent access needed for performance
Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
 Example: Two people reading a balance (say 100) and
updating it by withdrawing money (say 50 each) at the same
time
Security problems
Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data

Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.6 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Levels of Abstraction
Physical level: describes how a record (e.g., instructor) is stored.
Logical level: describes data stored in database, and the relationships
among the data.
type instructor = record
ID : string;
name : string;
dept_name : string;
salary : integer;
end;
View level: application programs hide details of data types. Views can
also hide information (such as an employee’s salary) for security
purposes.

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 View of Data
An architecture for a database system

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 Database Components

➢ Field Field = Attribute = Column

➢ Record Record = Tuples = Row
➢ Value (data)

❑ Field can contain same value. Do not provide proper

information.
❑ Record can contain different values. Find complete
information.

Roll Name Age Gender

1010 A 23 M
1011 B 25 F

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 Relational Model
All the data is stored in various tables.
Columns
Example of tabular data in the relational model

Rows

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 A Sample Relational Database

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 SQL

The most widely used commercial language

SQL is NOT a Turing machine equivalent language
SQL is NOT a Turing machine equivalent language
To be able to compute complex functions SQL is usually
embedded in some higher-level language
Application programs generally access databases through one of
Language extensions to allow embedded SQL
Application program interface (e.g., ODBC/JDBC) which allow
SQL queries to be sent to a database

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 Query Processing
1. Parsing and translation
2. Optimization
3. Evaluation

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 Query Processing (Cont.)

➢ A parser is a software component that breaks down input data into smaller
parts so that other software can understand it.

➢ Relational algebra consists of a certain set of rules or operations.

1. Selection(σ)
2. Projection(π)
3. 3. Union(U)
4. Set Difference(-)
5. Set Intersection(∩)
6. Cross Product(X)

Database System Concepts - 6th Edition 1.20 ©Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan
 Transaction Management

What if the system fails?

What if more than one user is concurrently updating the same
data?
A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single
logical function in a database application
Transaction-management component ensures that the
database remains in a consistent (correct) state despite system
failures (e.g., power failures and operating system crashes) and
transaction failures.
Concurrency-control manager controls the interaction among
the concurrent transactions, to ensure the consistency of the
database.

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 Database Users and Administrators

Database

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 Database System Internals

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 File System vs DBMS

.txt, .doc, .xlxs Difference:

1. Data Redundancy DBMS

2. Data Inconsistency
File System 3. Security
File System
4. Atomicity Problem
5. Data Searching
Hard Disk
Hard Disk

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 Thank You

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