04-Sep-21

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
to
IoT

Introduction

 The Internet of Things refers to the ever-growing

network of physical objects that feature an IP
address for internet connectivity, and the
communication that occurs between these
objects and other Internet-enabled devices and
systems.
 IoT extends Internet connectivity beyond
traditional devices like desktop, laptop, smart
phones, tablets, etc
 IoT has evolved from the convergence of
wireless technologies, micro electro mechanical
systems (MEMS) and the Internet.

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What are the Internet?

 The Internet … a Network of
Networks that consists of millions
of private, public, academic,
business, and government
networks, of local to global scope.
- From Wikipedia
 Originated from the ARPANET
around 1970
Available from 1980, got popular
from 1990.
 Key components
 Hardware: Routers connecting
networks
 Software: TCP/IP protocol suite,
IPv4 → IPv6
 Addressing: 2**32 (IPv4)
→2**128 (IPv6)
 Naming: DNS → symbolic names

What are the Web?

 The World Wide Web, abbreviated as
WWW or the Web, is a system of
interlinked documents accessed via the
Internet. - From Wikipedia
 The Web was originated from Tim Berners-
Lee around 1990.
 The Web, like Email, is one of the services
that runs on the Internet.
 Key components
 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) & Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI)
 HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 Web server and web browser (client)

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How about Social Media/Web2.0?

How about Cloud Computing?

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What are Things?

 Thing - An object, an entity, an idea, or a quality perceived,
known, or thought to have its own existence, … (dictionary)
 Object – A tangible/visible thing; a person or thing seen as a
focus or target for feelings, thought, etc.; a purpose/objective; ...
(dictionary)
 Everyday Things/Objects – used in human daily lives
 Inner Things – mind, directly insensible things, ...
 Physical things, digital things, real/virtual things

Introductions-IoT
 The Internet of Things (IoT)
allows people and things to be
CONNECTED
 The IoT allows people and
things to be connected
Anytime, Anyplace, with
Anything and Anyone, ideally
using Any path/network and
Any service
 This implies context where
there is seamless
interconnection between
people and things and/or
between things

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IoT is an integrated part of Future Internet

 IoT is a dynamic global network infrastructure with self
configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols
 In the IoT, physical and virtual “things” have identities,
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces
 The physical and virtual “things” are seamlessly
integrated into the information network

 In the IoT, things are expected

to become active participants in
business, information and social
processes
 In IoT, things are enabled to
interact and communicate
among themselves and with the
environment by exchanging
data and information “sensed”
about the environment
 Things should react
autonomously to the
“real/physical world” events
with or without direct human
intervention

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Components of IoT:
 Now that you have a brief idea about
how IoT works at high level, let us
start building architectural
understanding. Certainly, here is the
diagram to give you a high level view

IoT is consists of the following components

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How IoT works?

 The entire IoT process starts with the devices

themselves like smartphones, smartwatches,
electronic appliances like TV, Washing Machine
which helps you to communicate with the IoT
platform.

1. IoT device:
 IoT device can be wireless sensors, software,
actuators and computer devices. They are fixed
to a specific object that runs through internet.
These devices enable the transfer of
data among objects or people automatically
without any interference of human resources. For
example, Fit bit is an IoT device which
communicates with an app via internet and
provides us so many insights about our health
condition.

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 IoT devices can:

 Exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly or indirectly), or
 Collect data from other devices and process the data
locally or
 Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based
application back-ends for processing the data, or
 Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the
IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space
constraints

IoT Components – Sensors/Devices

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2. IoT Gateway:

 IoT gateway is a device or a software program that

serves as a connection point between cloud and
multiple IoT devices. All the information moving to
cloud or vice versa has to pass through IoT gateway.
IoT gateway provides extra security for the IoT
network and the data that is being transported.
 An array of IoT devices connect with IoT gateway
via low-range protocols (ex: Bluetooth Low Energy
or BLE). The gateway in turn uses web-scale
protocols (ex: Message Queue Telemetry Transport
or MQTT) to access the internet.

IoT Components – Connectivity

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IoT Components – Data Processing

3. Network:

 Network is the bridging element that connect an

array of IoT gateways to the Cloud platform by
traditional TCP/IP network. It is been existing
over years connected with a bunch of protocols.
Now the same network has additional meaning of
“glue” that bridges everything. The network has a
series of protocols (some of them are given
below) which makes the communication happen
in a seamless way. Overall IoT protocols can be
summarized as mentioned in the image below.

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4. Cloud:

 Cloud is a platform which takes massive

volumes of data generated. They receive them via
IoT gateways which in turn has tons of by devices
behind them. Since the amount of data handling is
very significant it will have following
characteristics.
 Web services – Ability to handle incoming client
request and response
 Salability – Ability to scale-up or scale-down
depending on the data / network traffic
 Distributed – Inherently support distributed computing
to handle resources

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4. Cloud:

 Business Intelligence / Analytics – By analyzing big

data and derive analysis
 Cost optimization – Provide facilities to customer to
achieve results in optimized way
 Today almost all the major giants
like Google, Amazon, Microsoft, IBM are
offering their own IoT platforms. All of them
provide key features mentioned above and much
more.

5. Applications:

 The synthesized data for the end user to derive

meaningful insights. The application typically
provides an User Interface (UI) which the user
can get the final insights (ex: Home devices
status) or even trigger some action (ex: Switch
ON / OFF). Again this interface can be anything
ranging from a mobile application, custom
dashboards on panels or simply a web
interface.

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What is Internet of Things bring for us ?

 A leading path to smart world with ubiquitous

computing and networking
 Aims to make different tasks easier for users
 In IoT, environmental & daily life items (things,
objects or machines) are enhanced with
computing and communication technology
 Communication framework already provide
communication capabilities and interactions

What is Internet of Things bring for us ?

 Different services based on person-to-person,

person-to-machine, machine-to-person,
machine-to-machine interactions and so on
 These connected machines/objects/things will
be new Internet or network users
 And will generate data traffic in current or
emerging Internet
 Connecting objects might be wireless, RFID or
sensor radio technologies

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What is Internet of Things bring for us ?

 They offers identification of items and sensing

of the environment
 Connection may be wired or wireless
 IoT services will provide more automation
around people & connected objects
 In IoT, identifying, sensing, automatically
deciding & actuating will be new functionalities
 So sensor & RFID will be increasingly deployed

IoT

 IoT enables the embedded devices communicate

with other devices through network infrastructure
(e.g. Internet, Wi-Fi, BT)
 Innumerous smart sensors and actuators help
devices capture data and transfer them to central
decision maker
 Applications based on this technology will play
an ever increasing role and are supposed to
change both, industry and social life dramatically
in the close future

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Internet-of-Things (IoT)

Terminology

 Internet: Interconnected computer networks, based on a standard

communication protocol (TCP/IP)
 Things: any unique object in the world
 Internet of Things: connected objects uniquely addressable,
based on standard communication protocol

 Example of IoT: Imagine when you enter your house, your car
send signals to open garage door, turn on air condition/ heat
system, lights, TV, Stove, etc. to find everything ready for you,
making your life easier and save your money buy saving energy

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Related Areas/Terminology

 Embedded systems: not necessarily connected

 Sensor networks: collection of sensor devices
connected through wireless channels
 Cyber-physical systems: focus on interaction
between physical and cyber systems
 Real-time systems: focus on time constraints
 Pervasive/ubiquitous computing: focus on
anytime/anywhere computing

Internet-of-Things Vision & Growth

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Internet-of-Things Vision & Growth

One Vision of the Internet of Things

 The goal of the Internet of Things is to enable

things to be connected anytime, anyplace, with
anything and anyone ideally using any path/
network and any service.
 Developing the technology in Europe right now
demonstrating, testing and deploying products

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Why Internet of Things

 Dynamic control of industry and daily life

 Improve the resource utilization ratio
 Better relationship between human and nature
 Forming an intellectual entity by integrating
human society and physical systems
 Flexible configuration, P&P…
 Universal transport & internetworking
 Accessibility & Usability?
 Acts as technologies integrator

History of IoT
 IoT was originally introduced by the Auto-ID research
center at MIT (Massachusetts Institute)in 1999
 Founded by Kevin Ashton, David Brock and Sanjay
Sarma to develop the Electronic Product Code or EPC
to uniquely identify products

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A Few IoT Facts

 The phrase ‘Internet of Things’ was first used in

1999.
 First Article about IoT in 2004 from MIT
researchers called I0 (Internet 0).
 Why it is important to our future? Optimistic
prediction: 7 trillion wireless devices for 7
billion people by 2020
 Does it exist now? Some say – Yes !!

History

 1997, “The Internet of Things” is the seventh in

the series of ITU Internet Reports originally
launched in 1997 under the title “Challenges to
the Network”
 1999, Auto-ID Center founded in MIT
 2003, EPC Global founded in MIT
 2005, Four important technologies of the internet
of things was proposed in WSIS conference
 2008, First international conference of internet of
things: The IOT 2008 was held at Zurich.

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IoT Ecosystem

Convergence

 Convergence of consumer,
business and Industrial internet
 The convergence creates the open,
global network connecting people,
data, and things
 Convergence leverages used to
connect intelligent things that
sense and transmit a broad array
of data
 Platforms also rely on the power
of network effects

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Factors Driving Convergence

Technology convergence

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Characteristics of IoT

Characteristics of IoT (Cont)

 1. Intelligence
 Knowledge extrac1on from the generated data

 2. Architecture
 A hybrid architecture supporting many others

 3. Complex system
 A diverse set of dynamically changing objects

 4. Size considerations
 Scalability

 5. Time considerations
 Billions of parallel and simultaneous events

 6. Space considerations
 Localization

 7. Everything-‐as-‐a-‐service
 Consuming resources as a service

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Properties of IoT

 Self-adaptation
 Self-organization
 Self-optimization
 Self-configuration
 Self-protection
 Self-healing
 Self-description
 Self-discovery
 Self-matchmaking
 Self-energy supplying

Application domains

 Industry (manufacturing,
transportation,
agriculture)
 Consumer (smart homes,
appliances, assisted
living)
 Wearables (healthcare,
fitness, productivity)

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Classifications and Examples of IoT Systems

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Applica1on Domains and Scenarios

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Application type Description

Smart Thermostats Helps you to save resource on heating bills by knowing your usage
patterns.
Connected Cars IoT helps automobile companies handle billing, parking, insurance, and
other related stuff automatically.
Activity Trackers Helps you to capture heart rate pattern, calorie expenditure, activity
levels, and skin temperature on your wrist.
Smart Outlets Remotely turn any device on or off. It also allows you to track a device's
energy level and get custom notifications directly into your smartphone.

Parking Sensors IoT technology helps users to identify the real-time availability of
parking spaces on their phone.
Connect Health The concept of a connected health care system facilitates real-time health
monitoring and patient care. It helps in improved medical decision-
making based on patient data.
Smart City Smart city offers all types of use cases which include traffic management
to water distribution, waste management, etc.
Smart home Smart home encapsulates the connectivity inside your homes. It includes
smoke detectors, home appliances, light bulbs, windows, door locks, etc.

Smart supply chain Helps you in real time tracking of goods while they are on the road, or
getting suppliers to exchange inventory information.

Smart shopping

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Smart Home Applications

 Smart meters, heating/cooling, motion/temperat

ure/lighting sensors, smart appliances, security,
etc.

Smart Home

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Working of Smart Home

 Many devices or sensors (1 → IoT device) connects

to a main processor which is the gateway (2 → IoT
gateway). The gateways perform many important
functions such as device connectivity, security,
protocol translation, data filtering, management and
many more. The network or router (3 →
Network) connects the gateway to the cloud using
various protocols. The data of the lighting’s in the
house is saved in a cloud (4 → cloud). With the help
of an application in a smartphone (5 →
Application) one can see the data present on the
cloud and keep a check on the home.

Smart Home Scenario

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Example: Smart homes

 A range of appliances controllable via a mobile

app

Example: Smart Homes

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Example: Smart Lighting

 Tunable light, 16 million colors

 Activated by smartphone or over Zigbee wireless
 Can serve as alarm clock
 Can synch colors to movies or possibly music

Philips never anticipated

the demand - sold out in 3
months at Apple stores!

Transportation Applications

 Vehicle control: Airplanes, automobiles, autonomous vehicles

 All kinds of sensors to provide accurate, redundant view of the world
 Several processors in cars (Engine control, break system,
airbag deployment system, windshield wiper, door locks, entertainment sy
stem, etc.)
 Actua1on is maintaining control of the vehicle
 Very tight timing constraints and requirements enforced by the platform

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Example Transportation Scenarios

 1. A network of sensors in a vehicle can interact with its

surroundings to provide information
 Local roads, weather and traffic condi1ons to the car driver
 Adap1ve drive systems to respond accordingly
 2. Automatic activation of braking systems or speed control
via fuel management systems.
 Condition and event detection sensors can ac1vate systems to mainta
in driver and passenger comfort and safety through the use of airbag
s and seatbelt pre-‐tensioning
 3. Sensors for fa1gue and mood monitoring based on
driving condi1ons, driver behavior and facial indicators
 Ensuring safe driving by ac1va1ng warning systems or directly
controlling the vehicle

Automotive Embedded Systems

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Automotive Embedded Systems

 Today’s high-end automobile may have 100+

microprocessors:
 Seat belt; dashboard devices; engine control; ABS;
automatic stability control; navigation system;
infotainment system; collision avoidance system; tire
pressure monitoring; lane warning; adaptive cruise
control; climate control; airbag control unit; electric
window and central locking; parking aid; automatic
wiper control; alarm and immobilizer; power seat;
electric power steering; electronic transmission;
active suspension

Example: Connected Roadways

 US DoT Statistics for 2012:

 5.6million crashes
 About 31,o00 fatalities (26,500 in EU)
 Over 1.6M injuries
 1trillion USD in economic loss
 5.5billion hours of travel delays per year
 CO2 emissions

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Example: Connected Roadways

Example: Connected Roadways

State of Self-Driving Car

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Smart Cars (aka the Internet of Vehicles)

Smart Parking

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Example: Connected Factory

Example: Connected Factory

 New product and service introductions faster

 Increasing production, quality, uptime
 Mitigating unplanned downtime
 Protecting from cyber threats
 Worker productivity and safety

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Healthcare Applications

Healthcare Applications

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E-Healthcare

Smart Farms

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Example: Smart Creatures

Environmental Application: CitiSense

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Environment

Efficient Waste Management in Smart Cities

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Example: Smart & Connected Buildings

 Energy management
 Lighting
 Safety
 HVAC
 Building automation
 Smart spaces

Efficient Collaborative Research

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Example: Smart Grid

Smart Energy

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Future Scenario

More Smarts

 Smart bathroom cabinet for medicine

 Smart refrigerator
 Smart toilet
 Smart history (in museums)
 Smart health (sensors in running shoes)
 Smart buying (beacons)
 Smart shirt (seal wounds)
 Smart helmet (detect concussion)
 …

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Benefits of IoT:

 1. Automation
 2. Improved customer engagement
 3. Efficient
 4. Derive meaningful insights & prediction
 5. IoT used in various domains

1. Automation:
 In today’s context, automation is the key to
everything we do – be it home or office or
industry. Automation, in the past few years has
evolved as the primary factor to efficient mass
production and mitigate human errors as well as
saving time and reducing cost factors. Automation
helps us to manage everything from a place. We
don’t have to go to the location. It keeps all the
devices connected through a single interface
which is massive. Automation gives us the
comfort and convenience to perform everything
from a one place.

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2. Improved customer engagement

 Customer experience is very important for any

company or product. IoT helps us to get the
maximum customer engagement. It helps us to
provide better customer experience. For example
IoT can improve customer satisfaction by
monitoring equipment. The customers can stay
connected to their products and devices from
anywhere.

3. Efficient:

 The Internet of things has taken the world by a

storm. It has gained momentum in the business
world and successfully managed to do what
technology aims to do such as automate process
and drive efficiency remotely. Moreover, sensors
can be deployed almost anywhere to track about
anything that provides useful data. IoT is very
efficient in many fields such as home automation,
smart industry, automobiles, retail, agriculture
and many more.

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4. Derive meaningful insights & prediction

 The Internet of things helps us to make better

decisions about everything even about the way we
trade goods and health care to building smart cities.
The internet has connected millions of people across
the globe. No one had anticipated this a decade ago.
There are a countless interactions between humans
and machines that occur over these networks are
producing data about almost everything that we do.
It’s not just people that are being connected but a
vast network of electronic devices and sensors are
constantly transmitting huge amount of data
concerning everything we do.

5. IoT used in various domains:

 Certainly, it’s needless to say that the hype for

IoT has been increasing immensely. IoT is a very
huge domain. It is implemented is various Here
are a few applications of the various IoT verticals

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IoT Verticals Applications

Energy networks, Aerospace, Futuristic Farming, Drones, Smart Dust, Smart Robotics,
Industrial
Smart Logistics Management, Power Management, etc.
In vehicle infotainment, predictive maintenance, security, surveillance, safety, data
Automotive
analytics and dashboard reporting, real time monitoring, etc.

Smart Home Remote monitoring, energy saving, communication, automation, data analytics, etc.

Tracking and alerts, remote medical assistance, data assortment and analysis, end to end
Health Care
connectivity, simultaneous reporting and monitoring,etc.
Predictive equipment maintenance, smart transportation, demand aware warehouse,
Retail
connected consumer, smart store, etc.
Location management systems, inventory tracking and warehousing, IoT technology and
Logistics
predictive analytics, blockchain for supply chain management, etc.

Agriculture Precision farming, agricultural drones, livestock monitoring, smart greenhouses, etc.

Attendance monitoring system, smart boards, superior safety features, learning at anytime
Education
anywhere, poster boards into IoT enabled boards, etc.
Smart parking, road traffic, public transport, utilities, street lighting, waste management,
Smart City
environment, public safety, etc.
Environment Environmental sensors, smart farming, energy efficiency, energy requirements, etc.

State of the Art of IoT

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The Challenges of IoT

 Total challenge of IoT

 1. Technological Standardization in most areas are
still remain fragmented.
 2. managing and fostering rapid innovation is a
challenge for governments
 3. privacy and security
 4. Absence of governance

IoT Issues & Challenges

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 Things that connect

 Homes; devices and more
 Network expanding
 More connections; more nodes; ipv6
 Sensors and data
 Heterogeneous devices; languages; protocols,
processors and systems
 Power constraints
 Anytime Anyplace Anything
 Context aware systems – data centric – Service
oriented

More on Challenges and requirements

 Scalable
 Cloud support
 Security at all levels
 Reliability
 Trust
 Privacy
 Opportunities at every

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Challenges

IoT Challenges: Security

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 Hardware level:
 Data collected must be reliable/consistent
 Device must live in harsh environment
 Software level
 Communication protocols must be robust to
failures, changing topologies, interferences, etc.
 Self healing, self configuration functionalities
needed

IoT Challenges: Things

 Cost reduction
 Miniaturization
 Energy Efficiency
 Resiliency
 Design, H&M
interfaces

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IoT Challenges : Connectivity

 What communication
technologies?
 Energy efficiency is a
“must
 Single-hop vs Multi-hop
 What communication
protocols?
 ”Classical protocols” not
suited
 The “integration issue”

IoT challenges

 Interconnecting many devices that exchange

(big) data is challenging

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Big Data

IoT Enabling Technologies

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IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT Enabling Technologies

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Enablers of the IoT

 Cheap sensors – Sensor prices have dropped to an average

60 cents from $1.30 in the past 10 years.
 Cheap bandwidth – The cost of bandwidth has also
declined precipitously, by a factor of nearly 40X over the
past 10 years.
 Cheap processing – Similarly, processing costs have
declined by nearly 60X over the past 10 years, enabling
more devices to be not just connected, but smart enough to
know what to do with all the new data they are generating
or receiving.
 Smartphones – Smartphones are now becoming the
personal gateway to the IoT, serving as a remote control or
hub for the connected home, connected car, or the health
and fitness devices consumers are increasingly starting to
wear.

Enablers of the IoT

 Ubiquitous wireless coverage – With Wi-Fi

coverage now ubiquitous, wireless connectivity is
available for free or at a very low cost, given Wi-Fi
utilizes unlicensed spectrum and thus does not
require monthly access fees to a carrier.
 Big data – As the IoT will by definition generate
voluminous amounts of unstructured data, the
availability of big data analytics is a key enabler.
 IPv6 – Most networking equipment now supports
IPv6, the newest version of the Internet Protocol
(IP) standard that is intended to replace IPv4.

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Enabling Technologies

 Technologies needed:
 RFID
 Power for Sensors*
 Mobile and Smart phones
 Nanoscience and Miniaturization
 Smart Objects (intelligence) and Robotics
 M2M (Machine-to- Machine) communication
 Standardization* of communication, protocols, security
 IPv6*, 6LoWPAN, Zigbee
 Others
 Big Data
 The Cloud

IoT Enabling Technologies

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Supporting Technologies of IoT

Communication Protocols

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Cloud Computing

Enablers: Portability

 Reducing the size of hardware to enable the

creation of computers that could be physically
moved around relatively easily

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Big Data

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Enablers: Miniaturization

 Creating new and significantly smaller mobile

form factors that allowed the use of personal
mobile devices while on the move

Enablers: Low Power and Low Heat

 Low power architectures

 Low power radios
 Sleep modes
 Energy harvesting

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Enablers: Connectivity

 Developing devices and applications that

allowed users to be online and communicate via
wireless data networks while on the move

Enablers: Convergence

 Integrating emerging types of digital mobile

devices, such as Personal Digital Assistants
(PDAs), mobile phones, music players, cameras,
games, etc., into hybrid devices

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Enablers: Divergence

 Opposite approach to interaction design by

promoting information appliances with
specialized functionality rather than generalized
ones

Enablers: Ecosystems

 The emerging wave of digital ecosystems is

about the larger wholes of pervasive and
interrelated technologies that interactive mobile
systems are increasingly becoming a part of

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Example: Smartphone

 Portability: carry it anywhere you want

 Miniaturization: make it possible to build device to
fit in your pocket
 Connectivity: Wi-Fi, LTE/4G, cellular, Bluetooth
 Convergence: phone, camera, gaming device, movie
streaming, music player, …
 Digital Ecosystem: cloud, social networks, software
development kits, app stores, big data,
standardization …

IoT and Cloud

 Sensors talk to each other

 Only a few sensors are connected to the internet
through gateway/router.
 The data generated by sensors can grow huge.
 For example, GBs or TBs of data from video
surveillance
 “Big Data” issues - This is where scalability of
clouds come in handy

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An IoT System

Challenges of Internet of Things (IoT)

 At present IoT is faced with many challenges,
such as:
 Insufficient testing and updating
 Concern regarding data security and privacy
 Software complexity
 Data volumes and interpretation
 Integration with AI and automation
 Devices require a constant power supply which is
difficult
 Interaction and short-range communication

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Advantages of IoT
 Technical Optimization: IoT technology helps a lot in
improving technologies and making them better. Example,
with IoT, a manufacturer is able to collect data from
various car sensors. The manufacturer analyzes them to
improve its design and make them more efficient.
 Improved Data Collection: Traditional data collection has
its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT facilitates
immediate action on data.
 Reduced Waste: IoT offers real-time information leading
to effective decision making & management of resources.
For example, if a manufacturer finds an issue in multiple
car engines, he can track the manufacturing plan of those
engines and solves this issue with the manufacturing belt.
 Improved Customer Engagement: IoT allows you to
improve customer experience by detecting problems and
improving the process.

Disadvantages IoT
 Security: IoT technology creates an ecosystem of connected
devices. However, during this process, the system may offer
little authentication control despite sufficient security measures.
 Privacy: The use of IoT, exposes a substantial amount of
personal data, in extreme detail, without the user's active
participation. This creates lots of privacy issues.
 Flexibility: There is a huge concern regarding the flexibility of
an IoT system. It is mainly regarding integrating with another
system as there are many diverse systems involved in the
process.
 Complexity: The design of the IoT system is also quite
complicated. Moreover, it's deployment and maintenance also
not very easy.
 Compliance: IoT has its own set of rules and regulations.
However, because of its complexity, the task of compliance is
quite challenging.

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Future Internet Technologies

 Cloud Computing
 IoT and Semantic Technologies
 Autonomy

Infrastructure
 The current Internet typically connects full-scale
computers, the Internet of Things will connect
everyday objects with a strong integration into
the physical world
 Plug and Play Integration
 Infrastructure Functionality
 Semantic Modelling of Things
 Physical Location and Position
 Security and Privacy

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