1. Which gland is known as the "master gland"?
A. Thyroid gland
B. Adrenal gland
C. Pituitary gland
D. Pancreas
2. What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
A. Sella turcica
B. Infundibulum
C. Parathyroid gland
D. Adrenal medulla
3. Excess growth hormone (GH) in adults causes:
A. Dwarfism
B. Gigantism
C. Acromegaly
D. Addison's disease
4. Which hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B. Growth hormone (GH)
C. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D. Prolactin
5. Prolactin promotes:
A. Ovulation
B. Milk production
C. Calcium absorption
D. Glycogen breakdown
6. What hormone regulates the body’s response to stress by increasing glucose production?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Adrenaline
D. Calcitonin
7. The adrenal medulla produces:
A. Corticosteroids
B. Thyroid hormones
C. Catecholamines
D. Growth hormones
8. Which hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels?
A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B. Calcitonin
C. Thyroxine (T4)
D. Aldosterone
9. Where is the thyroid gland located?
A. On top of the kidneys
B. Below the larynx, anterior to the trachea
C. In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
D. Behind the stomach
10. Insulin is produced by:
A. Alpha cells of the pancreas
B. Beta cells of the pancreas
C. Adrenal cortex
D. Adrenal medulla
11. A deficiency of insulin results in:
A. Addison’s disease
B. Diabetes mellitus
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. Hyperthyroidism
12. Which hormone is released during the "fight or flight" response?
A. Cortisol
B. Adrenaline
C. Prolactin
D. TSH
13. Aldosterone regulates:
A. Calcium levels in the blood
B. Salt and water balance
C. Glucose metabolism
D. Growth and reproduction
14. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases blood calcium levels by:
A. Inhibiting osteoblasts
B. Stimulating osteoclast activity
C. Increasing calcium excretion in urine
D. Reducing intestinal calcium absorption
15. What condition is associated with prolonged high levels of cortisol?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Graves’ disease
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. Diabetes insipidus
16. The anterior pituitary produces all EXCEPT:
A. TSH
B. ACTH
C. Oxytocin
D. GH
17. Which gland is located on top of each kidney?
A. Thyroid gland
B. Adrenal gland
C. Pancreas
D. Pituitary gland
18. Hyperthyroidism may result in which condition?
A. Cushing’s syndrome
B. Graves’ disease
C. Addison’s disease
D. Gigantism
19. The pancreas functions as both:
A. Exocrine and paracrine
B. Exocrine and endocrine
C. Endocrine and autocrine
D. Autocrine and paracrine
20. Which hormone stimulates glycogen breakdown to raise blood glucose levels?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Cortisol
D. Aldosterone
21. What is the primary function of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)?
A. Regulate blood glucose levels
B. Control calcium balance
C. Stimulate metabolism and energy production
D. Promote milk production
22. Which cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?
A. Alpha cells
B. Beta cells
C. Delta cells
D. Gamma cells
23. The endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that it:
A. Provides rapid, short-term responses
B. Regulates physiological processes through electrical impulses
C. Provides slower, long-lasting effects using hormones
D. Relies on direct nerve stimulation for action
24. An autoimmune destruction of beta cells results in:
A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. Addison’s disease
25. What hormone is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?
A. Thyroxine
B. Cortisol
C. Melatonin
D. Insulin
26. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hypothyroidism?
A. Weight gain
B. Fatigue
C. Rapid heartbeat
D. Cold intolerance
27. The adrenal cortex secretes all EXCEPT:
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. Adrenaline
D. Androgens
28. Which disorder results from insufficient production of thyroid hormones?
A. Hyperthyroidism
B. Addison’s disease
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Cushing’s syndrome
29. The hormone calcitonin is produced by:
A. Parathyroid glands
B. Follicular cells of the thyroid gland
C. Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
D. Adrenal medulla
30. What is the effect of cortisol on inflammation?
A. It enhances inflammatory responses
B. It reduces inflammation
C. It has no effect on inflammation
D. It blocks aldosterone’s action
31. Which gland controls other endocrine glands?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Adrenal gland
C. Pituitary gland
D. Thyroid gland
32. Gigantism occurs due to excess growth hormone during:
A. Childhood
B. Adulthood
C. Fetal development
D. Menopause
33. Which hormone increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
A. Cortisol
B. Aldosterone
C. ADH
D. PTH
34. Insulin lowers blood glucose by:
A. Stimulating glycogen breakdown
B. Increasing glucose uptake in cells
C. Stimulating gluconeogenesis
D. Inhibiting glycogen formation
35. Which condition is caused by insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone?
A. Addison’s disease
B. Cushing’s syndrome
C. Graves’ disease
D. Hyperthyroidism
36. The adrenal medulla’s response is part of the:
A. Parasympathetic nervous system
B. Sympathetic nervous system
C. Enteric nervous system
D. Somatic nervous system
37. Which hormone promotes the maturation of ovarian follicles?
A. Prolactin
B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
C. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
D. Progesterone
38. What hormone increases heart rate and dilates airways?
A. Epinephrine
B. Cortisol
C. Oxytocin
D. Insulin
39. Which hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?
A. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B. Calcitonin
C. Cortisol
D. Aldosterone
40. The adrenal glands are located:
A. Behind the stomach
B. On top of each kidney
C. In the mediastinum
D. Below the larynx
41. Which gland produces hormones that regulate calcium homeostasis?
A. Pancreas
B. Parathyroid glands
C. Adrenal cortex
D. Anterior pituitary
42. What condition results from prolonged cortisol deficiency?
A. Graves’ disease
B. Addison’s disease
C. Cushing’s syndrome
D. Hyperthyroidism
43. Which hormone is critical for brain development in infants?
A. Insulin
B. Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
C. Cortisol
D. Prolactin
44. Which hormone promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys?
A. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
B. Aldosterone
C. Cortisol
D. Insulin
45. Graves’ disease is an example of:
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Addison’s disease
D. Type 2 diabetes
46. Which hormone prepares the body for an emergency?
A. Insulin
B. Calcitonin
C. Adrenaline
D. Oxytocin
47. What is the target organ for TSH?
A. Adrenal glands
B. Pancreas
C. Thyroid gland
D. Parathyroid glands
48. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is primarily caused by:
A. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
B. Insulin resistance
C. Excess cortisol production
D. Deficient glucagon secretion
49. Which hormone triggers ovulation in females?
A. Prolactin
B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
C. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
D. Oxytocin
50. Parathyroid hormone increases calcium levels by:
A. Inhibiting osteoclast activity
B. Stimulating calcium absorption in the intestines
C. Increasing calcium excretion in urine
D. Suppressing calcitriol synthesis