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Index

Achromobacter, 288 polybutylene succinate (PBS), 307

Acinetobacter, 290 polybutylene succinate adipate (PBSA), 307
active packaging, 251–62 polybutylene succinate terephthalate (PBST), 307
carbon dioxide scavengers/emitters, 254, 255 polybutyrate adipate terephthalate (PBAT), 307
definition, 251 polycaprolactone (PCL), 307
flavour/odour absorbers, 258, 259 polyester amide (PEA), 307
food applications, 252 polyethylene from bio-ethanol (Bio-PE), 306
food safety, consumer and regulatory issues, 260, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), modified, 307
261 poly (ethylene vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), 307, 308
adhesive lamination, plastics, 185, 186 polyglycolic acid (PGA), 306
Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), 308
Food (ACMSF), 291 polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), 308
aerobes, 266, 290 polyhydroxyhexanoate (PHH), 308
Aeromonas hydrophilia, 266 polyhydroxyvalerate (PHV), 308
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), polylactic acid or polylactide (PLA), 305, 306
97–9 polysaccharides, 300
anaerobic digestion (AD), 314, 315 polytetramethylene adipate terephthalate (PTMAT),
anaerobic respiration, 292 307
antifogging properties, 276 polyurethane (PU), 304
argon, 264, 265 plant fibres, 300
polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), 307, 308
biodegradable plastics, 209 proteins, animal-based & plant-based, 304
biodeterioration, agents of regenerated cellulose film (RCF), 302, 303
bacteria, 33–6 starch, starch blends, starch-based, 300, 301
enzymes, 32, 33 starch complex (starch blends with other
fungi, 36–8 bioplastics), 301, 302
non-enzymic biodeterioration, 38 starch nano-composites, 301
bioplastics, 295–319 thermoplastic Starch (TPS), 301
definitions, 209, 297 blanching, 39
genetic modification (GM), 306, 316 bleaching of cellulose fibre, 215, 216
life cycle model, 296 blow and blow process, glass container making, 142
market drivers, 295, 296 blown plastic film, 161, 162
market challenges, 316 Botrytis cinerea, 292
bioplastics, materials, 298 brands, 1, 5, 6, 22, 23, 26
aliphatic polyesters and derivatives, 306, 307 bread, modified atmosphere packaging of, 264
aromatic co-polyesters, 307 British Standards Institute (BSI), 100
biocomposites, 308, 309
casein, 304 Camplobacter jejuni, 266
cellulose, fibre-based & derivatives, 302, 303 cans, see metal cans
chitin & chitosan, 304 carbon dioxide scavengers/emitters, 254, 255
collagen, 304 effect on foods, 266, 267
gluten, 304 carbon cycling & footprint, 26, 298, 299
lignocelluloses, 303 classification, 299, 300
natural fibre bio-composites, 303 composting, 311–4

Food and Beverage Packaging Technology, Second Edition. Edited by Richard Coles and Mark Kirwan.


C 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2011 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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322 Index

carbon cycling & footprint (Cont.) environmental impact of bioplastics, 298, 299
home (or domestic/garden/backyard) composting, environmental policy, 8, 26
313, 314 equilibrium modified atmosphere, 292
industrial (municipal) composting, 311–3 equilibrium relative humidity (ERH), 50
Carbon Trust, 26 ergonomic standard, 88
carbon monoxide Escherichia coli, 35, 36, 49, 266, 288, 292
effect on foods, 269 ethanol emitters, 256
cast plastic film, 161–3 ethylene, 255, 256, 268, 291, 292
chemically separated cellulose fibre, 215, 216 scavengers, 255, 256
climate change & greenhouse gas emissions, 6–9 EU Directives
cling film wrapping, 177 Packaging & Packaging Waste, 2
Clostridium botulinum, 35, 36, 40, 44, 54, 266, 267, Packaging and Landfill, 2, 296, 310, 311
290, 291, 292 Plastics, 157
coating of plastics, 182–5 Renewable Energy, 2
acrylic coatings, 182 EU Regulations
DLC (diamond-like coating), 184 Animal By-Products (ABPR), 313
extrusion coating with PE, 184, 185 extrusion blow moulding, 167
low-temperature sealing coatings (LTSC), 183 extrusion lamination, plastics, 186, 187
metallising with aluminium, 183, 184
PVdC coatings, 183 facultative anaerobes, definition, 266
PVOH coatings, 183 fat, see lipid
SiOx coatings, 184 fish modified atmosphere packaging of, 290, 291
cold seal, 195 Flavobacterium, 290
cold chain, 96 flavour/odour adsorbers, 258, 259
Comité Européenen de Normalisation (CEN) food
see also distribution performance tests biodeterioration, 31–58
communication, reference logistics, 88, 89 contact approval (packaging materials), 273
compression strength, 93 distribution systems, 6
compression testing, 98, 99 poisoning, 288
consumer needs, 18–21 quality, 263
controlled atmosphere storage (CAS), 263, 264 shelf life, see shelf life
definition, 263 food contact issues for plastics, 189, 190
corporate social responsibility (CSR), 2, 25, 26 food preservation methods, 31–58
corrugated fibreboard, 98–101, 237–9 blanching, 39
crisps, modified atmosphere packaging of, 264 chilling and cooling, 48, 49
cube utilisation, 88, 91 continuous thermal processing (aseptic), 44–6
Cytophaga, 290 curing, 51, 52
drying and water activity control, 49–51
fermentation, 53
dairy products, modified atmosphere
freezing, 47, 48
packaging of, 293
high pressure processing, 55
data matrix bar code, 5
irradiation, 55, 56
diamond-like-carbon (DLC) coating, 184, 273
membrane processing, 56
distribution centres, 93
microwave processing, 56
distribution costs, 11, 23, 24
modification of atmosphere (MAP), 53, 54
distribution needs & hazards, 13–16, 26, 27
ohmic heating, 55
distribution performance testing, 97
pasteurisation, 46, 47
compression testing, 98, 99
pickling, 52
equipment, 97–9
pulsed light, 55, 56
impact, shock, vibration testing, 97, 98
smoking, 52, 53
standards, see ASTM; ISO; ISTA
thermal processing, 40–46, 125, 126, 148, 149,
see also transit testing
202–4
food product quality, factors affecting
efficient consumer response (ECR), 95 enzyme activity, 66, 67
electronic data interchange (EDI), 23, 88 flavour scalping (loss), 73
environmental management systems, 26 ingress of off-flavours, prevention thereof, 73
environmental performance of packaging, 24–6, insect damage, 71
153–5, 205–9, 243–9 microbiological processes, 67–70
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Index 323

moisture changes in food, 71, 72 packaging, 137, 138, 137–56

oxidation, 63–6 strength in theory and practice, 149, 150
physical damage, 70
food spoilage hard sizing of paper and board, 225
enzyme, 203 hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), 90, 96
gas, see carbon dioxide and oxygen effect on foods heat sealing, 192–5, 201, 202
microbiological, 288–93 importance in MAP, 276
physical, 270 integrity, 202, 285, 286
fruit measurement, 285, 286
modified atmosphere packaging of, 291–3 helium, 265
respiration, 292
inert gases, see noble gases
injection blow moulding, 168
gas permeation
injection moulding, 169
definition, 274
injection stretch blow moulding, 168
gas exchange, 263
intelligent packaging, 251
gas transmission rate
International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
definition, 274
98, 99, 104
measurement, 286–8
International Safe Transit Association (ISTA), 98
gas
barrier properties, 274, 275 labelling of rigid plastic containers, 188, 189
flushing, 281 Lactobacilli, 266, 290
flushing, compensated vacuum, 281 lamb (red meat), modified atmosphere packaging of,
headspace composition determination, 288 264, 268, 288
gaseous composition of air, 263 levels of packaging, primary, secondary etc., 15
measurement of transmission rate, 286–8 life cycle assessment (LCA), 8
properties, 264, 265 life cycle model for bioplastics, 296
glass composition, 138, 139 lipid, oxidation, 268
amber (brown), 139 Listeria monocytogenes, 35, 36, 49, 266, 292
blue, 139 logistical packaging issues, 89–97
dark green, 139 packaging issues in food processing, 89, 90
pale green (half white), 130 retail customer service, 94, 95
white flint (clear glass), 138, 139 supply chain integration, 97
glass container closure selection, 147, 148 transport, 90–93
normal seals, 147, 148 warehousing, 93, 94
pressure seals, 147, 148 waste management, 95, 96
vacuum seals, 147, 148 logistical packaging, functions, 86–9
glass container manufacture, 141–6 communication, 88, 89
cold end treatment, 144 food marketing systems, 85–106
container forming, 141–4 protection, 76–87
design parameters, 142–4 productivity, 87, 88
furnace (melting), 141, 142 utility, 87, 88
hot end treatment, 142–4 logistics packaging materials and systems, 99–104
inspection and quality, 145, 146 corrugated fibreboard boxes, 99–101
low-cost production tooling, 144, 145 reusable totes, 101, 102
surface treatments, 142–4 shrink bundles/wrapping, 101
glass container usage unitisation, 102–4
cleaning, 152
consumer acceptability, 141 meat
due diligence in the use of, 152, 153 modified atmosphere packaging of, 264, 267, 268,
food market sectors, 138 269, 289, 290
labelling and decoration, 149 oxygen, its effect on pigments, 268, 269
marketing benefit, 139–41 mechanical properties of packaging, 276
pack design and specification, 150–52 mechanically separated cellulose fibre, 215
pack integrity, 141 mesophilic microorganisms, 33
pack safety, 141 metal can manufacture
glass coatings, film laminates and inks, 120
attributes of packaging in, 139,140 easy-open can ends, 119, 120
definition, 137 plain food can ends, 118, 119
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324 Index

metal can manufacture (Cont.) definition, 263

three-piece welded cans, 114, 115 ethylene scavengers, 255, 256
two-piece drawn and ironed (DWI), 116–8 MAP gases, 264–6
two-piece single drawn and multiple drawn (DRD), MAP packaging materials, 270–73
115, 116 market for foods, 263
metal can packaging issues measurement of carbon dioxide transmission rate,
can reception at packer, 121, 122 287
filling and exhausting, 122–32 measurement of oxygen transmission rate, 287
handling, 126, 127 measurement of transmission/permeability rates,
heat processing, 125, 126 287
post processing, cooling, drying and labelling, 126 oxygen headspace determination, 288
seaming, 123, 124 oxygen scavengers, 252–4
storage and distribution, 127 water vapour transmission rate, 286
metal can shelf life issues modified atmosphere packaging, food applications
aluminium, 132 cooked, cured and processed meat products, 289,
dissolution of tin, 130, 131 290
environmental stress cracking aluminium ends, 133, dairy products, 293
134 fish and fish products, 290, 291
external corrosion, 134, 135 fruits and vegetables, 291, 292
function of tin, 129, 130 raw poultry, 288, 289
interactions between can and contents, 128 raw red meat, 288
internal corrosion, 138 moisture absorbers, 257
iron, 131, 132 moisture spoilage of food, 263
lacquers, 132 Moraxella, 290
stress corrosion cracking, 133
sulphur staining, 134
narrow neck press process, glass container
tin toxicity, 130
manufacture, 142
metal cans
neon, 265
container designs, 108–10
nitrogen
packaging overview, 107
effect on foods, 267
performance requirements, 107
effect on microbial growth, 287
raw materials, aluminium, 111
gaseous composition of air, 263
raw materials, steel, 110, 111
properties, 265
recycling, 112, 113
noble gases
metallising of plastic films (OPP, PET, PA), 164, 183,
properties, 265, 305
184, 198, 273
use in modified atmosphere packaging of foods, 264,
metal packaging, 107–36
265
microaerophiles, definition, 266
nylon, see plastics in food packaging, polyamide
migration
avoiding migration and taint, 79
factors affecting, 78, 79 oil, 2
from other packaging materials, 77 optical properties of packaging, 164, 266
from plastics, 74 oriented plastic film, 161–4
issues for plastics, 189, 190 oxygen
monitoring and measuring, 80 effect on microbial growth, 266
Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company, 253, 255 effect on foods, 263, 268
modified atmosphere packaging machinery gaseous composition of air, 263
chamber, 277 headspace composition measurement, 288
compensated vacuum gas flushing, 281 properties, 265
form-fill-seal, 277–9 transmission rate, measurement, 287
gas flushing, 281 oxygen scavengers, 252–4
negative forming, 278, 279 AgelessTM 253
negative forming with plug, 278, 279 beer, 252, 254
positive forming with plug, 279 food applications, 252–4
snorkel, 277 iron based scavengers, 252
modified atmosphere packaging, 263–94 market, 252
carbon dioxide scavengers/emitters, 254, 255 non-metallic scavengers, 253
carbon dioxide headspace determination, 288 ZerO2 TM , 254
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Index 325

plastic packaging, 157–212, 295–319 shredded paper, 242

packaging papers and paperboards tea and coffee bags, 228
bag papers, 221 tubes, 235
folding boxboard (FBB), 222 tubs, 235
glassine, 220 paper and paperboard
greaseproof, 220 acrylic dispersion coating, 225
impregnated papers, 221 added processes, 225–8
laminating papers, 221 fluorocarbon dispersion coating, 225
microcreping, 220 hard sizing, 225
paper labels, 221 lamination, 225, 226
sack kraft, 221 plastic extrusion/laminating, 226
solid bleached board (SBB), 221 printing and varnishing, 227
solid unbleached board (SUB), 222 varnishing/coating/laminating, 227, 228
tissues, 220 wax sizing, 225
vegetable parchment, 220 paper and paperboard, fibre sources and pulping, 215,
wet strength paper, 220 216
white lined chipboard (WLC), 228 paper and paperboard manufacture
packaging specifications and standards, 26, 27 coating, 219
packaging drying, 218
definition, 9, 11 finishing, 219
design and development, 1–3, 11, 13–27 pressing, 218
functions of, 9, 10 reel-up, 219
historical perspective, 3–5 sheet forming, 217
machinery & production processes, 16–18 stock preparation, 217
material properties, 16–18 paper and paperboard packaging, 213–50
optimisation, 11, 12 design 228
product quality and shelf life, 59–84 paper and paperboard, properties, 223–5
recovery, 154, 206–8, 215, 216, 245, 246 pasteurisation, see thermal processing
recycling, 95, 96, 154, 206–8, 214–6, 237, 245–7 pathogens, 31, 35, 36, 60, 61, 68
reduction, 95, 96, 154, 155, 205, 206 permeability coefficient, 274, 275
reuse, 95, 96, 154, 206, 207 permeability issues for plastics, 190, 191
strategy, 10 permeation, see gas permeation
supplier selection, 26 pest control, 93
total quality management (TQM), 26, 27 plastic packaging manufacture, 161
pallet, 102–4 packs based on plastic films laminates, 165–7
construction, 103 plastic film and sheet for packaging, 161–5
plastic, 102 rigid plastic packaging, 167–70
wood, 102 plastics environmental issues, 205
paper and paperboard-based systems, 243 plastics in food packaging
paper and paperboard environmental profile, 243 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), 179
paper and board types of packaging, 242, 243 cellulose based materials, 181
cap liners and diaphragms, 242, 243 ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), 176
composite containers, 236 ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), 179. 271
corrugated fibreboard packaging, 237–9 fluoropolymers, 180, 181
fibre drums, 236 gas and water vapour barrier properties, 15
folding cartons, 231–3 high nitrile polymers (HNP),180
induction sealed disc, 242, 243 ionomers, 175, 176, 271
interlocking dividers, 242 polyamide (PA), 176, 177, 271
labels, 240, 241 polycarbonate (PC), 175
liquid packaging cartons, 233–5 polyethylene (PE), 101, 170, 171, 271
moulded pulp cushioning 242 polyethylene naphthalene dicarboxylate (PEN), 174,
moulded pulp containers, 239 175
multiwall sacks, 230 polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE), 173,
paper bags and wrapping paper, 228, 229 174, 272
pulpboard disc, 242 polymethyl pentene (TPX), 180
rigid cartons or boxes, 235 polypropylene (PP), 171–3, 272
sachets/pouches/overwraps, 229 polystyrene (PS), 178, 179, 272
sealing tapes, 241, 242 polyvinyl acetate (PVA), 182
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326 Index

plastics in food packaging (Cont.) tea packaging innovation, 10–12

polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 177, 272 temperature controlled packaging, 259, 260
polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), 178, 272 thermal lamination, plastics, 186
styrene butadiene (SB), 179 thermal processing, 39–47
plastics waste management, 206–8 aseptic, 44–6, 169, 180, 234
plastics, sealing and closing, 192–5 canned foods, 40–43, 125, 126
plastic packaging, 157–212, 295–310 glass packed foods, 148, 149
pork, modified atmosphere packaging of, 264, pasteurisation, 46, 47
288 retort pouches, 198–205
poultry, modified atmosphere packaging of, 264, 288, total packaging system cost, 12
289 total product concept, 11, 13
press and blow, glass container total product cost, 7
manufacture, 142 total systems approach to packaging optimisation, 13
printing of plastic films thermoduric, 33
digital, 188 thermoforming, 166, 169, 277–9
flexographic, 188 thermophilic, 33
gravure, 187, 188 transit issues, 90–93
printing of rigid plastic containers see also distribution performance tests
dry offset printing, 189 transit testing, 90, 97–9
heat transfer printing, 189 transmission rate, definition, 274, 275
product packaging needs, 13, 14 see also CO2 , O2 and water vapour
properties of paper and board, 223–5 transport
appearance, 224 air, 91, 92
performance, 224, 225 rail, 91
protection, reference logistics, 86, 87 road, 90–91
Pseudomonas, 266, 288, 290, 293 sea, 92
psychrotrophic, 33
US Fibre Box Association, 100
radio frequency identification (RFID), 89, 94 US Occupational Safety and Health
recovered (secondary) cellulose fibre, 215, 216 Administration (OSHA), 88
retail distribution centre (RDC), 85, 93, 94
retail market needs, 21 vacuum packaging, 290
retail logistics, 23, 24 value of packaging to society, 7, 8
retort pouch, 198–205 vegetables
reusable totes, 101, 102 modified atmosphere packaging of, 264, 291–3
respiration, 291, 292
Salmonella, 36, 49, 56, 266, 292 vibration testing, 97, 98
self-cooling cans, 259, 260 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 266
self-heating cans, 259, 260 virgin (primary) cellulose fibre, 215, 216
shelf life, 20, 59, 59–84, 204, 205, 263, 264
factors affecting, 62, 63 warehouse issues, 93, 94
shock testing, 97, 98 waste management issues, 6–8, 95, 96, 153, 154,
shrink bundles, 101 205–9, 245, 246, 299, 310, 311
shrink sleeving (labels), 149, 159 waste treatments, biological, 311–6
shrink wrapping, 101, 104, 159, 166, 177 water activity (aw), 35
silicon oxide (SiOx) coating, 273 water management, 6–8
silk screen printing, 189 water vapour transmission rate (WVTR)
slip sheet (logistics), 103, 104 definition, 274, 275
Staphylococcus, 35, 266 effect of relative humidity (RH), 274, 275
stock keeping units (SKU), 88, 94 measurement of, 286, 287
stretch blow moulding, plastics, 168 test standard ASTM E96, 286
stretch wrapping, 104, 177 test standard ASTM F 1249, 286
sustainable packaging, 7
sustainable sourcing of packaging materials, 7, 25 zenon, 265