ENG470 Engineering Honours Thesis

Battery Energy Storage System Control Algorithm

Design
Author

Anuj MASKEY

Supervisor

DR. Ali Arefi, SMIEE

Submitted to the School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University in

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering Honours [[Link] (Hons)]

Electrical Power, Industrial Computer Systems

6th February 2019

1
Abstract

Microgrid is based on smaller decentralised low voltage system with the use of modern power

technology puts different types of Distributed Energy sources solar power, wind power, and energy

storage devices together, improving the electrical supply reliability, reducing the feeder loss and

ensures the stability of the voltage. The current trend of incorporating energy storage devices in the

microgrid is aimed to mitigate the power imbalance and improve the electrical supply reliability.

The thesis uses Kalbarri, Western Australia as a case study site with an aim to investigate the

appropriate battery technology and formulate control algorithm for the microgrid.

The thesis starts by examining the Australian electrical market including the: socio‐economic,

political, and regulatory environment and presents the rationale of having an Energy Storage System

in rural Australia. The thesis investigates the various available BESS battery technology options and

suggests the most appropriate options for the BESS comprised Kalbarri microgrid model.

The MATLAB/Simulink BESS control algorithm design model is presented with an aim to test voltage

and frequency regulation under different load condition, including the process of seamless transition

from the grid‐connected operation to a grid‐disconnected operation of the microgrid.

The research presents a theoretical control model based on the Power Control theory and existing

academic literature on the topic. The thesis examines the control algorithm design to regulate the

frequency and voltage using the BESS system to connect to the main three phase AC grid. The overall

site model includes a power conversion of two DC sources: BESS and PV system. The BESS control

algorithm model comprises of a Power Conversion system that use three‐phase full bridge Insulated

Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) with LCL filter and a Power Control System based on Phased Lock

Loop to synchronise with the grid frequency. The Power Control system uses a three‐phase

sinusoidal abc frame conversion to a DC reference signal dq0 frame to incorporate PI controller with

an aim that the intermittence of the renewable energy generation Wind and PV system can be

maintained to a balanced state in the grid within a short frame of time. The BESS control algorithm

model uses a Current Controlled Voltage Source Converter for its simple controller design, better

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performance during grid fault and the overall cost saving of the system. The thesis simulation

utilized CCVSC for its tight regulation of the line current, mainly VSC protection against overcurrent

and a high accuracy instantaneous current control.

However, the author acknowledges the simulation result indicate an anomaly with voltage control

while using CCVSC in the control algorithm model in power source transition test condition. Hence,

as a part of future improvement with a focus on the overcurrent, the author concludes possible

testing with the VCVSC based control algorithm model for rapid and continuous response for smooth

dynamic control and automated P and Q power control in both steady‐state and dynamic system

conditions.

Finally, the impact on the microgrid is presented with an in‐depth analysis of the results, including

the achievements, innovations, challenges and the suggestion for future improvement in the

discussion section of the report.

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Acknowledgements

This thesis is part of my Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) degree major in Electrical Power and

Industrial Computer Systems at Murdoch University. The thesis is written during the WU‐3 Semester

period extending from July 2018 to February 2019 at the School of Engineering and Information

Technology, Murdoch University.

I would like to thank my Supervisor DR. Ali Arefi, IEEE Senior member for his valuable expertise and

guidance in this project. I would like to express my gratitude towards the staff at SEIT Murdoch

University for all the care and hard work in my journey towards my degree. I will always be indebted

to the academic staff of SEIT, Prof. Parisa Bahri, Assoc. Prof. Graeme Cole, DR. Linh Vu, DR. Gareth

Lee, DR. Greg Crebbin, DR. David Pavellet, DR. Farhad Shahnia, DR. GM Shafullah, DR. Martin Calais

and DR. Moayed Moghbel for their hard work and dedication showered on each of Murdoch SEIT

students. I will always be proud of my journey at Murdoch University.

I am dedicating this thesis to my mother Ranjana Maskey and my father Narayan Kumar Maskey. I

would thank my loving aunties Ratna Maskey Stephenson and Sita Maskey Subedi for all the support

and life guidance. I am very blessed to have two more mother figures in my life. My girlfriend

Christine Gozdalski for bringing love into my life. I will be forever grateful for the strong familial

foundations my family has provided for me. My relationships with them is irreplaceable and without

their encouragement, this journey would have been relentless. I would like to thank god for making

it possible under all the personal challenges I faced during this period.

Lastly, I would like to mention words from my idol, late DR. Carl Sagan, ‘Somewhere something

incredible is waiting to be known’. Life is challenging and beautiful at the same time, albeit, the hunt

for the incredible unknown makes worth living.

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Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................. 4
Glossary ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 10
1.1 Microgrid ..................................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.1 Kalbarri Microgrid ................................................................................................................ 11
1.1.2 Battery Energy Storage System ............................................................................................ 12
Chapter 2: Western Australia Energy Market ....................................................................................... 13
2.1 Western Australia Need for BESS................................................................................................ 14
2.1.1 BESS: Barriers ....................................................................................................................... 15
2.2 SWIS Grid Future: The Modular Network ................................................................................... 17
2.3 System Stability ‐ Grid Code ........................................................................................................ 18
2.3.1 Grid Stability in Western Australia ....................................................................................... 19
Chapter 3: BESS Battery Technology..................................................................................................... 19
Chapter 4: BESS Control Algorithm ....................................................................................................... 21
4.1 BESS Control Algorithm Aims ...................................................................................................... 21
4.2 BESS Control Algorithm Expectations ......................................................................................... 21
4.2.1 Frequency Control................................................................................................................ 21
4.2.2 Voltage Control .................................................................................................................... 22
4.3 BESS Control Algorithm Objectives ............................................................................................. 22
4.1.1 Primary Control .................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Secondary Control................................................................................................................ 24
4.1.3 Tertiary Control .................................................................................................................... 24
4.4 BESS Modelling............................................................................................................................ 24
4.3.1 Battery.................................................................................................................................. 24
4.3.2 Voltage Source Converter .................................................................................................... 25
4.3.3 Converter Control Strategy with BESS ................................................................................. 26
Chapter 5: Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 29
5.1 Battery Model ............................................................................................................................. 29
5.1.1 Battery Technology Selection .............................................................................................. 29
5.2 Generation .................................................................................................................................. 34
5.2.1 Distributed Generation Sources........................................................................................... 34
5.3 Distribution ................................................................................................................................. 35
5.4 Load Model ................................................................................................................................. 35
Chapter 6: BESS Control Algorithm Model ........................................................................................... 35

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 6.1 Control System ............................................................................................................................ 36
6.1.1 Phase Locked Loop ............................................................................................................... 38
6.1.2 Park Transformation ............................................................................................................ 39
6.1.3 Idref and Iqref Calculation ................................................................................................... 40
6.1.4 Grid Connected PQ Operation ............................................................................................. 41
6.1.5 V‐f Control Operation .......................................................................................................... 42
6.1.6 Pulse Width Modulation ...................................................................................................... 43
6.2 Conversion System ...................................................................................................................... 45
6.2.1 Three Phase Full Bridge Converter and LCL Filter ................................................................ 45
Chapter 7: Model Analysis .................................................................................................................... 48
Chapter 8: Contingency Analysis........................................................................................................... 49
8.1 Power Source Transition ............................................................................................................. 49
8.1.1 Power Source Switching Rationale ...................................................................................... 50
8.1.2 Observation .......................................................................................................................... 50
8.1.3 Result Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 52
8.2 Load Variation ............................................................................................................................. 53
8.2.1 Load Value Variation Rationale ............................................................................................ 53
8.2.2 Observation .......................................................................................................................... 55
8.2.3 Result Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 57
Chapter 9: Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 57
9.1 Achievements.............................................................................................................................. 57
9.1.1 Research ............................................................................................................................... 57
9.1.2 Technical .............................................................................................................................. 58
9.2 Innovation ................................................................................................................................... 58
9.2.1 Decision Matrix Analysis ...................................................................................................... 58
9.2.2 Utilization of the Simulink Externally Controlled Circuit Breaker ........................................ 59
9.2.3 Switching Control ................................................................................................................. 59
9.2.4 Q Injection ............................................................................................................................ 59
9.2.4 Incorporated the Proposed PV System ................................................................................ 59
9.3 Challenges ................................................................................................................................... 59
9.3.1 Voltage Drop ........................................................................................................................ 59
9.3.2 Simulation Speed ................................................................................................................. 60
9.3.3 Limited Existing Research on Control Mode Conversion ..................................................... 60
9.3.4 Simulink Design .................................................................................................................... 60
9.3.5 Software Resources ............................................................................................................. 60
9.4 Future Improvements ................................................................................................................. 61

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 9.4.1 PI Controller Alternatives ..................................................................................................... 61
9.4.2 Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Converter ..................................................................... 61
9.4.3 Simulation Speed ................................................................................................................. 61
Chapter 10: Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 62
Chapter 11: Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 63
Chapter 12: Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 75
12.1 BESS Battery Model .................................................................................................................. 75
12.2 BESS Control Model .................................................................................................................. 75
12.3 Load Variation Model................................................................................................................ 76
12.4 Power Source Transition ........................................................................................................... 76
12.5 PV Array .................................................................................................................................... 77
12.6 Wind Turbine Model ................................................................................................................. 78
12.7 Load ........................................................................................................................................... 79
12.7 Main Grid Source ...................................................................................................................... 80
12.8 LCL Filter Calculation ................................................................................................................. 80
12.9 IGBT ........................................................................................................................................... 81
12.10 PID Controller Parameters ...................................................................................................... 81
12.11 Transformer ............................................................................................................................ 82
12.11.1 BESS Transformer............................................................................................................. 82
12.11.2 Maingrid Transformer ...................................................................................................... 82
12.11.3 PV Transformer ................................................................................................................ 83
12.11.4 Wind Transformer ............................................................................................................ 83

Table of Figures
Figure 1: Conceptual model for Kalbarri BESS centric microgrid [7] .................................................... 12
Figure 2: Western Power Network of the future [44] .......................................................................... 17
Figure 3: Nominal Voltage level in Australia [49] ................................................................................. 18
Figure 4: Microgrid control level hierarchy [62] ................................................................................... 23
Figure 5: Battery model [76] ................................................................................................................. 25
Figure 6: Schematic diagram of PQ Control [1] .................................................................................... 27
Figure 7: V‐f Control algorithm ............................................................................................................. 28
Figure 8: Battery Technology Decision‐Matrix result ........................................................................... 33
Figure 9: Simulink Lithium Ion battery equivalent circuit [89] ............................................................. 33
Figure 10: BESS Control Algorithm Overview ....................................................................................... 36
Figure 11: Battery Control System ‐ Phase Locked Loop [94] ............................................................... 38
Figure 12: Battery Control System ‐ Park Transformation .................................................................... 39
Figure 13: Battery Control System ‐ abc to dq frame [95] .................................................................... 40
Figure 14: BESS Control Algorithm ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 15: Structure of PI Power Controller [73] .................................................................................. 41
Figure 16: Droop characteristics ........................................................................................................... 43

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Figure 17: Control Algorithm ‐ PWM signal generation........................................................................ 44
Figure 18: PWM generation switching signals ...................................................................................... 44
Figure 19: Power Conversion System ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 20: Power Conversion System ‐ Full briDERe bidirectional converter ......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 21: LCL filter .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 22: Voltage after PWM converter: ................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 23: Voltage post LCL filter……………………………………………………………………………………………………..46
Figure 24: Voltage post transformer..................................................................................................... 47
Figure 25: Control Model ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 26: Contingency Analysis ‐ Power Source transition ................................................................. 49
Figure 27: Contingency Analysis ‐ Power Source Switching logic ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 28: Contingency Analysis ‐ Power Source transition frequency output .................................... 51
Figure 29: Contingency Analysis ‐ Power Source transition Voltage output .......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 30: Frequency of microgrid grid system upon power source transition [99] ............................ 52
Figure 31: Voltage of microgrid system upon power source transition [99] ........................................ 52
Figure 32: Contingency Analysis ‐ Load variation ................................................................................. 54
Figure 33: Contingency Analysis ‐ Load variation step rationale ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 34: Contingency Analysis ‐ Load variation frequency output .................................................... 56
Figure 35: Contingency Analysis ‐ Load variation voltage output............ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 1: Battery Technology comparison table .................................................................................... 20

Table 2: Battery Technology ‐ Attributes and Value table .................................................................... 30
Table 3: Battery Technology ‐ Key factors value table.......................................................................... 30
Table 4: Battery Technology ‐ Weight allocation table......................................................................... 31
Table 5: Decision Matrix table .............................................................................................................. 32

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Glossary

AC Alternating Current
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
DC Direct Current
IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
PI Proportional Integral
PLL Phase Locked Loop
PV Photovoltaic
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
VSC Voltage Source Converter
CCVSI Current‐Controlled Voltage Source Converter
VCVSI Voltage‐Controlled Voltage Source Converter
DER Distributed Generation
DER Distributed Energy Resource
Li‐on Lithium Ion
VSC Voltage Source Converter
CCVSC Current Controlled Voltage Source Converter

VCVCC Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Converter

P Real Power
Q Reactive Power
BESS Battery Energy Storage System
dq Direct Quadrature
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracker
V‐f Voltage Frequency
αβ Alpha Beta
SWIS South West Interconnected System
Pf Power Factor
RES Renewable Energy Sources

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Chapter 1: Introduction

The electric industry has undergone a significant amount of changes over the past decades. From the

starting days of electricity with Thomas Edison’s Pearl Street, New York City DC distribution system,

where for the first time the electricity was brought to the customer doors and to Nikola Tesla’s AC

current discovery, that drove the electrical revolution of the nineteenth century exceeding the

generation, transmission and distribution limit of Edison’s DC electricity [1]. The inception of AC

electricity took the generation far from the settlements and powered the households and the

industries through the poles and wires. The introduction of transformers into the distribution and

transmission enabled supply over long distances, through stepping up the voltage in the

transmission line reduced the losses on the transmission lines. The nineteenth century electrical

achievement led the world into the industrial revolution.

However, technological advancement in the twentieth century created a high reliance on electricity.

The conventional electrical infrastructure’s dependence with the supply through poles and wires

have encountered issues with the interruption of the supply due to long distance of wire and poles

that are more susceptible to aging, wear and tear, and harsh environmental conditions. In Western

Australia, the issue mainly applies with the existing long‐distance transmission, primarily, with the

economic viability of the electricity supply chain. On the other hand, the increasing reliability issue

with the electricity grew exponentially over the year, driving the necessity to transition out of the

conventional electric network system.

The emerging renewable energies trend is playing a significant role to reduce the dependency on

fossil fuels and tap the clean energy sources available to Western Australia such as solar and wind

generation. Nonetheless, the inclusion of the renewable source to the existing electrical network

requires a thorough analysis of the impact on the grid, particularly, the reliability and safety of the

existing infrastructure. The research thesis starts with examining the overall components of the

decentralised system with a focus on the concept of microgrids.

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1.1 Microgrid

The microgrid technology is based on the effective inclusion of power, load, energy storage and

control devices into a single controllable power supply system [2]. Microgrid is based on smaller

decentralised low voltage system with the use of modern power technology puts different types of

DER sources solar power, wind power, and energy storage devices together, improving the electrical

supply reliability, reducing the feeder loss and ensures the stability of the voltage. The microgrid

mainly operates on on‐grid connection. However, it must be able to provide the required generation

capacity and control after losing connection from the main grid [3].

The challenges of incorporating the renewable energy sources into the microgrid are that

Distributed Generation takes place at the distribution side, when combined with the intermittent

characteristics of the Renewable Energy sources limits the direct connection to the grid. Hence,

power electronic interface of connecting (DC to AC or AC to DC) driven by the effective control

system is required [2], and the energy storage system needs to store excess generation and inject

power into the grid at the time of need.

1.1.1 Kalbarri Microgrid

The thesis is based on the microgrid in the regional town of Kalbarri, Western Australia. Kalbarri

town site is serviced by 140 km long 33 kV radial feeder from Geraldton. Due to exposure to the

environmental factor including wind‐borne marine salt and dust on long distance feeder’s results

long outages on the line [4]. Furthermore, Western Power’s Energy Modular Network report 2016

claims that the average customer without power for three hours each year at an average reliability

99.93 percent, but, on the other hand, the customers on the edge of the network in regional towns

like Kalbarri face more extend and reoccurring outages [5].

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 Figure 1: Conceptual model for Kalbarri BESS centric microgrid [6]

The figure above is sourced from Western Power Study into the feasibility of a microgrid at Kalbarri

found in [6]. The figure showcases a battery centric microgrid power flow including generation

components ‐ the existing Wind farm and newly added solar PV plant, power supply from Geraldton

substation, a battery energy storage system and transmission to homes and businesses.

The detailed investigation of the Kalbarri microgrid generation and distribution can be found in the

Chapter Methodology: Generation and Distribution.

1.1.2 Battery Energy Storage System

Due to the varying generation level of the DER source, an energy storage device is needed to provide

the required amount of power to maintain demand/supply in the off‐grid operation mode and

stabilise the microgrid [7]. Yallamilli et al. 2016 highlights that the aim to combat the intermittent

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nature of RES, the storage element have become the most essential part of microgrid is to enable

the energy trading [8]. Riesz et al. [9] and Da Silva et al. [10] further support by pointing out BESS’s

use in power application like voltage support, fast response and frequency regulation.

The conventional grid relies on a synchronous generator’s large rotational inertia to control

frequency stability and fast voltage regulation to stabilise the voltage in the network [11]. Riesz et al.

[12] claim that 12400 MW’s of inertia on SWIS grid from conventional fossil fuel plant can be largely

reduced by the battery system providing voltage control without intrinsic rotational inertia. BESS

maintained in a partially charged state have highly agile response rate and can give frequency

stability capacity [13].

In the next Chapter, the thesis examines the Western Australia’s overall energy market and current

BESS challenges perspective.

Chapter 2: Western Australia Energy Market

EPA claims that even though WA’s carbon emission is small by comparison to the global measure,

WA still is one of the highest per capita emission regions in the world [14]. The large part of WA’s

emission is from the retail, distribution, and generation of electricity and gas accounts for about 75

percent of the State’s greenhouse‐gas emissions, out of which over 40 percent is purely from the

electricity generation [15].

Western Power’s Energy Modular Network report 2016 claims that the average customer without

power for three hours each year at an average reliability 99.93 percent, but, on the other hand, the

customers on the edge of the network in regional WA face more extend and reoccurring outages [5].

Western Power’s Media Release in 2016 associate the power reliability in rural WA with the

unavoidable issue faced with supplying electricity over very long transmission and distribution lines

[16]. The added complexity with the WA’s geographical isolation limits the network’s prospect to

13
connect to its neighbouring systems, in hindsight, the challenging environment of WA’s isolation also

presents an opportunity for the State to utilize the DER Wind and Solar energy to transition from the

existing conventional centralised model to a decentralized model [17].

2.1 Western Australia Need for BESS

The motivation behind the implementation of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) can vary based

on regional needs. The topmost advantage of having a battery storage system is for clean energy,

reaping benefits of reduced technology costs and mitigating potential future electricity price rise

[18]. Besides the future electricity price rise, the customers within the WA’s South West

Interconnected System (SWIS), the primary motivation is more linked with the BESS presenting an

opportunity to move towards a flexible and secure electricity network [19].

Notably, the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates globally the increase in installation of more

than 78.0 GW of new solar and wind energy generation in 2016, which will further extend to project

378.1 GW over the next five years [20].

The reviewed literature incorporates the rationale on why BESS dissemination needs to overcome

the economic, technical and regulatory hurdles that surround the overall Australian energy industry.

IEA report 2014 lists a through details of the rationale for energy storage and barriers that hinder

energy storage deployment [21]. Zhang et al. [22] provide a detailed barrier for energy storage

markets [22]. The economic evaluation research thesis by Han et al. [23] contradicts that the true

economics of the BESS requires more study on depreciation of the battery capacity through both

electrical‐chemical and mechanical mechanism, a result of the increase in battery’s inner resistance

and a decrease in its efficiency prior to the battery’s end of life. Naumann et al. 2015 and Peterson

et al. 2010 observed the BESS life cycle assessment is mainly limited to the State of Charge (SOC),

with not enough focus given on the battery’s thermal exchange effect which largely impacts the

internal resistance [24] [25] [26].

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Nonetheless, the cost of infrastructure towards transmission and distribution of the electricity is

largely reduced using DER model. DTI OFGEM report 2007 estimates that approximately 6.5 percent

of generated electricity is lost during the electrical transmission and distribution to the consumers

[27]. Allan et al. [28] specify the added benefit of DER with reduced inefficiencies and flexible

electricity supply can minimize or eliminate the costly investments in existing centralised network

with its aging infrastructure and capacity limitations.

2.1.1 BESS: Barriers

Even though there are research and tested benefits of the use of DER and BESS technology, there

are still obstacles that act as a barrier in the implementation of BESS. The challenges can be list into

below three main categories:

 Economical

 Regulatory

 Technical

[Link] Economical

From State of the Infrastructure report 2011/2012 suggests that the aging electrical transmission

and distribution infrastructure led to increasing the frequency and severity of defects, causing

reduced serviceability until repair or replacement is needed [29]. Manning et al. [26] highlight that

according to the current regulatory structure for the National Electricity Market, the cost of

electrical poles and wires is passed down to the customers. The customers within the WA’s SWIS

network grid pay the same energy tariff, which in other words, the customers in Perth metro area

cover the part of the cost of long power lines supplying power to the regional areas [30].

In a case study by Tayal et al. [17] concludes that the current model can provide a limited motive for

the electricity utility Western Power to move away from existing area of operation. Additionally, the

current model hinders the storage generation, instead of viewing the DER as an opportunity [31].

15
[Link] Regulatory

In the Australian National level, the complex nature of the legislative frameworks and absence of the

long term policy is acting as a barrier towards the investment in the DER [32]. Zeh et al. 2016

acknowledge the increasing importance of the BESS integration with the electrical grid, nevertheless,

notes that the market maturity is slow due to the lack legal framework and the initial high costs of

the systems [33]. Council of Australian Governments Energy Council (COAG, 2015) identified the

necessity to overcome the barriers in adopting the new technologies through clearer and consistent

regulations [34].

The current legislation only allows Western Power to distribute energy through poles and wires and

not generation, which a barrier for the battery storage system implementation for more reliable

electricity at the end of the line regional areas [35].

[Link] Technical

There is an additional compliance requirement with selection and installation for the network

operators to connect the grid [36]. In Western Australia, the compliance requirements extend to the

selection and installation of the system, due to the concern of the customer’s true electricity

demand may be masked by the battery storage and if BESS is not operational, there will be pressure

on the existing electrical supply [37].

With the technological advancement, energy reform and increasing public awareness about the

added benefits of energy storage technology, the above‐mentioned barriers is gradually weaning off.

Furthermore, it is evident in the case by the UK government's Energy Review that a community

network‐based energy system increases the public awareness and social attitudes towards energy

issues leading to higher efficiency in the way consumers use the energy resources [38].

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2.2 SWIS Grid Future: The Modular Network

The modular network is reliant on consumer behaviour, technology advancement rates, regulation

and policy [39]. Western power is aiming for a grid transformation by moving from the current fully

integrated network, where everything is connected into a modular network made of battery storage

systems, PV, microgrid and stand‐alone battery system [40]. The vision is to have a flexible electrical

network that will have a direct grid connection to the high load areas such as stadiums and mining,

on the other hand, for the long distance end of the line consumer is serviced by more reliable stand‐

alone system and micro‐grid [41]. The Western Power’s current BESS, microgrid and stand‐alone

systems in Stage 1 six projects in the Great Southern region and Stage 2 with 60 locations in the

regional WA [42] is extensively studied in the thesis.

Figure 2: Western Power Network of the future [43]

The figure above summarises transition from a centralised network to a modular network future

with variable network where the network supply is diverse.

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2.3 System Stability ‐ Grid Code

The dissemination of battery storage system with proliferation using solar or wind energy will lead

the industry from a centralised to a distributed model. This requires electrical networks to adapt to

multi‐flow paths and respond to increasing intermittency of generation [44].

The international standards are deployed by utility providers in different region worldwide to

increase the operability and efficiency, including the safe and reliable connection of Distributed

Generation into the power grid [45]. The most noteworthy DER interconnection standard is

developed by IEEE Standard 1547 that clarifies the parameters in terms of performance, safety and

maintenance [46]. Roy et al. 2013 summaries the primary attention areas of voltage regulation with

this high inclusion of DER and stability relating to damping requirement caused by low inertia loads

causing the voltage oscillation because of mismatch between the control interaction and the

reactive power in the grid [47].

Figure 3: Nominal Voltage level in Australia [48]

18
2.3.1 Grid Stability in Western Australia

Western Power Ancillary report 2013, it can be seen that the suitability of energy storage technology

within the SWIS network will be dependent on spinning reserve from fossil fuel generation due to

the SWIS’s isolation from all other grid and the current lack of large‐scale hydroelectric resources

[49]. AEMO 2014 found the current SWIS network supply largely comes from the conventional fossil

fuel station – with coal fired and gas fired generation [50]. Due to the existing SWIS electrical

infrastructure is built based on the conventional centralised model, incorporating a multi‐flow

energy generation requires additional attention towards grid stabilisation.

The grid code practice in Australia is regulated by the Australian Energy Market Commission (AEMC)

[51]. AEMO’s Power System report 2012 clarifies the frequency operating standard applies to the

Western Australian grid. [52] The report includes frequency containment requirement in the

majority of condition to be within ±1 Hz in both grid connected and islandic microgrid operation [53]

and the voltage within the steady state accuracy of ±6 percent.

Chapter 3: BESS Battery Technology

Prior to examining the control algorithm of the BESS into the electrical network, the economics of

the investment for an appropriate large‐scale battery storage system type is studied. The battery

storage system is primarily used to ensure the grid stabilisation and frequency regulation with the

integration of the large scale solar and wind energy in the electrical grid. Divya et al. 2009, Zakeri et

al. 2015 and Poullikkas et al. 2013 research thesis is found to have conducted a thorough analysis of

the existing projects and the battery technology used [54] [55] [56]. Based on their research of the

battery technology used in the sites similar to Kalbarri, below are the shortlisted three most widely

used large scale battery technology:

1. Lead‐acid battery

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 2. Lithium Ion (Li‐ion) battery

3. Nickel Cadmium

A thorough detail on the working principle of behind each of battery technology listed above can be

found in [57].

Below comparison chart is drawn based on battery technology research by Ibrahim et al. 2008,

Poullikkas et al. 2013 and Zakeri et al. 2015 [58] [56] [55]:

Table 1: Battery Technology comparison table

Lead‐acid battery Lithium‐Ion battery Nickel‐Cadmium

Power rating (in MW) Up to 20 [55] Up to 0.01 [58] Up to 40 [58]

Response time Fast response [58] Fast response [56] Moderate [56]

Efficiency (%) 70 % to 90 % [56] 85 % ‐ 95 % [55] 60 % ‐ 73 % [55]

Lifetime (yr) 5 – 15 [55] 5 – 15 [56] 10 – 20 [58]

Power density (W/kg) 75 to 300 [58] 50 to 2000 [55] 50 to 1000 [58]

Energy density (W/kg) 30 to 50 [58] 150 to 350 [55] 15 to 300 [56]

Total Capital cost (average Moderate at 2512 [55] Moderate at 2140 [55] High at 3376 [55]

per power rating in $/KW)

Life cycles (cycles) 2000 to 4500 [55] 1500 to 4500 [58] 2000 to 2500 [58]

Self‐discharge (on a day) 0.1 % to 0.3 % [55] 0.1 % to 0.3 % [55] 0.2 % to 0.6 % [55]

The feasibility study of the appropriate battery technology is examined in the Chapter 6

Methodology section Battery selection.

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Chapter 4: BESS Control Algorithm

4.1 BESS Control Algorithm Aims

The requirement of the microgrid structure and control hierarchy is a necessity to understand the

BESS integration and examine the control algorithm into the microgrid. The thesis examined the

controlled strategies employed in the microgrid.

The thesis aims to conduct a thorough research in following areas:

 Voltage and frequency regulation in both grid‐connected and islandic operation

 Synchronisation between microgrid and the main grid

 Microgrid resilience during the transient stage between change in power source conditions

4.2 BESS Control Algorithm Expectations

The control algorithm aims to provide more economical operation of the battery by not only

increasing reliability and reducing electrical cost but increasing the stability of the whole grid

network through reducing the electricity demand on the grid during the peak time [59]. The control

algorithm needs to level load, improve load factor and mitigate grid’s power system vulnerability

[60]. The BESS control algorithm primarily needs to regulate the frequency control, ensure the

power quality and the charge control is well maintained [61].

However, the research thesis is centred towards investigating the frequency and voltage stability of

the microgrid operation.

4.2.1 Frequency Control

Arunsawatwong et al. [62] stress that any misalignment of the generation and load creates a

deviation of the system frequency from the nominal value, and a significant deviation can result a

severe problem to the entire power system. The control algorithm model is challenged with

maintaining the frequency against the constantly varying active loads and mitigate the power

exchange errors [63]. The issues arise when the mismatch between the generation and the load can

21
cause the frequency to deviate. The predominant issue of intermittent generation nature of the

renewable sources presents a constant design challenge on frequency control aspect [9]. During the

off‐grid operation of the microgrid, the active power variation affects the overall frequency,

highlighting the necessity to dump the excess power on loads or the energy storage devices such as

BESS that can improve the frequency regulation in the power generation [64].

Kalyani et al. 2012 examines both PI and PID controllers and concludes the PI controller effectively

adjusts the frequency fluctuation with the change in load by actively damping the oscillation and

quickly settling the system [65]. A thorough investigation into the use of PI controller is conducted in

Chapter Methodology Section Control Algorithm model.

4.2.2 Voltage Control

Lu et al. [66] aligns power quality with BESS, claims the BESS’s ability to output both active and

reactive at the same time combined with four quadrant operation ability. Azab et al. [67] further

investigate that the PQ controller model is based on the generating a virtual quadrature signals that

are orthogonal to the grid voltage and grid controller creating α and β coordinates.

Zhang et al. [68] suggests that the control is done by a decoupling of the active and reactive power

separately leading to the output of the BESS equal to the reference value. Based on the assumption

that regardless of the varying load and that the battery voltage is constant. Rouco et al. [69] further

claims that the current in the d‐axis of the reference frame and terminal voltage can control the

active power and similarly, the current in the q‐axis in the same frame controls the reactive power.

4.3 BESS Control Algorithm Objectives

Upon mapping the above Control Strategy Aims and Control Strategy Expectations against WA

energy market and SWIS electrical network discussed in Chapter 2: WA Energy Market, the thesis

objective is drawn as below:

22
  To design a resilient microgrid control algorithm, capable of handling transition between

microgrid grid connected and grid disconnected mode. The resilience necessity is identified

in the Chapter 2 Western Australia Energy market for the location such as Kalbarri.

 To mitigate the problem to the power system, a robust frequency control is required in

Kalbarri microgrid with inclusion of DER ‐ PV, Wind sources intermittent generation nature

 To investigate the real and reactive power in the network addressing the voltage control

The author recognises the above aims, expectations and objectives present a different significance

and time period, that requires a hierarchical control approach to address the requirements.

Figure 4: Microgrid control level hierarchy [70]

4.1.1 Primary Control

The primary control aims to stabilise the grid to enable the power trading between different

generators, localised the control of the individual DER sources. The control primarily seeks to

balance generation amongst DER sources with voltage and phase angle control [71]. The control

primary provides active power and reactive power to converter used in the microgrid.

23
4.1.2 Secondary Control

The secondary control is a more centralised strategy focused on providing voltage and frequency

stability in the microgrid. Hence, this is achieved by communicating the signal among the power

converter in a microgrid. The control calculates the reference active power Pref and Qref and

provides the valve to the power converter to adjust control slope in the primary controller [3]. Due

to potential frequency and voltage deviation issues with the primary control, the secondary control

can compensate the incurred voltage and frequency deviations.

4.1.3 Tertiary Control

Tertiary control is based on the economic aspect to optimise the microgrid operation and manages

the power flow between on‐grid and off‐grid operation [72]. The primary aim is to choose the

operating point of the active power of each DER sources to enable the power flow control in a

microgrid. Whilst operating in an off‐grid mode, the microgrid needs to stabilise the voltage and

supply power [3].

The examination of the different level control expectation sets a design aim for the BESS control

algorithm.

4.4 BESS Modelling

4.3.1 Battery

A Battery’s main characteristics is determined by its voltage, supply current, the time constants, and

internal resistances. The bi‐directional charge exchanges due to discharging and charging of the

battery in the project required the understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the battery.

24
 Figure 5: Battery model [73]

The battery model includes a voltage source (Vo), an internal resistance (Rs), combined capacitance

(Co) and (Ro) mimics the transient behaviour of the battery.

A thorough analysis of the suitable battery technology type discussed in Chapter 4: BESS technology

and Chapter 7: Methodology battery Section Battery Technology Decision matrix.

4.3.2 Voltage Source Converter

Dong et al. 2014 highlights that the majority of the DERs converter‐based connection to the

microgrid, enabling the effective converter control resulting in the stability of the entire microgrid

[74]. VSC allows the energy transfer from the DC sources Battery and PV system to output a smooth

AC to connect to the main grid. During the grid connected mode, the voltage and frequency

stabilization is completed by the main grid supply. Hence, the DER sources act as a current source

and achieve a constant power output known as a PQ control method. However, during the off‐grid

mode, the microgrid is required to have the capacity to deliver frequency and voltage source, known

as a V‐f droop control method. The switching between the control methods have an impact on the

operation mode conversion failure [74].

25
4.3.3 Converter Control Strategy with BESS

BESS is used as a constant DC source in the grid. The VSC is used to capture a suitable DC voltage and

the voltage is then converted into grid‐referenced AC signal [75].

Zhang et al. 2015 summarises the secondary control in microgrid can be conducted through PV

mode (Active and Voltage regulation) with P and Q of the generation sources follows the active

power interchange or voltage set point at the microgrid point of common coupling (PCC) or PQ

mode (Active Power and Reactive Power regulation) where the P and Q of the generation sources

follow the Pref and Qref measured at the PCC [76].

The thesis aims to use the PQ control mode for the BESS where the generation sources follow the

Pref and Qref. The use of VSC enables the control of the phase and magnitude of outputting voltage,

allows to regulate the injection of P and Q from the BESS.

During the grid connected operation of the microgrid, the VSC operates in PQ mode and the voltage

and frequency reference is guided by the main grid. The VSC operates as a current source with

exchanging P and Q, including supporting the main grid, however, during the islandic operation the

VSC is required to operate in V‐f mode to regulate voltage and frequency while sharing the P and Q.

If all the connected DG sources operate in the PQ control mode during the microgrid transition from

the main grid to islandic mode, the challenge of instability arises.

Okedu et al. 2011 suggests that compared to Voltage Controlled VSC, Current Controlled VSC

provides a lesser complicated controller design, a better performance during the grid fault and no

necessity of DC‐link protection reducing the overall cost of the system [77].

The author concludes the CCVSC converter is deemed more suitable upon mapping against the rural

area necessity discussed in Chapter 2 Section Western Australian Energy Market.

26
[Link] Current Controlled Voltage Source Converters

A dedicated current controller scheme tightly regulates CCVSC line current through AC side terminal

voltage. P and Q are controlled by the phase angle and the amplitude of the VSC line current with

respect to the grid voltage [78].

Due to the current regulation scheme, the VSC is protected against overcurrent and have a high

accuracy instantaneous current control [79]. Also, the current control includes robustness against

variation in VSC and AC system parameters and superior dynamic performance and higher control

precision.

The two main converter control strategies are discussed below:

PQ Control Strategy

PQ control is based on the DER sources specified P and Q according to the reference P and Q, mainly

with the frequency and voltage of the grid with which the VSC is connected change within a certain

range with the P and Q of the DER sources staying the same [67]. The strategy can be simplified as a

constant power control method to match the P and Q of the DER sources with the reference power.

PQ control is based on the decoupling P and Q and outputting the control in the dq frame. [80].

Figure 6: Schematic diagram of PQ Control [2]

The change in the microgrid frequency within an allowed frequency minimum and frequency

maximum value maintains the P of the converter to the reference P value of the grid. Likewise, the

27
change in the microgrid voltage within the allowed range maintains the Q of the converter to

reference Q value of the grid.

V‐f control

Microgrid transition from on‐grid connected to the islanded mode creates an issue of instability with

VSC staying in the PQ control mode. Hence, to adjust the grid frequency and voltage to the VSC must

transition to the V‐f mode [80]. The frequency can be controlled via power balance between the

generation and the consumption by using the ESS, which requires a grid‐forming unit with the V‐f

control strategy.

Figure 7: V‐f Control algorithm [80]

Switching control mode

Zhou et al. 2015 summarises the switching mode challenges possessed with the loss of the

voltage and frequency support from the grid and highlights the switching process [2]. Upon

discussion of the different P‐Q and V‐f control in the microgrid, Zhang et al. 2013 highlights the

significance of the seamless control strategy transfer, however, criticises the lack of adequate

research on the mode conversion [81].

28
In the Chapter 7 Section Control Algorithm model, the dual‐mode converter examines the mode

conversion from grid connected mode to islandic mode, while focusing on voltage and frequency

control.

Chapter 5: Methodology

The testing of the control algorithm is based on the generation and load profile of Kalbarri, Western

Australia. Kalbarri is a regional town located 569 kilometres from Perth [82]. Based on the Kalbarri

microgrid information, a Simulink model including main grid source, BESS, PV system and Wind farm

system is implemented [83].

Before commissioning the design and modelling, the suitable battery technology is examined using

the Decision‐matrix tool. The thesis thoroughly weighs the main necessity of the project site and

based on the decision‐matrix tool devise the most appropriate option. Upon selection of the battery

technology, the battery technology type is used in the design simulation.

5.1 Battery Model

5.1.1 Battery Technology Selection

In Chapter 2 Section WA perspective on BESS, the necessity of the network is briefly discussed and

the Chapter 4: BESS Battery Technology touched upon the existing battery system, and comparison

amongst the most widely used system is made. A decision matrix tool is widely used in the

engineering sector to evaluate compelling solutions through identifying key factors, criteria, and

suggesting the most suitable option [84].

5.1.1 Decision Matrix

A decision matrix tool subjective measure of attributes is assigned:

29
 Table 2: Battery Technology ‐ Attributes and Value table

No. Attributes Assigned value

1 Extremely low 0.0

2 Very low 0.2

3 Low 0.3

4 Below Average 0.4

5 Average 0.5

6 Above Average 0.6

7 High 0.7

8 Very High 0.8

9 Extremely high 1.0

The attributes table is mapped against the battery key factors in Chapter 4 Technology Selection and

the finding of the WA perspective market requirements highlighted in Chapter 2 WA Energy Market.

Also, the research thesis on rural Australia electrical network by Uski et al. 2018 and Wolfs et al.

2015 is examined [85] [86]. The author has prepared below value table:

Table 3: Battery Technology ‐ Key factors value table

Key factors Attributes measure Value

Power rating (in MW) Very high 0.8

Response time Very High 0.8

Efficiency (%) Extremely High 1.0

Lifetime (yr) High 0.7

Power density (W/kg) Above average 0.6

Energy density (W/kg) Above average 0.6

Total capital cost (average per power rating in $/KW) Average 0.5

Life cycles (cycles) Below average 0.4

30
 Self‐discharge (on a day) Very low 0.2

The battery comparison table prepared in Chapter 4: BESS Technology is revised below. The author

assigned weigh score out of 1 to 5 for each battery technology type against its key factors:

Table 4: Battery Technology ‐ Weight allocation table

Key Factors Lead‐acid Lithium‐Ion battery Nickel‐Cadmium

Details Weight Details Weight Details Weight

Power rating (in Up to 20 [55] 4 Up to 0.01 3 Up to 40 [58] 5

MW) [58]

Response time Fast response 5 Fast response 5 Moderate 3

[58] [56] [56]

Efficiency (%) 70 % to 90 % 4 85 % ‐ 95 % 5 60 % ‐ 73 % 2

[56] [55] [55]

Lifetime (yr) 5 – 15 [55] 4 5 – 15 [56] 4 10 – 20 [58] 5

Power density 75 to 300 [58] 2 50 to 2000 5 50 to 1000 4

(W/kg) [55] [58]

Energy density 30 to 50 [58] 2 150 to 350 5 15 to 300 4

(W/kg) [55] [56]

Total capital cost Moderate at 4 Moderate at 5 High at 3376 3

(average per power 2512 [55] 2140 [55] [55]

rating in $/KW)

Life cycles (cycles) 2000 to 4500 5 1500 to 4500 5 2000 to 2500 3

[55] [58] [58]

Self‐discharge (on a 0.1 % to 0.3 % 3 0.1 % to 0.3 3 0.2 % to 0.6 4

day) [55] % [55] % [55]

31
The decision matrix table is prepared using the assigned value in Table 3 and assigned weight in Table

4 for each battery technology type. The score is calculated using:

Score = Value X Weight [87]

Table 5: Decision Matrix table

Category Value Lead‐acid Lithium‐Ion Nickel‐Cadmium

Weight Score Weight Score Weight Score

Power rating (in MW) 0.8 4 3.2 3 2.4 5 4

Response time 0.8 5 4 5 4 3 2.4

Efficiency (%) 1.0 4 4 5 5 2 2

Lifetime (year) 0.7 4 2.8 4 2.8 5 3.5

Power density (W/kg) 0.6 2 1.2 5 3 4 2.4

Energy density (W/kg) 0.6 2 1.2 5 3 4 2.4

Total Capital cost 0.5 4 2 5 2.5 3 1.5

(average per power
rating in $/KW)

Life cycles (cycles) 0.4 5 2 5 2 3 1.2

Self‐discharge (on a 0.2 3 0.6 3 0.6 4 0.8

day)

Total Score 21 25.3 20.2

32
The result of assessment tool is tabulated below:

Battery Technology Decision‐Matrix result

Nickel‐Cadmium Lead‐acid
30% 32%

Lithium‐Ion
38%

Lead‐acid Lithium‐Ion Nickel‐Cadmium

Figure 8: Battery Technology Decision‐Matrix result

From the decision matrix analysis, Lithium‐Ion battery type is deemed to be the most suitable for the

project. Simulink’s Lithium‐Ion battery for BESS with the voltage of 415 V with 4.5 MWh capacity is

used:

Figure 9: Simulink Lithium Ion battery equivalent circuit [88]

33
The battery operates by sensing the current through the internal resistance. The battery current

(Ibatt) is passed through the time integrator, enable tracking of the current amount during the specific

period of time. The battery’s Open Circuit Voltage (Vocv) is formulated using the below equation [89]:

𝑄 ∗ 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 ∗
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝑜𝑐𝑣 𝐾 𝐴∗𝑒
𝑄 𝐼𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝑡

5.2 Generation

Kalbarri microgrid is serviced by a 140 km 33KV three‐phase voltage source from Geraldton, WA. The

microgrid is additionally serviced with an existing 1.6 MW wind farm located 25 km south of the

Kalbarri, a 4.5 MWh BESS and a proposed a 1 MW concentrated solar PV [6]. A 33 kV three phase

voltage source Simulink block is used to replicate the grid source.

5.2.1 Distributed Generation Sources

[Link] Wind Generation Model

The existing 1.6 MW Wind farm is simulated using pre‐defined Simulink block Wind Turbine

Induction Generator with a base speed of 12 metre per second and pitch angle controller gain of Kp

5 and Ki 25. The details of the Wind Turbine modelled can be found in the Appendix Wind.

[Link] PV Generation Model

The proposed PV generation is mimicked using a PV array block SunPower SPR‐305E‐WHT‐D module

with a capacity of 305.226 W per solar cell available in Simulink, with using the information available

at the standard condition of 1000 W per square metres is calculated. The information on the PV

array used in the simulation can be found in the Appendix PV. 1 MW solar generation is simulated

using 75 parallel strings with 44 series connected modules per string to generate 1 MW power

supply.

A maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is based on maximizing the power through

impedance matching between PV array and the load via DC‐DC boost converter [90]. MathWorks

34
MPPT Controlled Grid‐connected PV array example model is used as a reference in designing the PV

model for the project. Detailed information can be found in [91].

5.3 Distribution

The distribution modelled in the Simulink with a pi three phase line. The three‐phase power source

feed is located 140 km from the Geraldton and Wind farm located 25 km south of the Kalbarri. The

transmission line details:

Frequency 50 Hz

Positive and zero sequence resistances (r1 r0) [ 0.01273 0.3864]

Positive and zero sequence inductances (l1 l0) [ 0.9337e‐3 4.1264e‐3]

Positive and zero sequence capacitances (c1 c0) [12.74e‐9 7.751e‐9]

5.4 Load Model

A three‐phase load is modelled using three‐phase series RLC load block in the Simulink design. The

information can be found in Appendix Load.

Chapter 6: BESS Control Algorithm Model

The control algorithm model used comprise of conversion system and control algorithm system.

BESS system is capable of providing voltage and frequency stability to the grid. The system stores

energy during the energy surplus in the grid and alternatively, during the islandic microgrid

operation acts as a voltage source. The BESS system undergoes charge and discharge phase during

the transition from on‐grid power supply and off‐grid islandic operation of the microgrid. However,

the control algorithm model design in the project is primarily connected to the BESS only.

35
 Figure 10: BESS Control Algorithm Overview

6.1 Control System

Control system is used for managing State of Charge (SOC) and managing the active and reactive

power also known as PQ method [92]. The project involved the control algorithm of the active and

reactive power, hence, the Control System used is focused on using the PQ method, involving

decoupling using direct quadrature reference to control the converter. Simulink’s Park

transformation block is used to convert abc phase to dq axes.

When the microgrid is connected to the main grid, the BESS is not involved in maintaining the

frequency and voltage of the microgrid. During the off‐grid operation of the microgrid, the BESS

system controls the V‐f control mode [81]. The main aim of the thesis is to examine the BESS control

algorithm controlling the voltage and frequency of the microgrid.

The control algorithm is comprised of Phase Locked Loop, Current Controller and PWM signal

generator. The park transformation is used to convert the abc frame V and I into the dq0 frame V

36
and I. The conversion into the dq frame simplifies the control of the AC by using a PI controller

tracking a constant DC reference rather than sinusoidal reference of αβ frame and abc frame.

Figure 11: Control System overview

Figure 12: Control Algorithm

37
6.1.1 Phase Locked Loop

To maintain the frequency of PV and Wind source in synchronize with the grid frequency and lock on

to that the matching frequency, the Simulink three‐phase PLL block is used. To track the frequency

and the phase angle of the three phase signal a Simulink block Phase Locked Loop (PLL) is used to

track the frequency and phase of the voltage through an internal oscillator.

Figure 13: Battery Control System ‐ Phase Locked Loop [93]

The PLL primarily includes the three parts: phase detector, low pass filter, and voltage‐controlled

oscillator. The voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) operates in reference the voltage received and

outputs frequency accordingly, i.e. increased voltage results increase in frequency and vice versa.

The VCO feedbacks the outputted frequency to the Phase detector, which compares with the input

frequency and produces an error voltage [93]. The error voltage is then sent to the low pass filter

that only passes low frequency voltage. After the incoming frequency and the output frequency

value is same, the loop is locked, resulting the internal oscillating frequency to maintain the phase

difference to zero.

The output reference frequency from the PLL block is sent to the converter to match the PWM

output signal to be in line with the system reference frequency.

38
6.1.2 Park Transformation

The park transformation converts abc frame into the dq0 frames through conversion of abc frame

into αβ frame and then, converted into dq frame. The abc frame consists of the three sinusoidal

frames, which are simplified with the use of the rotating frame of αβ frame vector with two

sinusoidal frames, the αβ frame is then converted into the dq0 space vector, making it static from

the point of view of the new rotating reference frame [94] [95]. The d and q component are called

direct and quadrature that are constant since both the vector and frame are rotating at the same

speed angular speed.

The use of dq representation in the thesis simplifies the control of the AC by using a PI controller

tracking the constant DC reference rather than sinusoidal reference of αβ frame and abc frame.

Simulink abc to dq0 block is used to carry out the transformation. The dq frame is used to rotate the

AC reference frames to replicate into a DC signals.

Figure 14: Battery Control System ‐ Park Transformation [96]

39
 Figure 15: Battery Control System ‐ abc to dq frame representation [95]

Yazdani et al. 2010 Chapter 4 provides the below 𝛼𝛽 frame representation and control of three‐

phase signals and system [79].

𝑉 0 1/√2 1 0 𝑉 𝑎
2
𝑉 𝛼 1/√2 1/2 √3/2 𝑉 𝑏
3
𝑉 𝛽 1/√2 1/2 √3/2 𝑉 𝑐

Carnieletto et al. 2009 provides the equation of the frame conversion [97]:

𝑉 𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑉 𝛼
𝑉 𝑞 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑉 𝛽

6.1.3 Idref and Iqref Calculation

With the two PI controllers is utilized to control the instantaneous value of P and Q with respect to

the reference P and Q signals. The operation of the P PI controller is the reference grid current Idref

in the d‐axis of the dq reference frame and similarly, the operation of the Q PI controller is the

reference grid current Iqref in the q‐axis of the dq reference frame [67].

40
 Figure 16: Structure of PI Power Controller [67]

6.1.4 Grid Connected PQ Operation

The converter side in the Power Conversion system block is connected to the BESS – a DC power

source. The current controller adjusts the d – direct and q – quadrature components of the current.

The model is devised on the equation devised by Bidram et al 2017 [70] for the PQ control:

𝑉𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤 ∗ 𝐿𝑓 ∗ 𝐼𝑞 𝐾𝑝1 ∗ 𝐼𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑑 𝐾𝑖1 ∗ 𝐼𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑑

𝑉𝑖𝑞 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤 ∗ 𝐿𝑓 ∗ 𝐼𝑑 𝐾𝑝2 ∗ 𝐼𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑞 𝐾𝑖2 ∗ 𝐼𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑞

Where Kp1 is the proportional term and Ki1 is the integral term of the PI controller 1 in the inner

loop;

Kp2 is the proportional term and Ki2 is the integral term of the PI controller 2 in the outer loop;

Id and Iq are the d – direct and q – quadrature current from the power conversion system block

Vd and Vq are the d – direct and q – quadrature voltage from the power conversion system block

Idref is generated from the P error by comparing the calculated values of the generated P with the

grid’s Pref. Similarly, Iqref is generated through the Q components comparison.

41
Furthermore, Yazdani and Irvani 2010 provides a detailed relationship of the dq frame voltage and

current with the active power (P) and reactive power (Q) equations below [79]:

3
𝑃 𝑡 𝑉𝑑 ∗ 𝐼𝑑 𝑉𝑞 ∗ 𝐼𝑞
2

3
𝑄 𝑡 𝑉𝑑 ∗ 𝐼𝑞 𝑉𝑞 ∗ 𝐼𝑑
2

With the use of PLL, during the steady operation, Vsq is equal to zero, hence the above equations

can be rewritten as:

3
𝑃 𝑡 𝑉𝑑 ∗ 𝐼𝑑
2

3
𝑄 𝑡 𝑉𝑑 ∗ 𝐼𝑞
2

The P and Q equation is deployed to calculate the reference P and reference Q.

6.1.5 V‐f Control Operation

Guerrero et at. 2011 defines droop control method as [98]:

𝜔 𝜔𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑚∗𝑃

𝑉 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑛∗𝑄

Where 𝜔ref and Vref are the grid rated angular frequency and voltage

m and n are the droop coefficients

42
 Figure 17: Droop characteristics [98]

The DER sources designated the P and Q according to the stability at 𝜔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉. Katiraei et al. 2006

claim that the formation of the voltage formation block with the P flow is dependent on the phase

angle difference and the Q flow is dependent on the voltage magnitude difference.

Hajilu et al. 2015 highlight the V‐f control current equation as below:

𝑉𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤 ∗ 𝐿𝑓 ∗ 𝐼𝑞 𝐾𝑝1 ∗ 𝐼𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑑 𝐾𝑖1 ∗ 𝐼𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑑

𝑉𝑖𝑞 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑤 ∗ 𝐿𝑓 ∗ 𝐼𝑑 𝐾𝑝2 ∗ 𝐼𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑞 𝐾𝑖2 ∗ 𝐼𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝐼𝑞

The detailed of the equation calculation can be found in [80].

6.1.6 Pulse Width Modulation

The control system generated abc frame signal is fed into the IGBT’s of the converter. Each of the

pulses consists of 1s and 0s, controlling the converter operation by switching the individual IGBTs on

and off.

43
Figure 18: Control Algorithm ‐ PWM signal generation

Figure 19: PWM generation switching signals

44
6.2 Conversion System

The conversion system is connected both ways flow DC battery from/to an AC grid.

6.2.1 Three Phase Full Bridge Converter and LCL Filter

The bidirectional converter method is used for its direct conversion from DC voltage to an AC voltage

and AC voltage to DC voltage. An LCL filter is connected to the VSC to filter the harmonics, followed

by transformer to increase the voltage level.

The converter used in the thesis consists of 3 leg, 6 IGBTs with switching dependent on the Pulse

Width Modulation signal received from the Battery Control System, converts between the AC and DC

signal. The S1, S2, S3, S4, S5 and S6 distinct PWM signals are formed during the DC to AC conversion

in figure 19 is fed into individual IGBT.

Figure 20: Power Conversion System

45
 Figure 21: Power Conversion System ‐ Full bridge bidirectional converter

LCL filter is placed to mitigate frequency harmonics and to level the pulse outputted from the
inverter.

Figure 22: LCL filter

Reznik et al. 2014 summarises the equation to calculate the base impedance L1 L2 and base

capacitance that can be found in [99].

46
The voltage reading after PWM converter, LCL filter and transformer is shown below:

Figure 23: Voltage after PWM converter

Figure 24: Voltage post LCL filter

Figure 25: Voltage post transformer

In the next section, the overall design model is presented.

47
Chapter 7: Model Analysis

The model includes BESS, PV system, Wind Generation, Main grid connection and Load as described

in the Chapter 1 section Introduction to the Kalbarri Microgrid. The DER generation model,

distribution model and Load model is discussed in depth in Chapter 6 Methodology Section

Generation. The current controlled PQ controller compares the generated P and Q to the grid Pref

and Qref providing the PWM signal to the converter. The internal components for BESS, PV, Wind

generation, Load and Maingrid can be found in the Appendix 13.2, Appendix 13.5, Appendix 13.6,

Appendix 13.7 and Appendix 13.8 respectively. The control algorithm model detail is discussed in

Chapter 7 BESS Control Algorithm Model sections: Control system and Conversion system.

Figure 26: Control model

In the next chapter, grid‐connected and grid‐disconnected operations of the microgrid is studied.

48
Chapter 8: Contingency Analysis

The contingency analysis is conducted to investigate the resilience of the microgrid. The model is

operated under different test conditions to observe the output and fitness of the control algorithm.

Under this section, power source switching between grid connected to grid disconnected operations

and the varying load conditions is tested. The two types of analysis are summarised below:

1. Power Source Transition

2. Varying Load Condition

Switching operation is achieved by connecting a Simulink step onto the external control of the three‐

phase circuit breaker block in Simulink.

8.1 Power Source Transition

One of the main implications is the power source transitioning if there is a fault with connection

from the maingrid. The transition is modelled in the Simulink via introducing a time step block

connecting it to the circuit breaker to disconnect the microgrid from the power source in the figure

below:

Figure 27: Contingency Analysis ‐ Power Source transition

49
8.1.1 Power Source Switching Rationale

The switch controlling the operation on the above diagram will open at t1 = 5 seconds and close at

the t2 = 10 seconds. The step value 0 indicates a switch close and the step value 1 indicates a switch

open condition. The switching rationale is shown below Figure 32.

Figure 28: Contingency Analysis ‐ Power Source Switching logic

8.1.2 Observation

The simulation result below reflects the outcome of the transition in the microgrid frequency and

voltage:

50
 Figure 29: Contingency Analysis ‐ Power Source transition frequency output

Figure 30: Figure 30: Contingency Analysis ‐ Power Source transition Voltage output

From the result obtained in the simulation, frequency and voltage fluctuation is identified during the

microgrid transition from grid connected to grid disconnected mode. The switching occurs:

 At time t1 5 seconds, the switch opens causing the microgrid to go offline from the main

grid. A fuzzy behaviour in both frequency and voltage is noted indicating the transition into

maingrid disconnection.

 At time t2 10 seconds, the switch closes causing the microgrid to go back online with the

main grid. Both frequency and voltage are stable after the maingrid takes control of

frequency and voltage regulation.

The PID controller parameters can be found in Appendix 12.10. The result from the simulation is

compared to the result obtained on the research paper conducted by Nguyen et al 2015 [100] on

the grid power transition:

51
 Figure 31: Frequency of microgrid grid system upon power source transition [100]

Figure 32: Voltage of microgrid system upon power source transition [100]

8.1.3 Result Analysis

The obtained result’s frequency and voltage behaviour are compared during the grid‐connected and

grid‐disconnected operation, with fuzzier reading during the grid‐disconnected operation. Both

simulated results and Nguyen et al 2015 outcome indicates a finer frequency and voltage regulation

during the maingrid connected microgrid operation [100].

The slightly out of range voltage fluctuation in comparison to the parameter discussed in Chapter

Section System Stability – Grid Code, indicates a potential issue with the overall control system

design prompt response to the power source transition operation.

52
8.2 Load Variation

A similar approach to the power source transition section of using a time step block connecting it to

the circuit breaker is simulating the varying load conditions. The grid‐connected load variation

conditions are tested by removing the external control in the main grid connected circuit breaker.

The microgrid is operated under different load conditions. The summary of the load conditions is

highlighted below:

Load condition Load capacity Time duration

Load A Normal Load condition 5 MW 0 to 5 seconds

Load B Reduced Load condition (30 5 MW X 0.7 = 3.5 MW 5 to 10 seconds

percent reduction)

Load C Added Load condition (30 5 MW X 1.3 = 6.5 MW 10 seconds onwards

percent added)

8.2.1 Load Value Variation Rationale

A shorter time transition period is used to simplify the observation reading between the switching of

the load values. The time duration can be easily altered by the user via changing the step value.

Below table represents the load value switching operation in the model:

53
 Figure 33: Contingency Analysis ‐ Load variation

The step value 0 indicates load offline and the step value 1 indicates load online in figure 34. The

load variation is conducted by step function block value between 0 and 1 injected in the respective

Load A, B and C circuit breakers. The load switching occurs:

 At time t1 5 seconds: Normal load A is only active while both Load B and Load C are inactive.

 At time t2 10 seconds: Load B is active, while Load A is turned off and Load C continues to

stay inactive.

 At the time t3 10 seconds: Load C is active, Load B is turned off and Load A continues to stay

inactive.

Below step operation result illustrates the varying load condition:

54
 Figure 34: Contingency Analysis ‐ Load variation step rationale

8.2.2 Observation

The simulation reading below highlights the catchment time frame whilst the load variation occurs.

55
 Figure 35: Contingency Analysis ‐ Load variation frequency output

Figure 36: Contingency Analysis ‐ Load variation voltage output

The variation in frequency and voltage is observed during the load transit time frame of t1 = 5

seconds and t2 = 10 seconds. The frequency deviation is the highest level at 50.5 Hz and lowest level

at 49.1 Hz and the voltage deviation at the lowest point 400 V is observed. Due to the event of the

load switching at t1 and t2, the frequency and voltage deviation is noticed. During t1 there is a brief

shift in both voltage and frequency. However, the continual increased frequency and voltage

fluctuation after t2 under the additional load condition stands out compared to Load A and Load B

conditions.

56
8.2.3 Result Analysis

The result obtained from the simulation, there is a frequency and voltage deviation behaviour

difference during the transition from Load A to Load B and Load C respectively. The switching occurs:

 During Load A and Load B, the voltage and frequency reading is steady. However, in

transition to the high value Load C, a significant fluctuation in both frequency and voltage is

observed.

 At each transit event t1 and t2, a brief fluctuation in voltage and frequency is observed. The

shift is expected due to the change in load value. The control algorithm model adjusts the

fluctuation promptly.

 From the result obtained above, the expected performance of the microgrid is steadier

during the normal load condition and reduced load condition than during the additional load

condition.

Chapter 9: Discussion

A summary of the achievements and the issues of the thesis are outlined below:

9.1 Achievements

The research achievements are listed as below:

9.1.1 Research

A thorough analysis of Western Australia’s electrical energy market with a focus on rural community

energy expectations and alignment of the future of SWIS network is conducted. The detailed findings

are presented in the thesis. The thesis further provides insight to the distributed energy sector in

Australia, examining the added benefit brought upon application of energy storage technology. The

thesis also assessed the BESS related current projects, evaluating its use, potential barriers, and

possible benefits to the existing electrical infrastructure.

57
9.1.2 Technical

The decision matrix tool weighed key factor criterion of available battery types suggesting the most

suitable Battery technology: Lithium‐Ion for Kalbarri microgrid.

The design model systematically used the power theory and the VSI converter techniques to

maintain stability in terms of incorporating the inclusion of DER sources: PV generation, Wind

generation, and the energy storage element. The model investigated used a power control system

with a three‐phase sinusoidal abc frame to dq0 frame conversion to incorporate PI controller to

mitigate the intermittence of renewable energy generations, Wind and PV system, within a short

timeframe. The control model proves a method to simulate operation of the microgrid under

transition between grid‐connected to grid‐disconnected condition and vice versa. Furthermore, the

model touched upon the measure to simulate varying load condition in the microgrid.

Finally, the thesis incorporates frequency and voltage behaviour under power source transition and

load variation condition. The author listed observations, including shortcomings and anomalies

found in the simulation and mapped it against the expected result.

9.2 Innovation

9.2.1 Decision Matrix Analysis

The thesis utilised a decision matrix tool to determine the most suitable battery technology.

Thorough analysis of key factors was conducted and systematically assigned weight value for each

shortlisted option in terms of its importance. The tool provided an insight to the Kalbarri microgrid

battery technology requirement and finding the best fit.

58
9.2.2 Utilization of the Simulink Externally Controlled Circuit Breaker

The model utilised by adding a step block into the externally controlled circuit breaker successfully

simulate the microgrid power source transition from grid‐connected to the islandic mode and vice‐

versa. The same measure was used in simulating the load variation condition of stepping up and

stepping down the load.

9.2.3 Switching Control

Zhang et al. 2013 criticises the lack of adequate research on the control mode switch conversion

[68]. The thesis attempted to add an insight into the control mode switch area, the simulation

conducted in the Chapter 9 Contingency Analysis Section Power Source transition examined the

switching control from grid‐connected to islandic mode.

9.2.4 Q Injection
The control algorithm design investigated the use of the PQ control mode for the BESS where P and

Q of the generation sources follow Pref and Qref measured at PCC. The use of VSC enables the

control of the phase and magnitude of outputting voltage allowing to regulate the injection of P and

Q from the BESS.

9.2.4 Incorporated the Proposed PV System

Based on the Western Power Kalbarri microgrid feasibility study, the proposed 1 MW PV system

have been incorporated in the project to provide more insight into the impact of an additional DER

source into the existing microgrid [44].

9.3 Challenges

9.3.1 Voltage Drop

The simulation design observed the voltage drop in the network at the PCC site. Upon investigation

of the issue, the author concludes instability potentially occured in the VSC with the current

59
saturating under large disturbances. The research by Huang et al. 2019 on Control Design of Voltage

Source Converter supports the instability issue with the current limitation can be found in [101].

9.3.2 Simulation Speed

Due to the extensive use of PLL (Phase Locked Loop), including the relational operators and the

power electronic converters devices in the model, the model could not be operated in the Phasor

mode. The model is simulated in the discrete powergui to simulate the EMT (Electro‐magnetic

transient) mode that simulates in a slower speed in comparison to the Phasor powergui mode;

however, discrete mode is claimed to be more accurate than the Phasor mode on Simulink [102].

9.3.3 Limited Existing Research on Control Mode Conversion

The author found the most of the existing microgrid control academic research thesis are aimed on

the grid‐connected converter control. Zhang et al. 2014 supports the author’s claim by highlighting

few researches on the mode conversion [81].

9.3.4 Simulink Design

The author claims to experience the complication in terms of designing the system on the Simulink

software with experiencing rigidity and lack of resource clarity in terms of the operation of the

elements and blocks with the software’s source library.

9.3.5 Software Resources

The author found the lack of adequate resources with the VSI controlled microgrid to assist in

developing the model. The author claims the existing resources available to be mainly theoretical

based with limited resource example on the modelling BESS design on the Simulink software.

60
9.4 Future Improvements

9.4.1 PI Controller Alternatives

The research control model uses PI controller is widely used in the industrial sector and power

systems due to the simple structure, robust operation and reliability. However, PI controller have a

limited capacity in terms of optimally tunning the PI gains for complex systems and it is highly

dependent on the PI parameter values [103].

9.4.2 Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Converter

The thesis used Current Controlled Voltage Source Converter to devise the BESS control algorithm

model. A dedicated current controller scheme tightly regulates CCVSC line current through AC side

terminal voltage. Due to the current regulation scheme, the VSC is protected against overcurrent

and has a high accuracy of instantaneous current control [79]. Also, the current control includes

robustness against variation in VSC and AC system parameters and superior dynamic performance

and higher control precision.

However, the noted issue of the voltage control result from the CCVSC used in the model is

observed. Based on the research thesis by Reed et al. 2013 and Zhou et al. 2015 summarising the

VCVSC advantage of rapid and continuous response for smooth dynamic control and automated P

and Q power control in both steady‐state and dynamic system conditions, the author advises the

model can be further improved by testing the use of VCVSC [104] [2].

9.4.3 Simulation Speed

The simulation model can be improved by operating in a Phasor model to substantially increase the

simulation speed.

61
Chapter 10: Conclusion

The thesis laid a successful foundation in examining the necessities of existing Western Australian

electrical network with an aim to focus in Kalbarri. The thesis presented the justification on why

Energy Storage System is important in the Australian electricity market. The thesis provides a

snapshot of benefits and hurdles of the BESS technology. The thesis utilizes ‘Decision Matrix’ tool to

assess the available battery technologies and suggest the most suitable solution after examining the

important parameters of the project site area. Upon selection of battery technology, the thesis

presented a BESS control algorithm on power theory and existing literature on VSC driven microgrid.

The thesis suggests a theoretical model of the BESS control algorithm. The model extensively used

power electronics element: Three‐phase full bridge Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBTs) and

filters to convert DC into AC and AC into DC conversion. The suggested model uses the Power

Control System based on Phased Lock Loop to synchronise with the grid frequency. The power

control system uses Park transformation to convert the three‐phase sinusoidal abc frame conversion

to a DC reference signal of dq0 frame to incorporate PI controllers.

The model is tested under power source transition and varying load condition. The power source

transition performance of the proposed model establishes an expected dip in both voltage and

frequency during the transition state from maingrid connected to maingrid disconnected condition.

However, the voltage drop during a small period time is slightly outside the voltage range of ±6

percent. Based on observed results, the author concludes control design to develope further to

enable prompt voltage regulation response during the transition state between maingrid connected

to maingrid disconnected condition.

During varying load, the model operates within the satisfactory range under the normal load and

reduced load condition. However, under the added load condition there is both increased voltage

and frequency fluctuation. The added load condition’s frequency fluctuation is up to ±0.6 Hz which is

within the acceptable ±1 Hz range.

62
The thesis simulation utilised CCVSC for its simple controller design, better performance during grid

fault overcurrent, a high accuracy instantaneous current control, and the overall cost saving of the

system for tight regulation of the line current. However, to improve the voltage regulation as a part

of future improvement with a focus on the overcurrent, the model can be revised with the use of

VCVSC for rapid and continuous response for smooth dynamic control and automated P and Q

power control. Both steady‐state and dynamic system conditions are identified as an improvement

compared to the performance of CCVSC driven control in the thesis simulation.

The discussion section summarises the achievements and innovation made, with an inclusion of the

challenges and shortcomings of the design devised. The thesis presented a thorough explanation of

the power theory used and the simulation result obtained, with a summary of the future

improvements.

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74
Chapter 12: Appendices

12.1 BESS Battery Model

12.2 BESS Control Model

75
12.3 Load Variation Model

12.4 Power Source Transition

76
12.5 PV Array

77
12.6 Wind Turbine Model

78
12.7 Load

79
12.7 Main Grid Source

12.8 LCL Filter Calculation

List of parameters needed:

fg Grid frequency

fsw Switching frequency

Pn Active Power

Vdc Dc voltage

Vph Output phase voltage

Ka Desired attenuation

Vn Line‐to‐line RMS output voltage

L1 Inductance on the inverter side

L2 Inductance on the grid side

𝑉𝑛
𝑍𝑏
𝑃𝑛

80
12.9 IGBT

12.10 PID Controller Parameters

81
12.11 Transformer
12.11.1 BESS Transformer

12.11.2 Maingrid Transformer

82
12.11.3 PV Transformer

12.11.4 Wind Transformer

83