Chapter 4

Basic Nodal and Mesh

Analysis

4.1 Nodal Analysis

4.2 The Supernode
4.3 Mesh Analysis
4.4 The Supermesh
4.5 Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis: A Comparison
4.6 Computer-aided Circuit Analysis

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 4.1 Nodal Analysis

- Method
• We select one node in the circuit to be a reference node.
• Node voltage = The voltage of each of the nonreference nodes with respect to the
reference node.
• Use Node voltages as unknown variables to set up Independent KCL equations
(node equations). Find node voltages.
• We can find all branch voltages and currents if we know node voltages

3.1
2 5
→ 3.1 0
2 5

1.4
1 5
→ 1.4 0
1 5

5 , 2
3

Nodal analysis is based on KCL

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 4.1 Nodal Analysis

Example 4.1 Determine the current through 15 resistor

Node 1: 2 →5 2 60

Node 2: 4 → 4 60

20 , 20 0

Example 4.2 Determine the nodal voltages as referenced to the bottom node

Node 1: 8 3
→ 0.5833 0.3333 11

Node 2: 3
→ 0.3333 1.4762 0.1429 3

Node 3: 25
→ 0.25 0.1429 0.5929 25

5,412 , 7.736 , 46.32

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 4.1 Nodal Analysis

Example 4.3 Determine the power supplied by the dependent source

Node 1: 15 → 3 2 30
2

Node 2: 3 → 3 → 15 8 0

40 3
75 3 20 75
20 4500

Example 4.4 Determine the power supplied by the dependent source

Node 1: 15 → 3 2 30

Node x : 3 → 5 3 0

50
3
7
30 55.1
7

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 4.2 The Supernode

To solve the circuit (a) on the left side, a branch

current between v2 and v3 should be assigned.
 Four equations and four unknowns

- Supernode
• A closed region which encloses each
voltage source
• KCL is available to the supernode
• All current flowing into the region sum to
zero

Example 4.5 Determine the node voltage v1

Node 1 : 8 3
→ 0.5833 0.3333 11

Supernode 2-3 : 3 25
→ 0.5833 1.3333 0.45 28

22 1.071

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 4.2 The Supernode

Example 4.6 Determine the node-to-reference voltages

12

Node 2 : 14
.
→ 2 2.5 0.5 14
→ 2.5 0.5 10

Supernode 3-4 : 0.5

.
→ 0.1 0.5 1.4 0
→ 0.5 1.4 1.2

0.2

0.2 0.2
→ 0.2 1.2 0 → 1.2 2.4

∴ 12 , 4 , 0 , 2

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 4.3 Mesh Analysis

• Loop and mesh

• Loop : Any closed path in the circuit
• Mesh : A loop that does not contain any other loops within it
• Mesh Current = The current that flows only around the perimeter of the
mesh. (Independent loop current)
• Use Mesh Current as unknown variables to set up Independent KVL equations
(mesh equations)
• We can find all branch voltages and currents if we know mesh currents.
• We restrict attention only to planar circuits (No branch passes over or under
any other branch)

Non-planar circuit
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 4.3 Mesh Analysis

Loop and Mesh

No path, no loop No path, no loop Loop, No mesh

Loop, No mesh Loop and Mesh Loop and Mesh

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 4.3 Mesh Analysis

Loop 1: 42 6 3 0 → 9 3 42

Loop 2: 3 4 10 0 → 3 7 10

6 , 4 , 2

Loop 1: 42 6 3 0 → 9 3 42

Loop 2: 10 4 3 0 → 3 7 10

6 , 4 , 2

Loop 1: 3 6 42 0 → 9 3 42

Loop 2: 10 4 3 0 → 3 7 10

6 , 4 , 2

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 4.3 Mesh Analysis

Example 4.7 Determine the power supplied by the 2 V source

Loop 1: 5 4 2 2 0 → 6 2 7

Loop 2: 2 2 5 1 0 → 2 7 3

43 2 2
, , 47
38 19
2 2.474
38

Example 4.8 Determine the three mesh currents

Loop 1 : 7 1 6 2 0
→3 2 1

Loop 2 : 1 2 3 0
→ 6 3 0

Loop 3 : 2 6 3 0
→ 2 3 6 6

3 , 2 , 3

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 4.3 Mesh Analysis

Example 4.9 Determine the current i1

Loop 1 : 5 4 4 4 0
→ 8 8 5

Loop 2 : 2 3 4 0
→6 4 3

Example 4.10 Determine the current i1

Loop 1: 5 2 4 4 0
5 2 4 4 4 0
→4 5

Loop 2 : 2 3 4 0
→6 4 3

5
4

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 4.4 Supermesh

• Circuits with current sources

• The current sources reduce the # of simultaneous mesh equations
Example 4.11 Using conventional method

Loop 1: 7 1 0 → 7
Loop 2: 2 3 1 0
→ 6 3 0
Loop 3: 3 0 → 3 4 0
15
7 2 , 9 , , 0.5
6

Using supermesh
Loop 1: 7 1 3 1 0
→ 4 4 7
Loop 2: 1 2 3 0
→ 6 3 0
15
7 2 , 9 ,
6
3 equations and 3 unknowns

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 4.4 Supermesh

Example 4.12 Evaluate the three unknown currents

3
15 3
9 9
1 1 1 2
15 → 15
3 3 3 3
1 2 3 0
→ 6 3 0 → 6 3 15

11 , 17

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 4.5 Nodal vs. Mesh analysis: A Comparison

- In choosing nodal or mesh analysis,

• Non-planar circuit  Nodal analysis
• N nodes  N-1 KCL equations (Each supernode reduce the # of equations by 1)
• M meshes  M KVL equations (Each supermesh reduce this number by 1)
• Controlling quantity in dependent sources : nodal voltage  nodal analysis
mesh current  mesh analysis
• Location of source : current source in mesh line  mesh analysis
voltage source connected to ref.  nodal analysis
• Asking current  mesh analysis, asking voltage  nodal analysis

Find ix Node 1:
→ 0.875 0.5 12.5

Node 2: 8
→ 0.5 0.933 0.1 8

Node 3: 8
→ 0.1 0.3 8

25.89 , 20.31 2.79

2
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 4.5 Nodal vs. Mesh analysis: A Comparison

Loop 1: 100 8 4 0
→ 12 4 100

Loop 2: 2 3 4 0
→ 4 9 3 0

Loop 3: 3 10 8 5 0
→ 3 18 80

2.79

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 4.6 Computer-aided Circuit Analysis

- To analyze a complex circuit, a computer software package is useful

- SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)
- Pspice : SPICE with intuitive graphical interface by MicroSim Corp.

Loop 1: 42 6 3 0 → 9 3 42

Loop 2: 3 4 10 0 → 3 7 10

6 , 4 , 2
Hand analysis using KCL, KVL, and ohm’s law

Orcad schematic capture software Circuit after simulation run

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 4.6 Computer-aided Circuit Analysis

- Circuit simulation example with dependent source

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 4.6 Computer-aided Circuit Analysis

- Node-based Pspice schematic creation (Text-based input format)

Input Deck Output Deck

Homework : 4장 Exercises 4의 배수 문제 (57번 문제까지)

- Due day : 4장 수업 끝나고 일주일 후 수업시작 전까지 제출.

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 이 자료에 나오는 모든 그림은 McGraw·hill 출판사로부터 제공받은 그림을 사
용하였음.

All figures at this slide file are provided from The McGraw-hill company.

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