THE PERIODIC TABLE
1 LABEL THE COLUMNS!! 18
14 15 16 17
2 13
7 8
3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12
WHAT IS THE PERIODIC TABLE?
• Shows all known
elements in the
universe.
• Organizes the
elements by chemical
properties.
KEY TO THE PERIODIC TABLE
• Elements are organized on the
table according to their atomic
number, also called the proton
number
• This refers to how many protons
an atom of that element has.
• No two elements, have the same
number of protons.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
ATOMIC MASS
• Atomic Mass refers to the
“weight” of the atom.
• Atomic Mass refers to the
“weight” of the atom.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
VALENCE ELECTRONS
• Valence electrons are the
electrons in the outer energy
level of an atom.
• These are the electrons that
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA are transferred or shared
when atoms bond together.
ROWS ARE CALLED “PERIODS”
Periods = rows
From left to right
What do elements in a row have in common?
The same number of electron shells
Every element in Period 1 (1st row) has 1 shell
for its electrons (H & He)
All of the elements in period 2 have two shells
for their electrons.
It continues like this all the way down the table
COLUMNS ARE CALLED “GROUPS” OR
FAMILIES
Column = group = families
What do elements in a group have in common?
same number of valence electrons (electrons in the
outer shell)
They share similar characteristics with the other elements in
their family.
Group 1: 1 valence electron
Group 2: 2 valence electrons
Group 13: 3 valence electrons
Group 14: 4 valence electrons
Group 15: 5 valence electrons
Group 16: 6 valence electrons
Group 17: 7 valence electrons
Group 18: 8 valence electrons except He who has 2
METALS
PROPERTIES OF METALS
• Good conductors of heat and
electricity
• Shiny.
• Ductile (can be stretched into thin
wires)
• Malleable (can be pounded into thin
sheets)
• A chemical property of metal is its
reaction with water which results in
corrosion.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
GROUP 1: ALKALI METALS
Physical properties:
-One valence electron
-While going down the group, the reactivity increases.
.
-Also, softness and density increases.
-Whereas, the melting point decreases.
Chemical properties:
-They react vigorously with water producing hydrogen
gas and hydroxides.
-They burn brightly on reacting with halogens to produce
halides.
-They burst into flames on reacting with oxygen to
produce oxides that dissolve in water to form
hydroxides.
WHY ARE THE ALKALI METALS SO
REACTIVE?
• Alkali metals have just one valence electron that they can
lose easily to form an ion. With a +1 charge.
• All compounds that they form are ionic in nature.
• The compounds are white solids.
• They all dissolve in water to form colorless solutions.
GROUP 3-12: TRANSITION METALS
-Variable number of valence electrons
-Less reactive that Group 1 and 2 metals as
they don’t give away their electrons as easily.
-High densities and high melting points
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
SA
-They have variable oxidation states.
-They form colored compounds and often act
as catalysts.
PROPERTIES OF METALLOIDS
• Have properties of both
metals and non-metals
• Solids that can be shiny or dull.
• Conduct heat and electricity
better than non-metals but not
as well as metals.
• They are ductile and malleable.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
PROPERTIES OF NON-METALS
• Poor conductors of heat and
electricity
• Not ductile or malleable
• Brittle and break easily
• Dull
• Many non-metals are gases.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
GROUP 7: HALOGENS
Physical properties:
-Seven valence electrons
-As we go down the group, the density and
boiling points increase.
-Whereas, the reactivity decreases.
-The color also deepens as we go down the
group.
Chemical property:
-They displace a less reactive halogen from its
solution.
GROUP 18: NOBLE GASES
Physical properties:
-Eight valence electrons (except He which only has 2).
-Non-metals
-Colorless gases
-The atomic size, density and boiling point increases as we go
down the group.
-Unreactive, hence called ‘Noble gases’.
-
ACROSS THE PERIODIC TABLE
• As we move along a period :
• The number of valence electrons increase by one
• The elements go from metal to non-metal with a metalloid in between
• The melting and boiling point rise to the middle then decrease
• The oxides move from being basic to acidic with an amphoteric oxide in
between
• The reactivity decreases along the metals but increases along the non-metals.