Village Agriculture & Industrial Development Programme: (V-AID)

After the Indian Independence act of 1947 the present Bangladesh was turned into East
Pakistan. Few years later in 1950 rural development approaches were taken in the then Pakistan
(both east and west).

The village agricultural and industrial development program was a proposal of that time,
one of the first significant attempts that made the villages in focal point. This comprehensive and
integrated rural development program was firstly initiated in 1954 but the main working frame
was structured in 1952 and started working in full swing in 1954 was introduced by the then
govt. of Pakistan with the government employees of different fields e.g. agriculture, health social
welfare.

There were two main objectives of such village development programs. They are:

 Uniting the villagers around common needs, and

 Creating self-help attitudes.

For such errands the socio-economic development of the villagers would essential. For this the
then East Pakistan govt. took steps in the following fields for development:

 Agriculture
 Co-operatives
 Cottage industries
 Land reclamation
 Primary and adult education
 Youths and women’s programs etc.

To maintain their objective the approach was done in a collective operation. As this was
one of the earliest rural development programs the trust sharing of the villagers were low. Their
operations were:

 Raise the productivity output and real income of the villagers by Adopting the modern
technology of farming, sanitation and health, co-operatives and cottage industries.
 Giving a welfare bias to the entire administrative structure of the government.
 Multiply the services like schools, dispensaries and health services, better sanitation
made available.
 Besides these creation leadership and co-operation among the villagers, fishing in rivers,
land redevelopment works and extension of the govt. workers field.

In the very beginning of the starting these programmes worked well and in the third years
ideas for establishing two academies for rural development were taken. By the preparation of
three years in 1959 two academies in Peshwar and Comilla respectively West and East Pakistan
were constructed. The approaches taken in the Comilla academy were known as the Model s of
Comilla. But for structural, administrative and management problem the V-AID was failed. The
features were shown below:

 The govt. employees were failed to become native with them and the remained as
stranger to the villagers.
 Conflicts were arisen between several govt. departments working together.
 The village level workers were unskilled and unable to adopt.
 The administrative structure was weaking tremendously as locally.
 Comilla model

The engaged workers for the V-AID programs by the government of Pakistan were not
acting under a particular authority. As for that reason two academies were constructed for the
rural development in Comilla and Peshwar. The approaches that were taken under the Comilla
academy for rural development is called Comilla model. It was established in 1959 and
organized their works in 1961.

Mr. Ghulam Sattar, in his papers termed “Comilla Models of Rural Development
Significant Relevance” described Comilla Model as the Comilla model evolved out of a series of
experimental or pilot projects designed and conducted by The Bangladesh Academy for Rural
Development (BARD) in Comilla Kotwali Thana. The pilot projects were termed as together the
Comilla model.

The Objectives

 Providing real life learning situations for the trainers of the academy.
 Develop models of programs that could be duplicated elsewhere in the country.

The related terms of Comilla models are Comilla approach, Comilla experiment; Comilla
programs.

Basic assumptions that were fixed for the Comilla approaches are:

 The villagers have the best understanding of the problems of rural life and rural
situations.
 The villagers are the capable of bringing about changes in their condition
 Rural development is un-doubtly much wider and broader in scope and dimension
agricultural development.
 Village should be approached and recognized as the process of modernization.
 Training research and demonstration are essential in promoting rural development and
should be dynamically.

Major components of the Comilla model:

The approaches that were taken by the academy are known as the components of the model.
They are:-

a. Rural works program ( RWP)

b. Thana irrigation program (TIP)
c. Thana training and development centre (TTDC)
d. A two tier rural Co-operative System :
I. Krishi Samabay Samiti (KSS)
II. Thana centre Co-operative Association (TCCA)
A. Rural Works Programs (RWP):

Rural Works Programs is one of the largest programs in Bangladesh for the rural
development. This program was launched at 1962-63 under local government and financed by
the government.

Objectives of this program:

a. Construction of a network of roads, drainage channels, canals and embankment.

b. Provision of employment during the dry idle months to the landless laborers.

Rural development excluding better communication network, transport system, drainage

channels is not possible. This program made a provision for employments in constructing the
roads, embankments, drains using the land laborers in the lean seasons. They build partnership
with the road engineers, WAPDA engineers.

Till the year 1976-77 this program generated 100 million man- days of work that was
supposed to have helped 40% of the landless or near landless families.

B. Thana Training and Development Centre (TTDC)

Objectives of this program were as follows:

a. Decentralize and co-coordinated rural administration

b. Local level planning
c. Development of skills and human resources of the people

Organizational setup:

It was established it serve as a gross root level centre for the rural areas to disseminate
knowledge and technologies through training the chairman and model laborers by the local
experts, local leaders and govt. officers.

Assumptions of the program:

Assumptions was that they, the villagers, should be mobilized among the elected leaders
by themselves and be creating an effective co-ordination for the development works in various
types of activities, guidance work, motivate decisions etc.

Causes of ineffectiveness:

- It was failed to achieve a community comprehensive plan

- Problem of co-ordination between different level workers
- Bad utilizations of the resources
- There was no qualitative participation of designed group
- Designed community has no role in consumption & distribution
- One sided behaviors by the model laborers
- The institutional framework was not so string to continue.

It may be mentioned here that works program generated employed for only about 1% of the
available man till in the days 1982.
C. Thana Irrigation Program (TIP):

It was a program of mid-sixties to develop the rural infrastructure was effective. Mr.
Ghulam Sattar, in his papers termed “Comilla models of rural development significance
relevance” water like soil and sunshine is then East Pakistan’s great resource.

The objectives of this program were as follows:

a. To use these water reservoirs to the fullest extent by mobilizing the farmers.
b. Flood control and develop infrastructure
c. Irrigation for better rice production in dry season and related trainings
d. Pump sharing

The whole program would maintain by chairmen of particular villages. For pump sharing 10
drilling rigs would engage in each village and extract 5 tube wells per month resulting 300 in the
end of 5 years.

Performance:

The capacity of irrigation was expanded by 400% between 1960 and 1974 the area irrigated
increased only by 120% approximately.

Problems:

From the cultivation report it is seen that the program created heavily biased towards big
farmers; 30 % of the group members would enjoying. Lack of technicalities in the physical level.
Financial viability is shown.

D. A two tier rural co-operative system:

This program was launched in [Link] two tier co-operative systems was the most involving,
ambitious as well as intricate program model. It was an attempt to organize the small farmers
forming the overwhelming majority.

Village co-operative system has two layers as :

a. Krishi samaboi Samiti

b. Thana central and Co-operative Association.

In the first step, KSS the government employees organize the farmers through village based
primary co-operatives for basic agricultural development providing technical trainings.

In the second step TCCA providing inputs and services from the thana levels for each village.
The whole development works were guided and supervised from this authority.
3. Swanirvar Bangladesh Movement (SBM):

This movement was an approach of [Link] was an attempt to mobilize the

masses and rectify the defect of Comilla system where participation of ultimate beneficiaries was
limited. The Swanirvar Bangladesh program was created in local, district and national level after
the disastrous flood and famine( occurred in 1973).

The main objective of this program was to make the villages self sufficient in food production.
But for its rapid progressing certain objectives of micro level were included they are pasteurized
below:

a. Increase the food production.

b. Utilizing of available resource properly.
c. Creating village leadership e.g. Imam Parishad.
d. Promoting adult education, and
e. A success making of family planning.

Organizational setup:

The Swanirvar village would consist two parts in structural formation. These are

 Gram sabha(Village council)

 Gram sarker (Village government)

The village council is consisting of a number of a number of adult members of the village.

Performance:

In the first phase, it was proposed that a village plan would be prepared on the basis of
the base line survey in consultation with the committee members and their approved by the
gram sabha.

In the second phase, village plan were combined into union plans and union plans into a
district plan the Thana plans were also be integrated there.

The concept of Swanirvar Bangladesh was excellent for the integrated rural development
in the least development countries but the energy with which it was initiated was quickly lost
and the program was reached its last destination.
4. Food For Work:

It was a program under the RWP approach of the comilla model, by the direction of World
Food Organization (WFO) one of the effective in the Bengali history of development. It was done
in the whole Bangladesh. During the lean seasons when the land labourers pass their days idly
this program was introduced to them as an extent of employment and also for development.
Simply according to the program men and women work for the whole day and at dusk they get
their wages in food grains mainly wheat. Thus the program provides people both works and
food.

The program FFW was done in the villages for the construction of roads, embankments,
drainage channels, canals, dredging of dried rivers etc. As for example: The food control Dam of
14 miles in Khulna district.

As the village level workers hardly able to keep their payments after each days working,
the government has offered to distribute food in lieu of money. In 1975 the program was
introduced only in few districts in Bangladesh and in 1976 it covered 14 districts. In 1976-77 the
two programs generated 100 million man-days of work that was supposed to have helped 40%
landless or near landless labour.

Objective of the program:

 Relieving the distress of the suffering people.

 Creating work facilities for both men and women in rural areas.
 Developing roads and communication with the stress on growing more foods.
 Keeping food price downwards by distributing food among the day labour.
5. Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP):

Integrated rural development program is to replace the Comilla system throughout

Bangladesh. Its second phase launched in 1971 after the independence of Bangladesh and took
the name BARD. The main reasons for establishing the institute to eliminate the sectoral
problem of the Comilla model. It has so far covered 250 Thanas and planned to cover the rest
shortly.

Objectives of IRDP:

 Rapid agriculture extension using the resource properly and by the perfect co-
operation of the local leaders.
 Keep co-ordination among several agencies working for the rural development.
 Extension of activities towards storage, marketing and processing by ancillary
agricultural products.
 To provide the scope of adult education, family planning, rural health, and sanitation
in the long run, and
 Also provide some services to the rural areas e.g. rural electrification, linear services
etc.

Formation :

In the structural formation of this program, it contains two parts. Actually to fulfill the above
objectives the working schedule is divided into two phases. The phases are:

a. Krisi Samaboy Samiti (KSS)

b. Thana central co-operatives Association ( TCCA)

In the first layer (KSS), local farmers were organized through village based co-operatives for
basic agricultural development. In the next layer, TCCA for providing input and services. Its task
was training, supervision, and guidance of development.

Problems:

 The institutional framework was very weak.

 There was no effective participation of the target group.
 Pay less responsibility by the local leaders and local governments for perfect co-
ordination.
 The model farmers took the loin share as better irrigation, adaptations of new
technology etc and thus only a high class group became beneficiary.
6. Thana development centre (TDC) :

In the program named the TDC mean the programs that are for the development at the
Thana level. The available programs to develop the rural areas at the Thana level are :

• Thana Training and Development Centre (TTDC)

• Thana Central Co-operative Association (TCCA)

Thana Training and Development Centre:

Objective of this program were as follows:

a. Decentralize and coordinated rural administration.

b. Local level planning
c. Development of skills and human resources of the people

Organization setup:

It was established it serve as a gross-root level centre for the rural areas to disseminate
knowledge and technologies through training the chairman and model labourers by the local
experts, local leaders and government officers.

Assumption of the program:

Assumption was that they, the villagers, should be mobilized among the elected leader by
themselves and be creating an effective co-ordination for the development works in various
types of activities, guidance work, motivate decision etc.

Causes for ineffectiveness:

 It was failed to achieve a community comprehensive plan.

 Problem of co-ordination between different level workers.
 Bad utilization of the resources.
 There was no qualitative participation of designed group.
 Designed community has no rule in consumption and distribution.
 One sided behaviours by the model labourers.
 The institutional framework was not so string to continue.

It may b mentioned here that the works program generated employment for only about
1% of the available man till in the days 1982.

Thana Central Co-operatives Association:

TCCA, providing inputs and services from the Thana levels for each village. The whole
development works were guided and supervised from this authority. TCCA for providing proper
training about the new technology, decision making event, enhance knowledge in rapid and
more cultivation of food. This program is a part of the integrated rural development program and
the whole development works are guided from this Thana level.

All possible recommendations have been rapidly accepted and quickly adopted mainly
enough from this centre for the better production of the co-operative villagers.
7. Food for Education program (FFEP):

Origin Time:

The food for education is a present program and working very effectively throughout
Bangladesh. The program was introduced in 1992 with the financial help and consultancy of
World Food Organization. It is one of the effective programs for the rural development in
Bangladesh through it is mainly an education based objective program.

Objective of the program:

Through it was mainly set for two objectives but it covered several objectives while conducting
their main program. The two objectives are:

a. Increase the number of students in the primary schools.

b. To decrease the number of dropout students from the primary schools.

It is seen that after studding a certain level in the schools most of the students leave the
schools to work in the fields for agriculture with their parents. After a survey conducted by the
government (by the words of [Link], Head Clark of DPEO) it was found that the students
were leaving the schools by the order of their parents for food production. So the government
created the program of FFE. Under the program Rice and Wheat both in 15 kg. will offer every
student

Extent:

✓ At the starting time it was proposed that in two thanas under each union to
would provide the program.
✓ But where the number of dropout students would higher then the programmed
area would increase.
✓ Now the program is conducted in whole Bangladesh.

Condition:

The percentage of working day of each student must be over 85%. Two types of cards
red and blue are given to the students. The blue cardholders would get 15 kilos of the same per
month.

Problem:

o The food was given to the students by the elected chairman or by the local
representative. So Conflicts created there seldom by the system.
o Present time the dealers distribute it.
Ghore Fera:

Bangladesh is an ago-based country. An85 –percentage person of Bangladesh lives in the rural
areas. Due to various reasons they are leaving the villages. It is common link to them that the
opportunity of jobs is far greater than the villages to the urban areas.

Objective of the program:

The “dal-bhat” program of the B.N.P government was fallen due to some reasons. After the
change of political power the current government creates the program Ghore phera. The main
objective of this program to reduce the number of slums of the Dhaka city.

Operational Process :

The operational process of this program is that the poor, the people living in the sub
standard housing should provide adequate support to sustain their lives in sound in the villages.

Lastly it may be mentioned that the failure of each rural development target due to some
co-ordination problem, lack of administrative, unauthorized use of power and [Link] the
program were performed properly since 1950 the rural areas features would change as a whole.

FOREWORD

Social Darwinism, in sociology, theory formulated in the late 19th century that argues that
the development of individuals and societies follows the pattern described by Charles Darwin in
his theory of evolution by natural selection. Social Darwinists believed that, like animals and
plants, complete the survival and, by extension, success in life. Individuals who become rich and
powerful are the “fittest”, the lower socio-economic classes, thus, are the least fit. Social
Darwinists come to believe that human progress depends on competition. Concerned with the
interaction of social and economic factors.

Bangladesh is thoroughly a rural country, though by the definition of Pourashava ordinance

and others several cities are frequently termed as urban center. But in the small cities it
capacities large number of population forming in urban areas. Above 90 percent people of
Bangladesh live in the rural areas. The agricultural works of the rural areas add 44 percentage
GDP to the country against 14 percentage of the industrial sector. As per the requirements of
the villages are not farmed, it is not developed in both socio and economically. Though the
poverty problem is the greatest one in Bangladesh but the development in the following sector
will change a lot in the socio-economic sector.

• Water supply and sanitation

• Health and nutrition
• Services and facilities
• Rural transportation
• Micro credit
• Education and gender issue
• Rural industrialization

The above aspect would able to bring the sufficient change the individual life status of the
people, thus create a change as whole. As the condition of this sector in Bangladesh is very
poor.
 RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SYSTEM

Water Supply System

The planning of rural water supply and sanitation programmes policy may define as the
achievement of maximum benefit from the development and conservation of water resources. To
the well continuation of the following steps the system may adopted:

 To improve the health condition

 To increase the national and or regional income
 To redistribute income among regions
 To redistribute income among various social groups
 To improve environmental quality

The need of water among various countries varies. In the drought-stricken areas of Pakistan
it may require to keep the people and their animals alive on the contrary in the high potential
areas like Malaysia to boost an already relatively high standard of living.

Selection of the source of water

The choice for the source of water is mainly conducted depending on the following aspects :

 Reliability and volume of supply

 Safest water at reasonable cost
 Water conservation problems
 Consumer preference(ground water may unpleasant to taste to some, may hard for
washing)

Standard system

The standard system for the rural water supply is fixation of the central meeting place
(on the basis of hierarchical movement of people) for the supply of water. The supply is
maintained to that place in pipe. As the rural people do not have enough money to pay the bill of
household water supply by pipes.

Sanitation system

A good sanitation system is required both for the urban and rural areas. As the
unsatisfactory sanitation condition degrade the life style of people tremendously. To develop the
rural sanitation system the following two systems are applicable with its parts as deliberated:

a. Household sanitation system

b. Community sanitation system

Pit latrine

The simple types of pit latrine give rise to the insect and odor problem. Resultant the
improved types of toilets that are formatted.

Composting toilets

This type may act as an important one in certain places. But the advantages considering the
functional appearance is good.
Septic tanks

Septic tanks are basically rectangular underground tanks. The characteristics are as follows:

• Space enough for the retention of 1-3 days

• De-sludging required in every 1-5 years
• Possible in those houses with complete water supply connection system

Community sanitation system requires well organized institutions for the collection service
and operating the treatment facilities. The system may very successfully even in a densely area.
Bucket latrine, vault toilets are the categories of the community sanitation system.

Standard system

For the sanitation system the septic tanks are well enough for the rural people and must
be provided to all the households in least price by both the GO and NGO. The local authority
should maintain the management system for this purpose.

2. MICRO CREDITS

Micro credit and banking is some facilities serve to the rural poor inhabitants to welcome
their lives quite properly in the new dimension. Lack of capital is a major factor, which often
inhibits people from adopting profitable innovations. Capital may of course obtain by saving but
most rural incomes are so low that saving is practically impossible.

These facilities may provide by both the government and non-government organizations.

The distinctions among the several types of credit system provided as follows:

Short time credit: To finance seasonal crop production (seed, fertilizers, insecticides) often
combination of marketing.

Medium term credit: To finance simple farm implements cattle, fishing nets etc.

Long term: To credit to finance more durable farm machineries, land improvements and
equipments for small scale industries etc.

Rural people need additional cash for a variety of purposes; for food during pre-
harvesting period, for cultivation of land, for food or commercial crops, for storage, marketing
and transport of goods, for sending children to school or for sudden expenditures for
hospitalization, for weeding, funerals or other traditional economics (partadireja, 1975). To deny
consumption credit at least in moderate amounts, would only drive the small farmer into the
arms of the money lenders.

The private organization of professor Yonuis named German Bank is a gratitude example
in our country. In this organization the rural people get help in money in the works.

Standard for the micro credit system:

• At the level of district town at least one central credit institution should be present
providing services to all types of credit, including long term loans
• The locality town should at least provide facilities for short and medium term credit taking
in form of a small mobile branch office.
 3. RURAL EDUCATION SYSTEM

During the last four decades education has had four different objectives, the traces of which
can still be found in recent development plans:

 At first education was seen as a means to accelerate modernization. During the colonial
period modernization had created more and more jobs, which required more formal
education and consequently accelerated modernization would require mare educated
people.
 Education was also seen as a means to enlighten the population at large based on
philosophy everything to everybody.
 In the third place formal education would have to create or strengthen a sense of national
identity and solidarity.
 Finally education had to fulfill its role in the passing on of national culture.

But in the ESCAP countries villages is found that the students do not complete their course. That
means the number of drop out student is higher. The continuation of the studding is lack in the
village students. To reduce the dropping number of the students the following steps should
follow:

• Creation of more programs like Food For Work. The scholarship system for meritorious
students.
• Shifting the class hours as the students may help their parents in agricultural works and
also can continue their studies.
• Government should help the poor students by giving books, money and other facilities.
• Training for the drop out students in other purpose be arrange both by GO and NGO.

Some design criteria for the construction of school: The location of school too much
depends on population density, the size of the area served by a specific center and the
percentage of children going to school/ selected for further education.

School location: There is at least consensus of opinion which suggest that 2.5 k.m. is a
reasonable maximum walking distance for young children. The lowest rural central level, the
locality town, usually serves a much longer area.

School size: An optimal utilization of classrooms, notably of such special rooms as science
laboratories, workshops etc. normally requires at least a population of more than 1000. It should
be remembered that on an average the building costs of the school represents only 10% of total
education budget, as against 80% for salaries of teachers and staffs cet. In principle the locality
town is too small to have a lower secondary school, at least if we stick to a minimum number of
1000 students.

So construction of a new school in the rural area seems very expensive. It is possible to create
maximum utilization from least resources. The obvious size for the secondary school in the
district town. It would better to add sufficiently that the upper and lower schools site also be fit
in the district towns.
 4. HEALTH AND NUTRITION

The primary health care is define as essential health university accessible to individuals
and families in the community by the means acceptable by them through their full participation
and at a cost that the both the community and the country can afford.

The WHO defined health as “a state of complete physical , mental, and social, well being
and not merely the absence of diseases or infirmity “. The definition implies the need to analysis
the health problem in the context of socio-economic conditions in a country.

The steps that may evolve in the development of health care system are as follows:

Manpower training: training of the local people is an initiative step for better health care
system. At the village level the WHO proposes auxiliary health worker who are trained for 3-6
month. They do need some simple medicines ad dressing so that they have give some thing to
give people. for the programmes the village community should select the persons who have
good familiarity and good relation with others.

Education in the health care system: education is the key word in the modern health care
which have preventive rather than curative approach. Community participation , self-reliance,
organization and management are essential component. In this way people will be convinced to
improve their health rather than rely on others to do it for them.

Experience shows the rural people rarely succeed in finding solution for their main problems
without being organized. Attachment of the education in health care system include the following
things.

 Prevention and treatment of common diseases( especially the water bones diseases )
 Improve housing facilities (locally available cheap materials, improve housing )
 Facilities of family planning
 Nutrition education
 Proper storage of agricultural produce (mainly reducing the loss ).

Proper distribution of medical supplies : at the regional level a central unit is required for :

 Procuring medical commodities

 Storage of these medicals for 6-12 months
 Maintain and proper repairing of the equipments.

A hierarchy of health care system: the basic of the pyramid is the auxiliary health worker. He
can ne or more villages with a total population of about 2000 and a radius of approximately 5
km. the rural centre’s equipped with some 5-15beds should be located with a total population of
50,000 to 200,000 people.

 A medical doctor for supervision (may be part time basis )

 A medical assistant who received sound training, in charge of the supervision of the rural
health work.
 One or two public health technicians.
 5. SERVICES AND FACILITIES

In the rural areas people very much required the services and facilities related to their
agricultural works. So there mainly provide the economic services and facilities to cultivate and
processing of the crops.

The location of economic services is carefully considered to avoid scarce resources. the
hilarity of rural centers provides a suitable frame work for the locational problems.

Agricultural extensions and veterinary services: if it is seen that the extension of

agricultural works be very purposive to the farmers or the day labors will pass their day idly
then both by the initiation of GO and NGO ‘s the extension be done.

Storage and processing: storage facilities at the best type be ensured to the rural people
specially the product like tea. Tea must be processed close to the production site as the fresh
leaf quality deteriorates rapidly. on the other hand for the Industrial crop like rubber the
locational requirement are less strengthen.

Distribution of inputs: An adequate supply of input like fertilizers fungicides seeds and farm
implements is an essentials pre-requisite in modern farming. Some inputs like seeds produce
locally and other must be purchase elsewhere.

To do this purpose perfectly the local government should responsible for the management and
administrative side.

Miscellaneous agricultural services: the service like specialist spraying , tractor ploughing ,
processing. For instant a tractor repair shop may first emerge at the district town level and
subsequently as the demand increase in the locality towns or even in the village service center.

Consumer goods and services: in general the provision of consumer goods and services is left
to the private sectors. Even at the village level there are always small shops that sell a limited
varieties of daily necessaries.

As the village service center and district town level the variety of goods offered increases as
threshold values for more items are met.

Credit and banking: Credit and banking facilities must be provided to the rural peoples by the
govt.’s and NGO’s initiatives.

Co-operatives: The local peoples are able to facilitate themselves properly firming the co-
operatives among them. The following types may be formed:

 Multipurpose producer crops.

 Consumer crops.
 Credit crops.
 Industrial crops.

Size and location of co-operatives are difficult problems. The desired active perticipitation of
members etc. seems to favor a relatively small area where cohesion is strongest. Secondary and
Tertiary units can be located in district and regional centers respectively.

Local govt. and the Thana level worker would tactfully manage the legislative and co-operation
problem that arise among the members.
 6. Rural Transportation

Transportation systems play a great both in the urban and rural area for the
development. Transportation system means the access. In our country lack of good
transportation system is a barrier towards the development of al types.

The main disadvantage is that the farmers do not have a better access to their
agriculture fields to the homestead. Also for bad transportation system they do not sell their
product in large markets in greater profit. The industrial raw materials like jute, woods, petal
leaves etc. do not reach to the industries in timely. The time effectiveness to the destination
made materials low graded and quite less value.

In Bangladesh at present time there doesn’t exist a good transportation system. Public
transportation in the rural level is not satisfactory condition. From the pattern of transport it is
seen that the on-way facility to the rural access be provide. There should classification that
means Access roads to the collector roads and to the main roads.

Planning Issues:

Firstly there should make the better access to the working areas from the homestead. Secondly
to the flow of agricultural products (to the urban areas or the rural centers) where required the
good system may ensure. Thirdly the public transport has to make more easily to the people. At
least it should serve the people to the Thana level by train. Water transport facilities must make
closer to the village areas. The construction of ghats, ferries etc.

7. Rural Industrialization

Rural industries take part in the development of the whole country, if proper facilities
were added there to continue. With Lo and Salih, it should be remembered that in the past
industrial development strategies in the ESCAP countries have a strong urban bias.

Good transportation facilities, realm of taxation and credit may induce individual
entrepreneurs to invest in a designated growth poles for industries. The growth poles are
normally regional centers in “Upward transitional” areas and but much less frequently, in
“downward transitional” regions.

The objectives for the establishment of rural industries are as follows:

 To help curb the follow of migrants to urban centers.

 To strengthen economic base of rural centers.
 To make the full use of existing skills in the areas.
 To process local agricultural produce.
 To provide essential inputs and customer goods to farmers and other local peoples.

Types of rural industries: In the rural areas all types of industries are not applicable. Only the
small-scale industries be constructed they’re using the following locally things.
  Raw materials
 Local demands
 Skills of local people

It will uneconomic to engage the agricultural labour to the industrial sector, it will create a
great imbalance in the agricultural works. It will loss the production and the skilled farmers.

Local markets are often small the purchasing power of most rural people is extremely
limited. Hence rural industries in so far they do not provide essential services to the farmers
should preferably be of a basic nature in order to generate more income in the area.

The industrial development-screening matrix as developed by Sweet (1970) could with

appropriate modifications be a useful tool in the search for suitable rural industries.

Appropriate Technologies: The adaptation of the appropriate technology is the main aspect
for the establishment of rural industries.

Schumacher (1973) especially advocated the use of intermediate technology. He emphasized the
basic four types basic propositions.

 Workplaces should be located where people live.

 Workplaces must be low cost and not require huge amounts of capital.
 Production techniques, organizations, raw material supply, financing and marketing
arrangements should depend primary on the locally available resources.
 Production should use local materials and be aimed primarily at local consumers.

The following list of criteria may serve as a guide to the identification and design of
appropriate technology: capital, labour, skills, scale, acceptability, maintenances, construction
materials, out puts and risk.

One organization authority for the proper co-ordination be set up and to continue the following
aspects:

 The identification of suitable growth points and industries for the promotion of
industries.
 The collection of relevant information pertaining to adequate technology, making
them available to potential investors.
 The co-ordination of licensing, credit facilities, subsidies.
 The prevision of adequate infrastructure facilities.
 The active promotion of rural industries through advertising campaigns.

Various types of programmes to support industrial development in the rural areas are at
present being arranged in the developing countries .The following screening matrix develop by
sweatand and modified by Darkoh should easily find out the types of industries for rural areas.