PHILOSOPHY Quarter 2 – Module 5 - The person has the freedom
of mobility to go where he or
Freedom of the Human Person
she wants to go.
2. Psychological Freedom
- also called freedom of
choice.
Freedom - the person is free to perform
actions that he or she
- The ability to make choices and considers right or wise.
perform those choices. - is innate and cannot be
- The ability to be do what we want denied to a person.
and to decide and create one-self.
3. Moral Freedom
Two concepts that will help us fully - refers to using freedom in a
understand freedom: manner that upholds human
dignity and goodness.
1. Freedom itself - A person must use his or her
- quality or state of being free. freedom to grow as a person
- capacity to choose of what
we wanted and an inner
awareness of what is right
and wrong that is traced to
our free will according to ELEMENTS THAT DEFINE
Aristotle. FREEDOM
- it is a part of our human
nature.
1. Voluntariness
2. Free will
- It is the ability of a person to
- allows us to decide on things
act of his or her own free will
we do depending on the
and self- determination.
situation.
- Voluntary acts are free
- ability to choose between
acts which can be
two different possible
assigned a corresponding
courses of action,
moral value.
independently
- ability to choose things
2. Responsibility
according to our moral
- Responsibility refers to the
reasoning.
person being accountable
for his or her action and
their consequences.
KINDS OF FREEDOM
1. Physical Freedom
- absence of any physical
restraint.
• Prudence - ability to govern and ▪ It refers to the
discipline oneself with the use of characteristics of the
reason; it is having caution and human person to engage
giving good judgments in making in a very intimate and
decisions. personal relationship with
• Self-reflection - allows us to be others who are different
from him or her but who
more rational in making choices
are also like him or her.
▪ A deeper level of
interaction between the
Lesson 3: Exercising Freedom in a self and the other, on the
Responsible and Beneficial Manner other hand, is the
awareness of the self as
being seen by others.
Freedom should be exercised with ▪ is the condition of man, a
regard for knowledge and truth. subject among other men
who are also subjects
As a rational beings, it is natural for ▪ it presupposes human
us to think before we act. We use our beings’ connectivity with
freedom to acquire knowledge, which other human beings.
in turn are useful in making right and ▪ highlighting the idea, the
sound decisions essential in dealing humans are able to relate
with our life situations. and interact with other
people conscious or
unconscious.
Freedom should be exercised to
uphold the freedom of others.
Freedom is recognized and
guaranteed right for all persons.
Meaning, freedom should be enjoyed
by all.
IDEOLOGIES CONCERNING
MODULE 6 INTERSUBJECTIVITY
What is Intersubjectivity?
I - Thou Relationship
The Element of Interpersonal
Relationship • This summons each self -
consciousness to treat one
another not as an object but as a
What is Intersubjectivity subject as THOU and not as IT.
• conceived by Martin Buber .
▪ is a philosophical concept
that explore the mutual
recognition of each other
Intentionality
as persons.
• describes the relationship of a and intimacy that arises in
subject to the object of certain situations or experiences.
consciousness.
• Edmund Husserl calls
intentionality the “fundamental Seeming
property of consciousness”
• actions where an individual
present himself or herself in a
Presence certain way when dealing with
others.
• recognizing the self as a “Being - • Persons take on “roles” or act
Among - Beings” and out characters when dealing with
acknowledging the relevance of certain people or when uncertain
other’s experiences to the self, situations. This is considered
as a being not just “here-ness” of unconscious, natural act on the
a mere physical object. part of humans.
• according to Gabriel Marcel, this
refers to the sense of immediacy
and intimacy that arises in PERSONALITIES BEHIND
certain situations or experiences. INTERSUBJECTIVITY
Martin Buber
Ethics
• was born on February 8, 1878,
• first philosophy because it is only and died on June 13, 1965. He
by acknowledging the command is a prolific writer, author,
in the ‘fac(e’ of the other that we scholar, and political activist.
can account for the sensitivity to
the normative distinctions that Edmund Husserl
structure intentional content.
• Emmanuel Levinas believes • was the principal founder of
that, one should go out of the phenomenology (20th century)
self and see the vulnerable in He has made important
the face of the other. contributions to areas of
philosophy such as linguistics,
sociology and cognitive
ELEMENT OF INTERPERSONAL psychology.
RELATIONSHIP
Gabriel Marcel
Dialogue
• (born Dec. 7, 1889, Paris,
• recognizing the self as a “Being - France—died Oct. 8, 1973,
Among - Beings” and Paris)
acknowledging the relevance of • French philosopher, dramatist,
other’s experiences to the self, and critic.
as a being not just “here-ness” of • His philosophical works explore
a mere physical object. aspects of human existence
• according to Gabriel Marcel, this • Central to Marcel’s
refers to the sense of immediacy intersubjectivity are three
inseparable pillars of love, Society – refers to the organized group
fidelity, and hope of people whose members interact
frequently and have common territory
Emmanuel Levinas and culture.
Culture – refers to everything which is
• was born December 30, 1905, socially learned an altered by members
Kaunas, Lithuania and died on of the society.
December 25, 1995, in Paris, Socialization – the process by which
France).
individuals develop their potential and
• He is a Lithuanian-born French
acquire culture.
philosopher renowned for his
Social Stratification – hierarchical
powerful critique of ontology's
preeminence in the history of systems that the society uses to divide
Western philosophy people into levels based on wealth,
• asserts that “the Other's power and prestige.
‘exteriority’ does not consist in Social Structural – refers to the
the difference between my pattern of interaction and networks of
appearance systems and his or relationship in a society which includes:
hers, but in the Other's ability to
- Status - known as the social
call me (normatively) into
question: ‘The presence of the position of an individual
Other is equivalent to this calling - Role - the behavior that is
into question of my joyous expected upon an individual
possession of the world” based on social identity
- Institution cluster of norms
MODULE 7 - performs social functions
- Group - composed of two or
“The Social Contract Theory” more persons who share
common pattern of social
“Forms of Societies” interaction.
The Human Person in the
Society Distinctions of Status
God did not create man as a - Achieved Status – a social
“Solitary Being” but wanted him to be position which an individual
a “Social Being” (Genesis 1:27, 2:18- assumes and reflect
20, 23). Life in society is not something personal ability and effort.
“added-on” for the human person, it - Ascribed Status – social
stems from an important dimension position assigned to an
intrinsic to human nature. Human individual.
Beings can grow and attain their calling - Master Status – social
in life only in union with others or position that shows persons
associators. At this sense, human identity and shapes its life.
person is situated in the context of
Discrepancies concerning the
change in the society that is crated in
Role of a person
political, social, cultural and economic
aspect. - Role Conflict- a conflict
between the role
associated with two or fulfill their goals and achieve
more statuses. well-being.
- Role Strain – tension
between the role
How does society influence our
associated with a single
development as persons?
status.
• Society is the backdrop by which
we adopt the prevailing culture,
What drives human being to identity, values, ideas and
establish societies? knowledge of the person.
• Society influences the interaction
▪ Exists to relate with others.
of its members through the
▪ A social being by nature.
establishments of norms, which
▪ A persons’ experiences vary on
are set of traits and behavior that
the relationship he or she has
society considers acceptable.
with others.
• Society transforms human
▪ Expand horizons.
relations which leads to the
▪ Establish friendship
transformation of its members.
“The Social Contract Theory”
“Forms of Societies”
1. Thomas Hobbies – governed by
1. Hunting and Gathering - earliest
their desires often lead to conflict.
and simplest form of government
Social contract is an agreement.
where members are treated equally.
2. John Locke – more cooperative and
reasonable knows as “consent of the 2. Pastoral Society – domestication
governed” of animals for more stable food and
3. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s – one supply, trade with other societies
who organized society and establish and engages in handicraft.
an authority “general will” empowered
government to act their behalf. 3. Horticultural Society – small scale
4. John Rawls – humans having “a veil cultivation and domestication, it is
of ignorance” to seek a just and a fair semi-nomadic and the task as well
society. as the role are based on gender.
5. David Gauthier – people’s “self- 4. Agrarian or Agricultural Society –
interest” actions of individual in improve technology and use of tools
meeting their individual needs. to aid in farming structured systems
often lead to conflict.
The Common Good
5. Feudal Society – higher classes
• Desire to achieve the goal of are paid and treated with high
survival. respect.
• United and work together
because of the natural desire for 6. Industrial Society – a society
goodness. concentrated to specialized
machineries, innovations,
• Refers to social conditions which
transportations and communication.
enables persons and group to