Chapter 5 DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
5.1. INTRODUCTION TO DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
5.2. SOLVING DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
5.3. DIMENTIONING ON DETAIL DRAWINGS
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5.1. INTRODUCTION TO DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
5.1.1. Definition
5.1.2. Classification
5.1.3. Components in a dimensional chain
5.1.4. Principles in designing a dimensional chain
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5.1.1. Definition
A linear dimensional chain is a set of independent parallel dimensions
which continue each other to create a geometrically closed circuit.
They can be dimensions specifying the mutual position of components
on one part or dimensions of several parts in an assembly unit.
A4 A3 A2
A1
A3 A2
A1
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5.1.2. Classification
a) Depending upon the structure of dimensional chains:
* Part dimensional chain
* Assembly dimensional chain
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5.1.2. Classification
a) Depending upon the structure of dimensional chains:
1
3
2
5 4
6
N1
A∑
O1 T B Đ O2 N2
H
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Assembly dimensional chain
5.1.2. Classification
b) Depending upon the relative situation of components in a
dimensional chain:
* Linear dimensional chain
* Two-dimensional chain
* Three-dimensional chain
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5.1.3. Components in a dimensional chain
+ In a dimensional chain, there are 2 types of components :
* Partial components: dimensions, of which the size, tolerance
and limit deviations are independent on those of other dimensions
in the dimensional chain.
Designation: Ai , i = 1, 2, … , n
* Closed component: dimension, of which the size, tolerance
and limit deviations are dependent directly on those of partial
dimensions.
Designation: A
Closed component
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5.1.3. Components in a dimensional chain
Machining process:
A4 , A5 , A1 , A2
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5.1.3. Components in a dimensional chain
+ Depending on how the change of partial component affects
the change of the closed component, two types of partial
components are distinguished in dimensional chains:
* Increasing partial components: partial components, the
increase of which results in an increase of the closed component.
* Decreasing partial components: partial components, the
increase of which results in a decrease of the closed component.
Closed component
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5.1.3. Components in a dimensional chain
A1 A2 A3
A4
Increasing component Closed component 10
5.1.3. Components in a dimensional chain
A1 A2 A3
A4
Decreasing component
Closed component
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5.1.4. Principles in designing a dimensional chain
* Dimensions must continue each other to create a
geometrically closed circuit.
* There is only one closed component in a dimensional chain.
* “The shortest dimensional chain” must be designed.
A2 A2 A2
A1 A1 A3 A1 A3 A4
A5
A3
A4
The shortest dimensional chain
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5.2. SOLVING DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
Using method of full interchangeability or "Worst Case" method
When solving tolerance relations in dimensional chains, two
types of problems occur:
+ Direct task:
Known: A1 ; A2 ; … ; An
Find: A∑
Application: Direct tasks are usually used for
- Calculating location error of a dimension of a workpiece
when machining.
- Checking components and assembly units manufactured
according to the specific drawing.
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5.2. SOLVING DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
+ Inverse task:
Known: A∑ and (n-1) Ai
Simple inverse task
Find: an unkown partial component
Known: A∑
Complex inverse task
Find: A1 ; A2 ; … ; An
Application: Inverse tasks are usually used for
Transfering dimensions in designing to dimensions in
machining .
Calculating the accuracy of parts from the accuracy of
machines or machine units.
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5.2. SOLVING DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
5.2.1. Relationship between components in a dimensional
chain
+ Machining process: A3, A2, A4 A = A1
and relationship between components:
A = A1 = A4 - A3 - A2 (5-1)
+ A = A3 and relationship between components:
A = A3 = A1 - A2 (5-2)
+ Machining process: A1, A2 A = A3
and relationship between components:
A = A3 = [Link] + [Link] (5-3)
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5.2. SOLVING DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
* Relationship between components in a dimensional chain:
(5-4)
With i: coefficent of impact of the partial components on the
closed one.
In a linear dimensional chain, = +1 for increasing
components and = -1 for increasing components.
(5-5)
m: number of increasing n-m: number of decreasing
components components 16
5.2. SOLVING DIMENSIONAL CHAINS
5.2.2. Solving dimensional chains
* Direct task
(5-5)
(5-6)
(5-7)
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The upper limitting deviation of the closed component:
(5-8)
The lower limitting deviation of the closed component :
(5-9)
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The tolerance of the closed component T∑ :
(5-10)
In a linear dimensional chain :
(5-11)
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5.2.2. Solving dimensional chains
* Complex inverse task
Ex: The specific qualification of the machine unit is A = 1+0,5 mm
A1 A2 2
Known : A1 = 120mm,
A2 = 50mm, 3
A3 = A5 = 5mm. 4
A1 A2
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A3 A4 A A5 6
A3 A
A4 20
A5
5.2.2. Solving dimensional chains
* Complex inverse task
Step 1: Assuming that all partial components have the same
accuracy
a1 = a2 = a3 = … = an = atb
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Ti = ai . ii = atb . ii = atb (0,45 Aitb + 0,001 Aitb) (5-12)
T∑
atb = (5-13)
m n
[Link] [Link]
i=1 i=m+1
500
= = 64,8
[2,17+1,56][(-10,73)2+(-12,52)]
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Step 2: Selecting the accuracy of partial components
Formula IT5 IT6 IT7 IT8 IT9 IT10 IT11
Tolerance value 7i 10i 16i 25i 40i 64i 100i
Formula IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16 IT17 IT18
Tolerance value 160i 250i 400i 640i 1000i 1600i 2500i
Selecting the accuracy of partial components is 10th grade
(a = 64) and A4 is the compensation component.
Step 3: Determing limitting deviations of n-1 partial components:
A1 = 120H10 = 120+0,14 ;
A2 = 50H10 = 50+0,1 ;
A3 = A5 = 5h10 = 5-0,048
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Step 4: Calculating the compensation component A4
0,5 = (0,14 + 0,1) + [(-1)(-0,048).2 + (-1)EIA4]
EIA4 = -0,164
0 = 0 + [0 + (-1)ESA4]
ESA4 = 0
A4 = 159-0,164
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5.3. DIMENSIONING ON DETAIL DRAWINGS
5.3.1. Basic requirements in dimensioning
* Standard preferred sizes must be used.
* Dimensioning deriving from qualifications of parts and
machine units.
* Dimensioning must be created the most favourable
conditions for machining parts and machine units.
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5.3. DIMENSIONING ON DETAIL DRAWINGS
5.3.2. Basic principals in dimensioning
* Principals 1:
Dimensioning for standardlized fits.
* Principals 2:
Dimensioning deriving from analyzing dimensional chains.
* Principals 3:
Dimensioning must be created the most favourable conditions
for machining parts and machine units.
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5.3. DIMENSIONING ON DETAIL DRAWINGS
5.3.3. Methods for dimentioning
a) Chain (continuous) dimensioning
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5.3. DIMENSIONING ON DETAIL DRAWINGS
5.3.3. Methods for dimentioning
b) Parallel (progressive) dimensioning
* Parallel dimensioning from a datum in designing
a datum in
designing
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5.3. DIMENSIONING ON DETAIL DRAWINGS
5.3.3. Methods for dimentioning
b) Parallel (progressive) dimensioning
* Parallel dimensioning from a datum in machining
a datum in
machining
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5.3. DIMENSIONING ON DETAIL DRAWINGS
5.3.3. Methods for dimentioning
b) Parallel (progressive) dimensioning
* Parallel dimensioning from a datum in designing
and a datum in machining
a datum in
a datum in designing
machining
A1
B1 A2
B2
B3
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5.3. DIMENSIONING ON DETAIL DRAWINGS
5.3.3. Methods for dimentioning
c) Combined dimensioning
A1 A2 A3
B1
B2
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