Basic Enhancement
Textbook
For Reading, Arithmetic, and Arts
Literacy Training Service - 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Development Team of the Module
Writer’s Name:
Editor’s Name: JM Christine R. Garcia
Reviewer’s Name: Genesis Gamaliel R. Montecino
Management Team:
Published by:
Foundation University, College of Education, NSTP-LTS, English 1st year students
Instructor: Genesis Gamaliel R. Montecino
Printed in the Philippines by:
You will be able to process the contents of learning resources while being an active learner.
This textbook has the following parts within each section.
What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are
Know expected to learn in this module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check what you already
know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct
(100%), you may decide to skip this module.
What’s In Connects previous lessons or concepts to the new lesson, reinforcing
foundational learning.
What’s New Introduces new concepts, skills, or information that will be covered
in the lesson.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to
help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More Offers additional activities or exercises to reinforce the new learning
and deepen understanding.
What I have This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your
Learned new knowledge and skills into real life situation or concern
What I can Do This includes questions or blank sentence paragraph to filled and to
process what you've learned from the lesson
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in
achieving the learning competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your
Activity knowledge or skill of the lesson learned.
READING
INTRODUTION
This module is a teaching material created by Education students for use in NSTP-
Literacy Training Service (NSTP-LTS) tutoring sessions. It is designed to help tutors
effectively develop students' reading skills, providing a structured and engaging
learning experience.
Each section of this module follows a step-by-step approach, including activities,
exercises, and discussions that will guide both the tutor and the learner in
improving reading comprehension, fluency, and critical thinking.
A pre-test is included to assess the learner’s initial reading ability and identify
areas that need more attention. At the end of the module, a post-test allows for self-
assessment and evaluation of progress. Answer keys are provided for reference,
and tutors are encouraged to use them responsibly.
To ensure effective tutoring, notes to the tutor are included, offering strategies,
reminders, and additional guidance to enhance lesson [Link] and learners
should handle this module with care and use a separate sheet of paper for
answering exercises and tests. All instructions should be read carefully before
completing any activity.
What I Need to Know
Learning Competency
This module is designed to enhance your ability to understand, analyze, and
interpret written texts. It aims to develop your skills in identifying main ideas,
making inferences, recognizing supporting details, and understanding the structure
of different types of texts. Through various reading exercises, you will improve
your ability to engage with texts critically and effectively, making connections to
both the content and your own experiences. The content of this module is
structured to guide you through a range of texts at varying levels of complexity,
allowing you to progress at your own pace while reinforcing key reading strategies.
The language used is clear and accessible, ensuring that you build confidence and
competence in reading comprehension.
Learning Objectives
By the completion of this module, students are expected to;
Knowledge: develop A2 level fluency in reading English;
Skill: identify and correctly pronounce words, and make inferences
from the texts; and
Attitude: gain confidence in their English reading and writing skills.
English Alphabet: Vowels and Consonants
What I Know
Instructions: Students will be presented random letters from the English Alphabet. They will be
asked to identify the letter to be either a vowel or a consonant, then pronounce the letter they
identify.
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii
Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss
Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
What’s In
There are a total of 26 letters in the English Alphabet.
Five of the letters are vowels:
Aa - Ee - Ii - Oo - Uu
Twenty-one of the letters are consonants:
Bb, Cc, Dd, Ff, Gg, Hh, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz
Each consonant and vowel can be combined together to create words. Follow the CVC structure:
Consonant – Vowel – Consonant
1. Cat
2. Dog
3. Rat
4. Sit
5. Far
6. Ten
7. Van
8. Kit
9. Jam
10. Gig
What I Have Learned
Read the word on the flashcard aloud. After reading, the flashcard will be flipped to show
a matching picture of the word on the backside.
Pan
Map
Bat
Map
Ham
Bus
Pig Bed
Key Lid
What’s More
Sometimes the letter Y can be a vowel, commonly pronounced as /ay/.
Examples: why, shy, fly, by, dry, fry, my, spy, sly
What I can do
Instruction: Read aloud words that are on flashcards as fast as they can. Words that are
pronounced correctly will be put in Box 1 and the words pronounced with difficulty
Sad
Fat
BOX 1
Gum
Zip
Pin
Sky
Bun
BOX 2
Lip
Cry
Assessment
Instruction: Answer the following questions. If the question requires verbal exercise, do so as
instructed.
1. How many letters are there in the English Alphabet?
2. How many vowels are there is the English Alphabet?
3. Pronounce each vowel.
4. How many consonants are there in the English Alphabet?
5. Pronounce each consonant.
6. Give at least 5 words that combine consonants and a vowel.
7. When is the consonant letter Y pronounced as /ay/?
8. Give at least 3 words that used Y as a vowel.
Additional Activities
Instruction: Write down the three-letter words that the teacher will be dictating. Your answers
must be written down on a piece of paper.
ARITHMETIC
INTRODUCTION
This module is a teaching material created by Education students for use in
NSTP-Literacy Training Service (NSTP-LTS) tutoring sessions. It is designed to
help tutors effectively teach students who need academic support, providing a
structured and engaging learning experience.
Each section of this module follows a step-by-step approach, including
activities, exercises, and discussions that will guide both the tutor and the learner
through the lessons.
A pre-test is included to assess the learner’s prior knowledge and determine
areas that need more focus. At the end of the module, a post-test allows for self-
assessment and evaluation of progress. Answer keys are provided for reference,
and tutors are encouraged to use them responsibly.
To ensure effective tutoring, notes to the tutor are included, offering
strategies, reminders, and additional guidance to support lesson delivery.
Tutors and learners should handle this module with care and use a separate
sheet of paper for answering exercises and tests. All instructions should be read
carefully before completing any activity.
If tutors encounter challenges or need clarification, they are encouraged to
seek assistance from their instructor or facilitator.
Thank you, and we hope this module helps create a meaningful and
productive tutoring experience in the NSTP-LTS program!
Learning Competency
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It aims to develop your understanding
of place value, number operations, rational numbers, and their applications in ratio, proportion,
and real-life problem-solving. The scope of this module ensures that you build a strong
foundation in arithmetic and mathematical reasoning. The language used is simple and
appropriate for different levels of learners. The lessons are arranged sequentially, but you may
proceed at your own pace.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
Knowledge (K) – Define place value, rational numbers, ratio, and proportion. Identify
different types of fractions and decimals. Recognize operations on whole
numbers, fractions, and decimals.
Skills (S) – Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on whole numbers,
fractions, and decimals. Convert fractions to decimals and vice versa. Simplify
ratios and solve proportions. Solve real-life problems involving arithmetic
operations, rational numbers, and proportional reasoning.
Attitudes (A) – Show accuracy and precision in performing mathematical computations.
Apply logical reasoning in solving mathematical problems. Demonstrate
confidence and perseverance in tackling mathematical challenges.
Answer the question that incorporates
number sense (counting, place value, comparing, and ordering) "A farmer harvested 3,248 apples
from Orchard A and 2,975 apples from Orchard B"
1. How many apples were harvested in total?
a. 6,223 b. 6, 541 c. 6,213
2. Which orchard produced more apples?
a. Farmer A b. Farmer B c. None of the above
3. What is the place value of ‘2’ in the number 3,248? (Place Value)
a. 200 b. 248 c. both a and b
4. Arrange the two numbers in ascending order." (Ordering)
a. 2,975 & 3,248 b. 2,985 & 3,248 c. both a and b
5. Which of the following is an example of an even number?
a) 13 b) 22 c) 37 d) 51
6. Which of the following is an odd number?
a) 14 b) 28 c) 57 d) 64
7. Which of the following is a prime number?
a) 14 b) 21 c) 23 d) 30
8. Which of the following is a composite number?
a) 11 b) 17 c) 19 d) 18
9. What is the absolute value of -8?
a) 0 b) 8 c) -8 d) 16
10. Which number is divisible by both 2 and 3?
a) 15 b) 20 c) 18 d) 9
11. Which number is a prime number?
a)1 b) 4 c) 5 d) 9
12. Which of the following is an example of a composite number?
a) 2 b) 5 c) 7 d) 12
Finding prime and composite number of a Fundamental numbers.
1. List all the prime numbers between 1 and 20.
2. Determine whether the following numbers are prime or composite: 17, 25, 31, 39, 47, 51.
Count and determine if the total is even or odd.
a. . b.
Fundamental numbers in
basic mathematics are the essential
numbers used for counting and
calculations. These include:
Natural Numbers: These are the
numbers we use for counting. They
start from 1 and keep going: 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, and so on.
Whole Numbers: These are just like
natural numbers, but they also include
0. So, whole numbers are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
and so on.
Integers: Integers include all whole numbers plus the negative numbers: -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and
so on.
Rational Numbers: These are numbers that can be written as fractions, like ½, ¾, or even whole
numbers like 3 (which is really 3/1). These numbers can be positive or negative.
They form the foundation for arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division, making them crucial for everyday math.
Number sense is a fundamental understanding of numbers and their relationships, allowing people
to use them flexibly and efficiently. It includes recognizing numbers, understanding place value,
estimating, comparing, and performing mental math.
Recognizing numbers: Knowing what a number looks like.
For instance, when you see the number "5", you recognize it as five, no matter where it appears.
Example:
• Recognizing 5 as the number.
• Recognizing 42 as a two-digit number, and knowing that it represents forty-two.
Understanding place value: Knowing what each digit in a number means (like 3 in 345 is 300).
Place value means knowing what each digit in a number means based on its position. In
the number 345, the digit 3 means 300 because it is in the "hundreds" place.
Example:
• In the number 345,
o The 3 is in the hundreds place, so it represents 300.
o The 4 is in the tens place, so it represents 40.
o The 5 is in the ones place, so it represents 5.
Estimating: Guessing about numbers to make math easier.
Example:
If you want to estimate 47 + 39, you could round the numbers to the nearest ten to make it easier.
• 47 rounds to 50 39 rounds to 40 Now, 50 + 40 = 90.
We can also round off numbers using the following steps:
1. Identify the digit in the rounding place. This is called the rounding digit. 15 678
2. Identify the digit to the right of the rounding place. 15 678
2.1 If the digit to the right of the rounding place is less than 5 (0, 1, 2, 3 or 4), round the
number down by leaving the rounding digit the same. Then, change all digits to the right
of the rounding digit to zero.
2.2 If the digit to the right of the rounding place is 5 or greater than 5 (6, 7, 8 or 9), round
the number up by adding one to the rounding digit. Then, change all digits to the right of
the rounding digit to zero.
Comparing: Comparing numbers means deciding which
number is bigger, smaller, or if they are equal. You use
symbols like < (less than), > (greater than), and = (equal
to) to show comparisons.
Example:
• 57 and 63:
o 57 < 63 (57 is smaller than 63).
• 120 and 120:
o 120 = 120 (both numbers are equal).
Mental math: Mental math is solving problems in your head, without using a calculator or paper.
It requires a good understanding of number sense
34 + 56
• Break it into parts: 30 + 50 = 80, and 4 + 6 = 10
• Then 80 + 10 = 90.
Mental math: Mental math is solving problems in your head, without using a calculator or paper.
It requires a good understanding of number sense
34 + 56
• Break it into parts: 30 + 50 = 80, and 4 + 6 = 10
• Then 80 + 10 = 90.
Double 16:
• 16 × 2 = 32 (this can be done quickly by doubling 10 to get 20, then doubling 6 to get 12,
and adding them together).
Even numbers are those that can be divided by 2 without a remainder, ending in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8
(e.g., 2, 4, 10).
Example of Even Numbers:
• 2 (ends in 2) • 22 (ends in 2)
• 4 (ends in 4) • 100 (ends in 0)
• 10 (ends in 0)
Odd numbers cannot be evenly divided by 2and end in 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9(e.g., 1, 3, 7).
Example of Odd Numbers: • 7 (ends in 7)
• 1 (ends in 1) • 9 (ends in 9)
• 3 (ends in 3) • 15 (ends in 5)
They follow basic rules in arithmetic:
EVEN RESULTS ODD RESULTS
adding or multiplying two even numbers adding an even and an odd number gives an
give an even result odd result
Even + Even = Even Even + Odd = Odd
• Example: • Example:
2 + 4 = 6 (both even) 10 + 6 = 16 2 + 5 = 7 (even + odd) 8 + 3 = 11
(both even) (even + odd)
adding two odd numbers also gives an even Multiplying an odd number by an odd
result number results in an odd product
Odd + Odd = Even Odd × Odd = Odd
• Example: • Example:
3 + 5 = 8 (both odd) 9 + 1 = 10 (both 3 × 5 = 15 (both odd) 7 × 9 = 63 (both
odd) odd)
multiplying an even number by any number
always gives an even product
Even × Even = Even
• Example:
4 × 6 = 24 (both even) 8 × 2 = 16
(both even)
Multiplying an even and odd number gives
an even number
Even × Odd = Even
• Example:
4 × 5 = 20 (even × odd)
2 × 7 = 14 (even × odd)
Prime number is a number greater than 1 that has exactly two distinct factors: 1 and the number
itself. In other words, a prime number cannot be divided evenly by any other numbers except for
1 and itself.
Examples of Prime Numbers:
• 2 (factors: 1, 2) • 5 (factors: 1, 5) • 11 (factors: 1, 11)
• 3 (factors: 1, 3) • 7 (factors: 1, 7) • 13 (factors: 1, 13)
A composite number is a number greater than 1 that has more than two factors, meaning it can be
divided by numbers other than 1 and itself. Examples include 4, 6, 8, and 9.
composite number is a number greater than 1 that has more than two factors. This means
composite numbers can be divided by numbers other than just 1 and themselves.
Examples of Composite Numbers:
• 4 (factors: 1, 2, 4) • 8 (factors: 1, 2, 4, 8) • 10 (factors: 1, 2, 5,
10)
• 6 (factors: 1, 2, 3, 6) • 9 (factors: 1, 3, 9)
The number 1 is neither prime nor composite because it has only one factor (itself).
The number 1 is neither prime nor composite because it only has one factor, itself. A prime
number must have exactly two distinct factors, and a composite number must have more than two.
• 1: Has only one factor (1 itself) → Neither prime nor composite.
Absolute value of a number is the distance between that number and zero on a number line,
regardless of direction. This means it always gives a positive value or zero (since distance can't
be negative).
• The absolute value of a number is denoted by two vertical bars: |number|.
For example:
• |5| = 5: The number 5 is 5 steps away from zero on the number line, so its absolute value
is 5.
• |-5| = 5: The number -5 is also 5 steps away from zero, so its absolute value is also 5.
• |0| = 0
o The number 0 is at zero, so it has no distance to measure. Its absolute value is 0.
• |10| = 10
o The number 10 is 10 units away from zero, so its absolute value is 10.
• |-100| = 100
o The number -100 is 100 units away from zero, so its absolute value is 100.
Instructions: Please read each question carefully. For questions requiring calculations, show all
your work clearly to receive full credit. For conceptual questions, answer in complete sentences,
demonstrating your understanding of the topic.
1. Define Absolute Value:
In your own words, explain what absolute value represents. Focus on the meaning of absolute
value, not just a mathematical process.
2. Notation:
What is the mathematical notation used to represent the absolute value of a number 'x'? Write the
symbol(s) used.
3. Basic Evaluation:
Evaluate the following absolute values. Provide only the numerical answer for each:
a) |5| =
b) |-8| =
c) |0| =
4. Expression Evaluation:
Evaluate the following expressions. Show each step of your calculation:
a) -|7| =
b) |-3| + |2| =
c) 5 |-4| =
6. Absolute Value with Variables:
Evaluate the expression |-2m + 5| if `m = -9`. Show each step of your calculation.
7. Solving More Complex Absolute Value Equations:
Solve for `y` in the following equation: |y - 3| = 4. Show all steps to find both possible solutions.
8. Real-World Application:
Imagine a thermometer reads -5°C.
a) What is the absolute value of the temperature?
b) Explain what that absolute value represents in this specific context. Be clear about what it
signifies about the temperature.
[Link] or False:
Indicate whether each statement is True or False. Write the words "True" or "False" for each.
a) The absolute value of a number is always positive.
b) The absolute value of a number can be zero.
c) |-a| = |a| for all real numbers 'a'.
10. Conceptual Understanding:
Explain why there are often two solutions (or no solution) when solving absolute value equations,
but only one value when evaluating an absolute value expression. Relate your explanation to the
definition of absolute value.
Complete the sentence.
I understood that _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
I discovered that _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Activity: Numbers Around Me
Instructions:
Find Numbers: Look around you and write down three numbers you see.
Example: The number of legs on a chair (4)
The number on your classroom door (3)
Your age (7)
Classify the Numbers:
Is the number used for counting?
Is it zero?
Can it be negative?
Direction: Demonstrate your understanding of number sense, odd and even numbers, prime and
composite numbers, and absolute value through real-life examples and problem-solving.
Draw & Share: Draw pictures of your three examples
and label them with their numbers.
ARTS
INTRODUTION
This module is a teaching material created by Education students for use in NSTP-
Literacy Training Service (NSTP-LTS) tutoring sessions. It is designed to help tutors
introduce learners to the world of Arts, fostering creativity, expression, and
appreciation for various artistic forms.
Each section of this module follows a step-by-step approach, including engaging
activities, hands-on exercises, and thought-provoking discussions that will guide
both the tutor and the learner in exploring different artistic techniques, styles, and
historical influences.
A pre-assessment is included to gauge the learner’s initial understanding and
familiarity with the Arts. At the end of the module, a post-assessment allows for self-
reflection and evaluation of progress. Answer keys and sample outputs are provided
for reference, and tutors are encouraged to use them responsibly.
To ensure effective tutoring, notes to the tutor are included, offering strategies,
reminders, and additional guidance to enhance lesson delivery. Tutors and learners
should handle this module with care, using a separate sheet of paper for drawing,
painting, or answering written exercises. All instructions should be read carefully
before completing any activity.
Module Overview
Grade Level: Grade 7-10
Duration: 5 weeks, 5 lessons
Objective:
By the end of this module, students will be able to:
K: Understand and apply the fundamental concepts of art, including the 7 elements of art, line
types, color theories, art principles, and various art mediums and techniques.
S: Create and Demonstrate simple artworks using the elements of art, color theories, and art
principles.
A: Appreciate the role of art in enhancing creativity, self-expression, and communication.
LESSON 1: THE ELEMENTS OF ARTS
Learning Competency
Students will be able to create a dream catcher that effectively utilizes at least five of the
seven elements of art (line, shape, form, space, color, value, and texture), demonstrating an
understanding of how these elements contribute to the overall aesthetic and symbolic meaning of
the artwork, and articulating their design choices clearly and concisely.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
K- describe the seven elements of art (line, shape, form, space, color, value, and texture) in
various artworks;
S- create a dream catcher by applying the elements of art;
A- actively participate in class by showing enthusiasm for exploring the elements of arts and
appreciating the role of the aspects of arts.
What is it
ELEMENTS OF ART
Elements of art are stylistic features that are included within an art piece to help the artist
communicate. The seven most common elements include line, shape, texture, form, space, color,
and value, with the additions of mark-making, and materiality. When analyzing these
intentionally utilized elements, the viewer is guided toward a deeper understanding of the work.
7 Elements of Art:
The seven elements of art are line, shape, form, space, value, color, and texture. These
elements are the essential components, or building blocks, of any artwork. Any good artwork
should consist of these 7 ingredients.
LINE
The line is the most basic element of art. Without line the other elements couldn’t exist so
let’s start here and then we will gradually go more advanced.
A line can be thought of as a moving dot. If the dots overlap, it’s a solid line, if they don’t it’s a
dotted line. A line has a beginning and an end and by its existence, creates an edge.
If a line joins up it forms an outline (also called a contour). An outline creates a shape. Lines can
be long or short, thick or thin.
A thick line gives emphasis and advances while a thin line recedes.
SHAPE
When a line meets up to enclose a space, a shape is formed.
Shapes can be:
FORM
The form is the next step up from shape as we now add depth to it to create a three-
dimensional form.
A square (shape) vs a cube, a triangle vs a cone, etc. Form encloses volume i.e. height, width as
well as depth.
In drawing and painting forms can only be implied because they are 2-dimensional (flat) media.
Artists must use tricks to fool the viewer’s eye so as to create the illusion of the third dimension
i.e. depth.
SPACE
The space element of art is the area around, between, and within the shapes and forms of
a work of art. It can also refer to the feeling of depth or three dimensions.
Types of space in art:
• Positive space: Objects that stand out from the negative surrounding space
• Negative space: The area around and between the subjects of an image
• Deep space: The depth of a picture
• Shallow space: The lack of depth in a picture
VALUE
Value in art is the lightness or darkness of a color, and it's one of the fundamental
elements of art. Artists use value to create the illusion of depth, space, and mood.
COLOR
Color is a fundamental element of art that artists use to create mood, atmosphere, and
meaning.
TEXTURE
Texture in art is the surface quality of a work of art that can be felt or seen. It's an
important element of art that can add interest and emotion.
Types of texture
• Actual texture- The physical surface qualities of an object, such as paint application or
three-dimensional art
• Visual texture- The implied sense of texture created by artists through line, shading, and
color
• Implied texture- Also known as simulated texture, this is when the texture isn't actually
there but looks like it should be
What I Can Do
Task 1: Based on the 7 Elements of Art, create your Dream Catcher by applying the elements of
art with the availability of your materials.
Criteria 20 pts 20 pts 20 pts 20 pts
Creativity
Craftmanship
Effort and
Participation
What I Have Learned
Complete the sentences.
I have learned that ________________________________________
I have realized that _______________________________________
I will apply _____________________________________________