Statistics Assignment Overview

Q: What is the modal class of the frequency distribution given: 0-10 = 5, 10-20 = 7, 20-30 = 12, 30-40 = 10, 40-50 = 6? How can the mode be calculated?

The modal class of the distribution is the class with the highest frequency. Here, the class 20-30 has the highest frequency of 12. The formula for mode when the data is grouped is: Mode = L + [(f1 - f0) / (2f1 - f0 - f2)] * h, where L = lower boundary of modal class (20), f1 = frequency of modal class (12), f0 = frequency of class preceding modal class (7), f2 = frequency of class following modal class (10), and h = class width (10). Thus, Mode = 20 + [(12 - 7) / (24 - 7 - 10)] * 10 = 20 + (5/9) * 10 ≈ 25.56.

Q: Calculate the probability that selected balls of white and red come from any of the three urns, given their compositions and the scenario.

Calculate the probability using total probability theorem. Urn I: P(White, Red|I) = (1/6)*(3/5) + (3/6)*(1/5) = 1/30 + 1/10 = 1/6. Urn II: P(White, Red|II) = (2/4)*(1/3) + (1/4)*(1/3) = 1/6 + 1/12 = 1/4. Urn III: P(White, Red|III) = (4/12)*(3/11) + (3/12)*(4/11) = 1/11 + 1/11 = 2/11. The urn selection is random, so P(I) = P(II) = P(III) = 1/3. Thus, P(White, Red) = P(White, Red|I)*P(I) + P(White, Red|II)*P(II) + P(White, Red|III)*P(III) = (1/6)*(1/3) + (1/4)*(1/3) + (2/11)*(1/3) ≈ 0.0611 + 0.0833 + 0.0606 = 0.205. Individual urn probabilities: P(I|White, Red) = (1/6)/(0.205) ≈ 0.162, P(II|White, Red) = (1/4)/(0.205) ≈ 0.203, P(III|White, Red) = (2/11)/(0.205) ≈ 0.298.

Q: What is the probability of selecting individuals such that 3 are vegetarians from a class where 60% are vegetarians, when 7 students are chosen?

For a probability problem involving binomial distribution, use the formula P(X = k) = (n choose k) * p^k * (1-p)^(n-k). Here, n = 7, k = 3, p = 0.6. Calculate (7 choose 3) * 0.6^3 * 0.4^4 = 35 * 0.216 * 0.0256 ≈ 0.1789. Therefore, the probability that exactly 3 students are vegetarians is approximately 0.1789.

Q: How do you determine the median of the frequency distribution data: Class-Interval 10-20, Frequency 5; Class-Interval 20-30, Frequency 8; Class-Interval 30-40, Frequency 12; Class-Interval 40-50, Frequency 16; Class-Interval 50-60, Frequency 10?

To determine the median, calculate the cumulative frequency and identify the class interval containing the median. The cumulative frequencies are 5, 13, 25, 41, and 51. The median class is the one containing the (51/2 = 25.5)th data point, which is within the 30-40 interval. The formula for the median is: Median = L + ((N/2 - CF) / f) * h, where L is the lower boundary of the median class (30), N is the total frequency (51), CF is the cumulative frequency before the median class (13), f is the frequency of the median class (12), and h is the class width (10). Calculating: Median = 30 + ((25.5 - 13) / 12) * 10 = 30 + 10.42 ≈ 40.42.

Q: What is the mean of the given frequency distribution: Class-Interval 10-20, Frequency 5; Class-Interval 20-30, Frequency 8; Class-Interval 30-40, Frequency 12; Class-Interval 40-50, Frequency 16; Class-Interval 50-60, Frequency 10?

To find the mean of the given frequency distribution, the midpoints of each class interval are calculated and multiplied by their frequencies. The sum of these products is then divided by the total frequency. The midpoints are 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55. Calculating the products: 15*5 = 75, 25*8 = 200, 35*12 = 420, 45*16 = 720, 55*10 = 550. Sum of products = 75 + 200 + 420 + 720 + 550 = 1965. Total frequency = 5 + 8 + 12 + 16 + 10 = 51. Therefore, the mean is 1965 / 51 ≈ 38.53.

Q: Given the probabilities: 60% diagnostic success by doctor A, 40% death after correct diagnosis, and 70% death after incorrect diagnosis. If a patient died, what is the probability of correct diagnosis?

Use Bayes’ theorem to find the probability of a correct diagnosis given the patient's death. Let D be the event of a correct diagnosis, ¬D be incorrect diagnosis, and Death be the event of death. Calculate P(Death|D) = 0.4 and P(Death|¬D) = 0.7. Also, P(D) = 0.6 and P(¬D) = 0.4. By Bayes' theorem, P(D|Death) = [P(Death|D) * P(D)] / P(Death), where P(Death) = P(Death|D) * P(D) + P(Death|¬D) * P(¬D). So, P(Death) = 0.4 * 0.6 + 0.7 * 0.4 = 0.52. Therefore, P(D|Death) = (0.4 * 0.6) / 0.52 ≈ 0.46, or 46%.

Q: Evaluate the hospital’s claim about average recovery time (15 days) if a sample of 50 patients shows an average of 14.2 days with a 3.5-day standard deviation at a 1% significance level.

Perform a one-sample t-test to evaluate the hospital's claim. Null hypothesis H0: µ = 15, alternative H1: µ ≠ 15. Calculate the test statistic: t = (x̄ - µ) / (s/sqrt(n)), where x̄ = 14.2, µ = 15, s = 3.5, n = 50. t = (14.2 - 15) / (3.5/sqrt(50)) = -0.8 / 0.4949 ≈ -1.62. At 1% significance level, two-tailed critical values are ±2.68. Since |t| = 1.62 < 2.68, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, suggesting the sample data does not significantly differ from claimed mean.

Q: How do you test if there's a significant performance difference between two student batches with n = 60, n = 50, mean scores of 78 and 82, standard deviations of 10 and 12 at a 5% significance level?

To test the hypothesis, use a two-sample t-test. Calculate the test statistic: t = (mean1 - mean2) / sqrt((s1^2/n1) + (s2^2/n2)), where mean1 = 78, mean2 = 82, s1 = 10, s2 = 12, n1 = 60, n2 = 50. t = (78 - 82) / sqrt((10^2/60) + (12^2/50)) = -4 / sqrt(2.83 + 2.88) = -4 / sqrt(5.71) ≈ -1.67. Since |t| = 1.67 < 1.96 (critical value for 0.05 significance level), the null hypothesis fails to be rejected, indicating no significant performance difference.

Q: How is the concept of F-test applied to determine if the variance difference of two samples is significant, given n1=7, n2=9, and F critical value of 3.29?

To apply the F-test, compare the variances from two samples with the critical value. Calculated F = (Variance1/Variance2) where Variance is derived from the Sum of Squares of Deviations from the mean. First, compute the variance for each sample: For n1, Variance1 = 84.4/7 = 12.06; for n2, Variance2 = 102.6/9 = 11.4. Compute the F statistic = Variance1/Variance2 = 12.06/11.4 ≈ 1.06. Since 1.06 < 3.29, the difference is not significant, meaning null hypothesis is not rejected at 5% level.

The document outlines a statistics assignment with various tasks including calculating mean, median, and mode from frequency distributions, determining probabilities related to medical diagnoses and student dietary habits, and testing hypotheses regarding sample means and variances. It includes specific data sets and statistical methods to be applied for each task. The assignment covers a range of statistical concepts such as probability distributions, hypothesis testing, and descriptive statistics.

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Statistics Assignment Overview

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Statistics Assignment

1. Find the mean and median of the data set which is given as follows:
Class-Interval Frequency
10-20 5
20-30 8
30-40 12
40-50 16
50-60 10

2. Calculate the value mode from the following data:

Class-Interval Frequency
0-10 5
10-20 7
20-30 12
30-40 10
40-50 6

3. The chances that doctor ‘A’ will diagnose a disease ‘X’ correctly is 60%.
The chances that a patient will die by his treatment after correct diagnosis
is 40% and the chance of death by wrong diagnosis is 70%. A patient of
doctor ‘A’ who had disease X died. What is the chance that his disease will
diagnosed correctly?

4. The contents of urns I, II, III are as follows:

1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls; 2 white, 1 black and 1 red ball and 4
white, 5 black and 3 red balls. One urn is chosen at random and two balls
from it. They happen to be white and red. What is the probability that they
come from urns I, II, III?

5. It is observed that 60% of students of a class are vegetarians. If 7 students

from the class are selected at random, find the probability that
I) 3 are vegetarians
ii) 4 or 5 are vegetarians
iii) All are non-vegetarians
iv) The number of vegetarians is less than 2
v) At least 6 are vegetarians.
6. The average number of phone calls per minute in a call center is 4. Find
the probability that during a specific minute, the number of calls is

I) only 1
ii) only 2
iii) at least 2
iv) less than 2. (Given that =0.0183)

7. In one sample of 8 observations, the sum of the squares of deviations of

the sample values from the sample mean was 84.4 and in the other
sample of 10 observations, it was 102.6. Test whether this difference is
significant at 5 per cent level, given that the 5 per cent point of F for
n1=7and n2=9 degrees of freedom is 3.29.

8. A school wants to compare the performance of students from two different

batches. The mean scores of Batch A (n = 60) and Batch B (n = 50) are 78
and 82, respectively. The standard deviations for both batches are 10 and
12. At a 5% significance level, test if there is a significant difference in
performance between the two batches.(Critical value = 1.96).

9. A hospital claims that the average recovery time for a certain surgery is
15 days. A sample of 50 patients has an average recovery time of 14.2
days with a standard deviation of 3.5 days. Test the hospital’s claim at a
1% significance level.

Common questions

The Poisson distribution applies to the probability of a given number of events occurring in a fixed interval. For at least 2 calls, calculate 1 minus the sum of probabilities for 0 and 1 call. P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X < 2), where P(X = 0) = e^(-4) * 4^0 / 0! = 0.0183 and P(X = 1) = e^(-4) * 4^1 / 1! = 0.0733. Therefore, P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - (0.0183 + 0.0733) = 1 - 0.0916 = 0.9084, approximately 0.908.