Class 9 Mathematics | Probability | Notes
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Class 9 Mathematics | Probability | Notes
Probability
Notes
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Class 9 Mathematics | Probability | Notes
Introduction
Probability is the measure of uncertainty of various phenomenon, numerically. It can have
positive value from 0 to 1.
The words ‘probably’, ‘doubt’, ‘most probably’, ‘chances’, etc., used in the statements above
involve an element of uncertainty.
Empirical/Statistical/Experimental approach to Probability: In case of Empirical or
Statistical or Experimental approach to Probability, we perform experiment & find the
probability of occurrence of an event based on experimental data.
P(E) = Number of trials in which the event happened / Total number of trials
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Class 9 Mathematics | Probability | Notes
Concept of Probability is used in insurance industry to calculate the premium; it is also used
in stock markets, gambling industry, weather forecasting, manufacturing industry, Science
Experiments etc.
Empirical approach to Probability is related to Statistics as it involves data.
Probability started with Gambling industry. In 1654, a gambler Chevalier de Mere,
approached the 17th century French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal regarding
certain dice problems. Pascal became interested in these problems, studied them and
discussed them with another French mathematician, Pierre de Fermat. Both Pascal and
Fermat solved the problems independently. This work was the beginning of Probability
Theory.
Activity 1: Toss a coin
Take any coin, toss it 10,50 & 100 times and note down the number of times head and a tail
come up.
The table shown has experimental data for once such experiment.
When coin was tossed 10 times, P(head) = 4/10 = 0.4 & P(tail) = 0.6
When coin was tossed 50 times, p(head) = 24/50 = 0.48 & P(tail) = 0.52
When coin was tossed 10 times, P(head) = 49/100 = 0.49 (almost 0.5) & P(tail)=0.51
Notice that as number of tosses gets larges, the value of fraction comes closed to 0.5
Also, notice that in a given experiment, P(head)+ P(tail) = 1, as it covers all the sample space.
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Class 9 Mathematics | Probability | Notes
Trial & Events
• Trial is an action that results in one or several outcome. E.g. each toss of coin is a
Trial.
• Sample space is the set of all possible outcome of a given experiment. Eg Sample
Space for toss of coin is :{ Head, Tail}
• An event for an experiment is the collection of some outcomes of the experiment. Eg
An event with outcome ‘head’.
• The empirical probability P(E) of an event E happening, is given by P(E) = Number
of trials in which the event happened/ The total number of trials
Numerical: A die is thrown 1000 times with the frequencies for the outcomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
and 6 as given in the following table. Find the probability of getting each outcome.
Solution: P(E) = Number of trials in which the event happened/ The total number of trials
P(1) = 179/1000 = 0.179
P(2) = 150/1000 = 0.15
P(3) = 157/1000 = 0.157
P(4) = 149/1000 = 0.149
P(5) = 175/1000 = 0.175
P(6) = 190/1000 = 0.190
Note that P(1) + P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6) = 1, since all the events in sample space are
added here.
Limitation of Empirical Approach to Probability
1. Result not consistent
2. Sometimes it is not possible to actually do experiment.
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Class 9 Mathematics | Probability | Notes
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