9.
0 SECTOR TRAFFIC CIRCULATION & TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
9.1 INTRODUCTION
Traffic circulation systems and the transportation sector must be carefully and safely
planned. This is because the purpose of the traffic circulation system is to collect each
transportation sector and manage the movement of people, goods and services
efficiently within a specific area or sector of a city or region.
Effective traffic circulation and transportation systems are essential to supporting
economic growth, improving quality of life, reducing congestion, and promoting
sustainability.
9.2 GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
Goal
• Ensure people and goods can move smoothly within the city, linking
neighbourhoods, businesses, and public facilities.
Objective
• To Ensure everyone can easily reach jobs, education, healthcare, and leisure
facilities by connecting all parts of the city.
• To Optimize the movement of people and goods to reduce travel times and traffic
congestion, making daily life smoother.
• To Encourage eco-friendly transportation options like public transit, cycling, and
walking to reduce pollution and improve urban living.
9.3 SCOPE OF STUDY
9.4 ROAD HIERARCHY AND ROAD CIRCULATIONS
9.4.1 Road Hierarchy
Defining a road hierarchy is important because it can help clarify policies regarding the
highway aspects of individual planning decisions on properties served by the road in
question. Specific planning criteria can be developed and applied based on a road's
hierarchy designation, including design speed, carriageway width, pedestrian control,
intersections, and frontage access. This way, the planning objectives for each level of
the road hierarchy would be clear, and development control and traffic management
policies would complement one another.
The conventional road hierarchy and standards set by the Public Works Department
(Road Technique Instructions, 1986) need to be adapted to the application concept.
9.4.2 Types of Road Hierarchy
In urban areas, roads are divided into four (4) categories, namely expressway, arterial,
collector and local road.
i. Expressway
Expressways are primarily designed to facilitate high-speed, long-distance travel
while reducing traffic congestion on local roads by providing a direct route between
cities or regions. The width of the main collector's road reserve is 132 feet (40.2336
m).
Figure [Link] shows Lebuhraya Kemuning- Shah Alam
as example of expressway.
ii. Arterial Road
An arterial is a continuous road with partial access control for through traffic in urban
areas. Essentially, it transports traffic from residential areas to the vicinity of the
central business district, or from one part of a city to another without intending to
enter the city centre. The minimum width of arterial road is 100’ (30.48 m).
Figure [Link] shows examples of arterial road.
iii. Collectors Road
A collector road is a road with partial access control designed to serve as a collector
or distributor of traffic between the arterial and the local road systems. Collectors are
the major roads which penetrate and serve identifiable neighbourhoods, commercial
areas and industrial areas. The minimum width of collector road is 66’ (20.1m).
Figure [Link] shows example of collector road.
iv. Local Roads
The local street system is the basic road network within a neighbourhood and serves
primarily to offer direct access to abutting land. They are links to the collector road
and thus serve short trip lengths. The minimum width of the local roads is 40’ – 50’
(12.19 m -15.24 m)
Figure [Link] shows example of local road at Jalan Tungku Abdul Rahman.
9.4.3 Types of Road Circulations
i. T Junctions
• Two streets meet (a three-way approach/exit)
• The angle of intersection is crucial. Thus, it should be at a 90-degree
angle to enhance visibility and avoid accidents.
ii. Roundabout
• Two street cross or three or more streets meets.
• Roundabouts can manage traffic more efficiently than standard
intersections, particularly during peak hours. They decrease delays
and idle time, resulting in better traffic flow.
iii. Y Junction
• A Y-junction is defined as three intersecting roads that form a "Y"
shape. This configuration produces angled intersections that differ
from the perpendicular angles of T-junctions or crossroads.
• The angle of approach impacts the driver's line of sight, which can lead
to a collision.
iv. One way
• Traffic only flows in one direction. The goal is to make vehicle
movement more efficient.
9.5 TRANSPORTATION
9.5.1 Definition of Transportation
Transportation generally is an activity that involves a movement of people, animals, and
goods from one location to another. It is a tool that is driven by humans or machines to
move onto another location. This system includes the infrastructure, vehicles, and
operations involved in facilitating such movement across multiple modes, including land,
water, air, and space. Transportation is an essential system that support modern society
by allowing the flow of people and goods that are required for economic, social, and
cultural exchange.
9.5.1 Types of Transportation
There are three modes of transportation ;
• Air transportation
• Maritime transportation
• Land transportation
This mode is divided by three sectors as private, public and freight transportation.
Private Transport Sector
It is usually owned by a person individually or companies. It includes a diverse range of
services and modes of transportation used for personal or business purposes. Example
of private transport sector is;
• Cars
• Motorcycle
• Bicycle
Public Transport Sector
It refers to the sector of the transportation system that offers shared passenger
transportation services to the public. These services are typically provided by
government agencies or private businesses under government regulation or contract.
Example of public transport sector is;
• Train
• Buses
• Ferries
Freight Transportation
This sector focuses on delivery and distribution good consisting of land transport, water
and air.
9.6 TRAFFIC
9.6.1 INTRODUCTION
Traffic circulation refers to the movement and flow of vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, and other
forms of transportation within a defined area, typically a city, pedestrians, or road network. It
involves the organization and management of roads and various types of transportation to
ensure safe, efficient and smooth traffic movement. Traffic circulation encompasses not only the
design of streets and roadways but also the rules or law, systems, and strategies used to manage
traffic flow, minimize congestion, and enhance safety for all transportation system users.
9.6.2 ELEMENT OF TRAFFIC
Elements of traffic include road users (drivers and pedestrians), vehicles, and the road network,
all of which interact to form the road traffic system.
Road Users: Drivers and pedestrians.
Vehicles: Cars, Motorcycles, Buses, Truck
Road Network: Roads, Streets, Highways, Crossings, Zebra crossings, Traffic lights, Traffic
signs, Turnabouts/U-turns
9.7 PEDESTRIAN
9.7.1 Categories of Pedestrians
Pedestrians can be categorized based on their behaviours, characteristics, or the
purpose of their movement. Here are a few common categories:
1. Fitness walker
2. Kids
3. Pedestrian with a baby stroller.
4. Seniors
5. People with visual disabilities
6. People with hearing disabilities
7. individual with intellectual disability
8. individual with limited movement
9. Wheelchair users
Each category has unique needs and impacts how pedestrian-friendly environments
are designed.
9.7.2 Pedestrian Characteristics Divided Into 9 Categories
I. Healthy individuals.
II. Children.
III. Pedestrians with strollers' baby
IV. Senior citizen.
V. Visually impaired individuals.
VI. Hearing impaired individuals.
VII. Individuals with cognitive disabilities.
VIII. Individuals can walk limited.
IX. Wheelchair users.
9.7.3 Pedestrian Requirements According Age Factor
a) Children 3-6 years old
• Estimated walk for children distance is in a period of 5 to 10 minutes is 100 to
180 meters.
• Children have no perception or the cognitive ability to create considerations
of past security cross up to about 12 years
• Common destinations intended are playgrounds, kindergartens, schools and
grocery store.
b) Children Aged 7-12 Years, Adolescents, Youth and Working Citizens (19-59 years
old).
• Estimated walk distance in a period of 5 to 10 minutes is 300 to 400 meters.
• A destination that is usually headed in neighbourhood units within a 5-minute
drive is a transit stop, surau, centre shopping, community centre, leisure areas
and shops.
c) The Elderly
• Increasing of age can reduce a person's ability individual.
• Estimated walk distance in a period of 5 to 10 minutes is 180 meters.
• Common destinations headed neighbourhood units within a 5-minute drive is
a place of worship, a clinic health, recreation park, shop and an activity center
for the elderly.
9.7.4 Four Pedestrian Focus Areas Identified Are:
▪ Residential and neighbourhood area.
▪ urban area, center administrative and business centers.
▪ School area and institutional center education.
▪ Tourist attraction area.
9.7.5 Pedestrians Principles
▪ The required path width is 1.8 meters (6 feet) for route continuous direction. Width
this can accommodate comfort all user groups are included wheelchair users.
▪ Width not less than 1.5 meters wide for two frequent routes direction and space for
two people wheelchair users are at odds on every 25 meters(max).
• Placement of walkway is on both sides of the road especially in the focus area.
9.7.7 Types of Permanent Pedestrian
Sidewalk
A path with pillars for pedestrian use provides between the road and the building.
Sidewalks play a vital role in city life. As conduits for pedestrian movement and access,
they enhance connectivity and promote walking.
figure 9.6 show pedestrian district
Zebra Crossing
It’s eased the pedestrians to cross the road safely. They also tell drivers that they must
give way to pedestrians on the crossing.
figure 9.7 show pedestrian crossing
Roofed pedestrian
Increasing the number of people visiting a place is to make it more accommodating.
Installing shade on pedestrian areas gives people a comfortable place to walk when
it's hot and rainy.
9.8 PARKING
9.8.1 Planning Principle
There are five (5) planning principles that are identified as core in planning and
preparing Tempat Letak Kereta (TLK) as follows:
1. Systematic and User-Friendly
2. Accessibility
3. Innovative and Responsive
4. Aesthetics and Beauty
5. Security
Figure [Link] shows an example of parking using an ultra-sonic system
• SYSTEMATIC AND USER-FRIENDLY
The layout of the TLK should be orderly with systematic entry and exit routes and be
equipped with clear, informative, easy to understand and strategic information boards.
TLK facilities must also be user-friendly, especially for the disabled/senior
citizens/other special groups.
• ACCESSIBILITY
The determination of the location of the TLK must consider accessibility factors,
namely ensuring that the TLK is provided within walking distance and is connected to
pedestrian path that is comfortable, safe and can connect the TLK with the surrounding
development areas.
• INNOVATIVE AND RESPONSIVE
In line with the development of current technology and the Internet of Things
component in smart cities. TLK management can also use smartphone applications to
make it easier for users to obtain TLK information in an area and to facilitate TLK
payments via 'mobile pay'.
• AESTHETIC AND BEAUTY
The TLK must be kept clean and well maintained. The TLK's landscape design must
be appropriate to support the green building index (GBI).
• SECURITY
TLK should be designed with prioritizing safety for users and also the physical
structure of the vehicle. Safety aspects should be given priority in the planning of the
space design, environment and determination of the TLK location to avoid risk of
accidents, theft, damage, property and congestion.
• ON-STREET PARKING
On-Street Parking is defined as parking provided on the edge of a road. On-Street
Parking uses a portion of the road for parking cars and other vehicles within the right
of way (ROW). On-Street Parking can be located on the edge of a road, whether paved
or unpaved, and must be clearly marked and regulated by the authorities.
• OFF-STREET PARKING
Off-Street Parking defined as TLK other than marginalized road whether it can be
inside building or at a specific site.
• MOTOCYCLE AND DISABLE PARKING
Motorcycle TLK can be held in the Roadside TLK and Off-Road TLK categories. In the
Roadside TLK category, only 90° and 45° TLKs are allowed. In addition, OKU parking
should be provided near the doors or entrances and exits of the building.
9.9 STUDY APPROACH OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION
NO COMPONENT OF PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY EXPECTED
TRAFFIC AND DATA OUTCOME
TRANSPORTATION
ROAD HIERARCHY Technique: • Plan/Image Road
Observation/Field (Google Maps) Hierarchy
1. i. Expressways (132ft)
Study Plan
ii. Collector Road (66ft)
• Definition
iii. Service Road (40ft) Tools:
(JKR Website)
iv. Local Road (40ft) • Inventory form
v. Back Lane (20ft) • Base map
Technique:
• Inventory survey
• Snap picture
2. ROAD CIRCULATION Technique: • Plan/Image Road
• Observation/Fiel (Google Maps) Circulation
i. T-Junction
d Study Plan
ii. Cross Junction
Tools:
iii. Staggered Junction
• Inventory survey
iv. Y-Junction
v. Roundabout
vi. One-way
3 TRANSPORTATION Technique: • Plan/Image Transportation
• Observation/Fiel (Google Maps) Plan
Private Vehicles
d Study
• Car
• Motorcycle
• Bicycle
Public Transport
• Bus
• E-Hailing
• Taxi