Chapter 5
Draw and explain layered virtualization architecture.
Layered virtualization architecture works by introducing a virtualization
layer that partitions the physical resources of a server (such as
processors, disks, and RAM) into multiple virtual machines (VMs). This
layer performs the following key tasks:
1. Resource Allocation and Scheduling: It schedules and allocates
physical resources dynamically, ensuring efficient use of hardware.
2. Abstraction: Each VM is made to believe that it exclusively owns the
underlying hardware.
3. Flexibility: The technology allows scaling VMs up or down on demand,
making resource management easier in cloud environments.
Write a short note on OCCI and OGF.
The Open Grid Forum (OGF) is an organization focused on developing
standards for grid and cloud computing. One of its significant efforts is the
establishment of the Open Cloud Computing Interface (OCCI) Working Group,
which aims to create a standardized API for managing cloud Infrastructure as
a Service (IaaS).
The OCCI API enables:
1. Remote Management: It supports tasks like deployment, scaling, and
monitoring of cloud infrastructure.
2. Lifecycle Management: It handles the lifecycle of virtual machines and
workloads on virtualization technologies or containers.
3. Interoperability: It facilitates the development of tools for seamless
interaction with cloud resources across different providers.
Draw and explain virtual machine lifecycle.
The virtual machine (VM) lifecycle involves several stages that simplify VM
management in virtual and cloud environments compared to traditional
computing.
1. Request: The cycle begins with a request to the IT department for a new
server to deliver a specific service.
2. Resource Matching: IT administration reviews the server resource pool
to match the required resources with available capacity.
3. Provisioning: A VM is created and configured based on the requirements.
4. Operation: The provisioned VM is started and becomes ready to provide
the requested service as per the Service Level Agreement (SLA).
5. Release: After the service period ends, the VM is released, and its
resources are freed for other uses.
Explain virtual machine provision process.
Virtual Machine Provisioning Process
Provisioning a virtual machine involves these steps:
1. Select a Server: Choose a physical server with enough capacity and an
appropriate OS template.
2. Load Software: Install the selected operating system, device drivers,
middleware, and required applications.
3. Configure Resources: Customize the VM by setting up the network (e.g.,
IP address, Gateway) and storage.
4. Ready to Start: The virtual server is now ready with all necessary
software and configurations.
Generate live migration timeline of a virtual machine.
Live Migration Timeline of a Virtual Machine
The live migration process involves the following stages:
1. Pre-Migration: The virtual machine is actively running on host A.
2. Reservation: A request is made to migrate the VM to host B, ensuring
host B has the necessary resources.
3. Iterative Pre-Copy: Memory pages from host A are transferred to host
B in iterations, sending modified pages during subsequent rounds.
4. Stop-and-Copy: The VM on host A is paused, and CPU state along with
remaining memory pages is transferred to host B. A consistent VM state
is maintained on both hosts.
5. Commitment: Host B confirms receipt of the complete VM state, and
host A discards the original VM. Host B now becomes the primary host.
6. Activation: The VM on host B is activated, with device drivers
reattached and IP addresses updated.
This process ensures VM consistency and fallback to host A in case of failure
during migration.
Explain Amazon EC2.
Amazon EC2 is a web service that allows users to quickly create and manage
virtual machines (EC2 instances) within Amazon's cloud infrastructure.
Key features:
1. Fast Provisioning: New servers can be set up in minutes using APIs or a
user-friendly AWS console.
2. Customization: Users have root access and can install any OS or
application in their Amazon Machine Images (AMIs).
3. Scalability: Capacity can scale up or down on demand, adding tens or
hundreds of machines when needed.
4. Cost-Effective:
o On-Demand Instances: Pay hourly with no long-term commitment.
o Reserved Instances: Pay a one-time fee for discounted hourly
rates.
o Spot Instances: Bid for capacity at lower prices if usage times are
flexible.
Additional tools:
• Auto Scaling: Adjusts instance capacity automatically to handle demand
changes.
• CloudWatch: Monitors resource usage and performance.
• Elastic Load Balancer: Distributes application traffic across instances to
ensure reliability.
EC2 makes it easy to optimize costs and build scalable, fault-tolerant
applications.
Draw and explain Open-Nebula high-level architecture.
OpenNebula is an open-source tool for managing virtual infrastructure and
supporting various cloud deployments (private, hybrid, and public). Its
architecture includes:
1. Interfaces:
o Cloud User Interface: For public cloud users to access resources.
o Local User and Administrator Interface: For managing private
cloud infrastructure.
2. Core Components:
o Scheduler: Handles VM placement and scheduling, supporting
features like resource preemption and advanced reservation.
o Virtual Infrastructure Manager: Manages resources like
virtualization, storage, and networking across local and public
clouds.
3. Key Features:
o Combines local infrastructure with public clouds for scalability.
o Supports elasticity and advanced scheduling through integration
with Haizea, enabling resource reservation, backfilling, and custom
policies.
OpenNebula enables efficient and dynamic VM management for both private
and public cloud environments.
Draw and explain Manjra soft Aneka architecture.
Aneka is a .NET-based platform for building and deploying distributed
applications on clouds. It enables the use of private, public, and hybrid cloud
environments, and allows users to manage resources, build applications, and
monitor results with pricing and quality of service (QoS) features.
Aneka Architecture consists of the following components:
1. Physical and Virtualized Resources: These resources are interconnected
via a network, with each hosting an Aneka container that provides the
runtime environment for executing distributed applications.
2. Aneka Container: This is the core of the architecture, managing
operations and hosting services on each node.
3. Services:
o Fabric Services: Interact with the hardware through the
Platform Abstraction Layer (PAL), providing resource profiling
and dynamic provisioning.
o Foundation Services: Provide core system functionalities to
ensure that Aneka containers can perform specialized tasks.
o Execution Services: Handle the scheduling and execution of
applications in the cloud environment.
Aneka allows users to deploy and manage both public and private cloud setups,
making it a flexible platform for cloud computing and resource management.