SCIENCE

 Way of knowing
 Seeks answers
 Explanations
 Understanding
 Structured approach in our search for answer and explanation of nature/physical phenomena
TECHNOLOGY

 Ability to control, alter, modify, tamper with nature in order to shoot a practical application that is hopefully
beneficial to society.
SOCIETY

 Compose of people with certain values, morals, prejudices, problems and priorities.
 Creator, end-user, and constraint

It’s the society that dictates which science and technology is appropriate. It’s the society that dictates how we
utilize a scientific knowledge for good or for bad. These decisions are based on the priorities of society.
Science is a differential equation and religion or society in general is the boundary conditions. Science can give
us a lot of things – an infinite number of things that’s what differential equation is, it has infinite number of
solutions, but to arrive at a particular solution you need a boundary condition and this boundary condition are
supplied by society. To summarize, science has to satisfy the needs, priorities, fears and everything of the
society.

Science
1. As Knowledge. Organized well, founded body of knowledge of natural phenomena, contributions to which
have been made by thousands of men and women
2. A systematic inquiry into nature. Refers to a particular field or domain of systematic inquiry in which such
knowledge is sought. eg. Biology, Physics, Psychology
3. A form of Human Cultural Activity. Refers to a distinctive form or kind of human activity one practiced by
people now called scientists and formerly known as philosophers.
4. Total societal enterprise. A complex of knowledge, people, skills, organization, facilities, etc. devoted to
the study and understanding of the natural world including all human, natural, physical and social
phenomena. Example: Japanese Science, European Science

Technology
1. As technics. Material products of human-making or fabrication. Example: Computers and automobiles
2. A process, methodology, or a protocol whereby a product is made; can be specific to certain manufacturer
of the product.
3. A form of Human Cultural Activity. Refers to a distinctive form of kind of human activity one practiced by
people now called technologists.
4. Total societal enterprise. A complex of knowledge, people, skills, organization, facilities, etc. devoted to
the study and understanding of the natural world including all human, natural, physical and social
phenomena. Example: German technology, Japanese Technology, and Chinese Technology, Filipino
Technology
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
THE THREE WAVES OF ALVIN’S TOFFLERS
1. Agricultural Revolution (1st wave)
 The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those
who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn” – Alvin Toffler
 From about 2.5M years ago
 Nomadic phase; episodic fest to domestication
 Seed as the symbol/embodiment
 Beginning of a relationship with nature/environment (to meet his needs)
2. Industrial Revolution (2nd wave)
 Began in the 12th century
 Presented social arrangement
 Thickly populated cities
 Machine as the symbol/embodiment
 Multiply muscle power; dominion over space
 Time and materials
 “time surplus” – division of labor and factories
 Products catering to the needs, convenience and vanities of life
3. Information Revolution (3rd wave)
 Started about 1940; in its early phase
 Introduced radical changes in the lives of people and in various societies
 “microchip” as the symbol/embodiment
 Multiplied man’s intelligence
 Advancement in microelectronics and biotech

THE CLASSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION

1. Ancient Times (2.5M BC)
a. Paleolithic Age (2.5M – 8,000 BC)
 Earliest man; food gatherer
 Spears, bow and slings
 No great and intellectual achievements
b. Neolithic Age (8,000 – 3,000 BC)
 1st Period of agriculture (domestication)
 Giving rise to villages
 Spinning, weaving, pottery, baking and brewing
 Food production by villages; ground stone tools
 Start of intellectual and cultural achievements
 Design (manipulation), standard (ideal/best), and tradition (community presentation)t
c. Bronze Age (3,000 – 1,000 BC)
 Usage of alloy bronze
 Food production tech; irrigation, water lifting devices; canals and dams
 Mining, smelting copper, bronze, furniture
 Roads, commerce, giving rise to cities
 d. Iron Age (1,000 – 600 AD)
 Increased forest clearance, plowing water wheels, pumps, gears and pulleys
 Food transport, cheaper tools, literature
 Coined money; rational science
 Trading cities, intensifies warfare

Africa
- vast continent has many different environments in which diverse cultures have grown up.
North Africa was dominated by Egyptian and Mediterranean cultures.
- “Kush never had a bronze age, but went straight from stone to using iron.”

2. Middle Ages (395 AD)

 Classical civilization – Green and Roman
 Feudalism, emergence of religious view
 Astronomy, medicine, and mathematics
 Economic reforms from feudal system
 Trading and urban manufacturing company
 Trading and urban manufacturing company
 Prominence of the socio-economic class know as Bourgeois
 Utilitarian science and tech innovations (lenses paper, gunpowder, printing, alcohol)

Middle Ages Observation

 Islam, Indian, and Chinese societies had knowledge of materials and developed techniques
comparable to European countries.
 China had more advanced technological capabilities – discovery of gunpowder, compass
printing, cast iron, etc.

Joseph Needham: China’s Modern Science did not develop “production without
possession, action without self-assertion, development without dominion”

3. Renaissance Period/Times (1450 – 1690)

 Non-feudal economic arrangement to new economy
 Capitalism as the leading method of production
 From organic, qualitative religious worldview to mechanistic, quantitative secular outlook

Three Phases
a. 1st Phase (1450 – 1540 Improvements)
 Rapid expansion of trade surplus
 Improvements in agriculture, cloth-making
 Overseas trading, ship building and navigation
 Profit, manufacture and market conducive to inventions and innovations
 Modern science, astronomy, and instrumentation
 Da Vinci, Copernicus, and Versalius
 b. 2nd Phase (1540 – 1650 navigation)
 New scientific thinking – advanced technology
 Increased traders thru navigation
 Galileo
c. 3 Phase (1650 – 1690 scientific societies)
rd

 Two scientific societies accepted as new institutions (London and Paris Scientific
Societies)
 Pumping, hydraulics, gunnery, optics

4. Industrial Revolution (1690 – 1895)

a. 1st Phase (1690 – 1760)
 Transition: Food to power
 Rapid agricultural practices
 Coal industry
 Rising demands for cloth and manufactured items
b. 2 Phase (1760 – 1830 Industrial Proper)
nd

 Capitalistic production
 5-fold increase in cotton
 Mechanization of textile
 Food for non-farm families increased
 Steam engine
c. 3 Phase (1830 – 1870)
rd

 Heyday of capitalism; capitalist entrepreneurs

 New means of transport – railways and steamships
 New cities, telegraph
 Chemical industries: soda and sulfuric acid
 Science accepted in universities after 200 years of opposition
d. 4th Phase (1870 – 1895)
 Use of machines for cheap raw materials
 Internal combustion engine
 Heavy electrical industry

The Generalized Philippine Development

1M BC – 800 BC Beginning of Existence of Homo Sapiens
6000 – 500 AD Beginning of Agriculture and Civilization
500 BC – 500 AD Further Development of Agriculture under the
Roman Empire
500 AD – 14th Century The Middles Ages
14 Century – 16 Century
th th The Renaissance Period
17 – 18 Century
th th Agricultural Revolution
19th – 20th Century Industrial Revolution
1970s – present Information Revolution
INTELLECTUALS REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY
1. Copernican
Nicolas Copernicus
- German Renaissance mathematician and astronomer
- 1543 book: De Revolutionus Orbium Coloestium (On the Revolution of the Revolution of
the Celestial Spheres) known for Heliocentrism
He took as the basic starting points of his theory:
 The earth is not the center of
the universe
 The center of the universe is
near the sun
 The earth-sun distance is
negligible compared to the
distance to the stars
 Earth’s rotation on its own
axis accounts for the apparent
daily rotation of the stars.
 The apparent annual cycle of
movements of the sun is seen
because the earth is orbiting it.
 The apparent retrograde motion of the planets is caused by the fact we observe
them from a moving location because the earth is orbiting the sun.

2. Darwinian
Charles Darwin
- February 12, 1909
- The descent of man and the theory of natural selection – Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
voyage
- HMS beagle

3. Freudian
Sigmund Freud
- 1865 to 1939
- The most influential psychologist of the 21st century
 Dreams/Sleep, Psychoanalysis, Oedipus Complex, Id Ego and Superego
- Later works include: The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) and Three Essays on the
Theory of Sexuality (1905)
4. Information
- Digital Age or Internet Age
- Digital World, Digital Divide
- Cyberterrorism, Datamation
5. Meso-American
- Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural area in North America, extending from
approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras,
Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica, and within which pre-Columbian societies flourished
before the Spanish colonization of the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries.
- The term was first used by the German Ethnologist, Paul Kirchhoff, who noted that
similarities existed among the various pre-Columbian cultures within the region that
included: Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Western Honduras, Pacific
lowlands of Nicaragua, Northwestern Costa Rica
- Famous Person: Avicenna also Ibn Sina or Abu Ali Sina.
 His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a philosophical and scientific
encyclopedia, and The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia which became
a standard medical text at many medieval universities and remained in use as late
as 1650.
 Besides philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's corpus includes writings on
astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic,
mathematics, physics, and works of poetry
- Tikal is one of the largest archaeological sites, urban centers, and tourist attractions of
the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén
Basin in what is now northern Guatemala.
- Pyramid of the Moon viewed from atop of the Pyramid of the Sun (the construction of
stepped pyramids)
- Some of the significant cultural traits defining the Mesoamerican cultural tradition are:
Sedentism based on maize agriculture or the Three Sisters Group, beans, squash, and
corn.
- The use of two different calendars (a 260-day ritual calendar and a 365-day calendar
based on the solar year).
- Vigesimal (base 20) number system
- The use of locally developed pictographic and hieroglyphic (logo-syllabic) writing systems
- The use of bark paper and agave for ritual purposes and as a medium for writing and the
latter also for cooking and clothing
- The practice of various forms of ritualistic sacrifice, including Human sacrifice
- Religious complex based on a combination of shamanism and natural deities, and a
shared system of symbols
- A linguistic area defined by a number of grammatical traits that have spread through the
area by diffusion
- Teosinte: Origin of corn plant
- Ancient Architecture: Great Ziggurat at Ur
- The Palace of Palenque: Royal Residence of Pakal the grate in 7th – 8th century
Chiapas,Mexico-Mayan Civ.
6. Asian
 China’s Dynasties
 Produced lenses, gunpowder, printing, steel, compass, papermaking process, wheelbarrow
metallurgy, approximations of pi, wine-making
 Paper – 3rd century China’s chief writing medium
 Ceramics and pottery

Japan
- Well known for its electronics industry throughout the world, and Japanese electronic
products account for a large share in the world market, compared to a majority of other
countries.
- One of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, technology, machinery,
and medical research with the world’s third largest budget for research and
development at $130 billion USD and over 677,731 researchers. Japan has received
the most science Nobel prizes in Asia
- Japanese Experiment Module

7. Middle East
 Predominantly Muslims, Arabic (language)
 Ibn al-Haytham (father of Optics)
 Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi – algebra
 Jabir ibn Hayyan – Father of Chemistry

8. Africa
 The most popular African Tribe (men) – Zulu men
 Egypt immensely contributed in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine (e.g. Pyramid of
Egypt)
 Center of alchemy in astronomy used Lunar, Solar, and Stellar or a combination of the
three
 Metallurgy – iron, bronze, and metal tools
 Major supplier of Gold during medieval
 Major supplier of Gold in the world during ancient times (Nubia) during the medieval
ages (Sahel)
 Askum produced coins in gold, silver and bronze
 East Africans (Tansanian) produces steel nearly 2000 years
 Egypt has ancient physicians (some even specialized in stomach while other are eye
doctors)
INDUSTRIALIZATION
First, Second, and Third World. The use of these terms are rough, and it is safe to say, outdated
model of the geopolitical world from the time of the cold war.

Four Worlds. After World War II the world split into two large geopolitical blocs and spheres of
influence with contrary views on government and the politically correct society:
1. The block of democratic-industrial countries within the America influence sphere, the “First
world”
2. The eastern bloc of the communist-socialist states, the “Second world”
3. The remaining three-quarters of the world’s population, states not aligned with either bloc were
regarded as the “Third world”
4. The term “Fourth World” coined in the early 1970s by Shuswap Chief George Manuel, refers to
widely unknown nations (cultural entities) of indigenous peoples, “First Nations” living within or
across national state boundaries.

First World
- Refers to so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries, roughly, a bloc of
countries aligned with the United States after World Wat II, with more or less common
political and economic interests: North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia
Second World
- Refers to the former communist, socialist, industrial states. Formerly the Eastern bloc,
the territory and sphere of influence of the Union Soviet Socialists Republic. Today:
Russia, Eastern Europe (Poland) and some of the Turk States (Kazakhstan) as well as
China.
Third World
- Are all the other countries today often used to roughly describe the developing countries
of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
- The term Third World includes as well capitalist (Venezuela) and communist (North
Korea) countries, as very rich (Saudi Arbia) and very poor (Mali) countries.
What makes a nation third world?
Despite ever evolving definitions, the concept of the third world serves to identify countries that
suffer from high infant mortality, low economic development, high levels of poverty, low utilization
of natural resources, and heavy dependence on industrialized nations. These are the developing
and technologically less advanced nations of Asia, Africa, Oceania, and Latin America. Third
world nations tend to have economies dependent on the developed countries and are generally
characterized as poor with unstable governments and having high rates of population growth,
illiteracy, and disease. A key factor is the lack of a middle class — with impoverished millions in
a vast lower economic class and a very small elite upper class controlling the country's wealth
and resources. Most third world nations also have a very large foreign debt.
Principles of Industrialization
1. Standardization
 Standard protocols: procedures, measurements, ads, products of companies, factories and
transport systems.
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
o A non-governmental organization (NGO) based in Geneva, Switzerland to develop
technical standards for products and services sold around the world.
o The steady rise in international trade begin in the mid-nineteenth century and has
persisted until the present day providing impetus for the global standardization of goods
and services.
o Companies with overseas operations must know that products or services they contract
for outside their home country will conform to their needs, and the only way to ensure
this is for both parties in the transaction to meet a single set of standards. Thus, the
economic interdependence increased among nations on all continents, the need for an
authoritative international standards body became increasingly apparent. To address
this need, the ISO was founded in 1947.

2. Specialization
 For efficient production or efficient provisions of products or services.
 Expertise/craftsmanship
International: Watches (Swiss, Japan), Electricals (German, Japan, Skorean),
Kitchenwares (European), Car/Vehicles (Germany, Italy, France English)
Local: Woodcraft (Paete, Laguna), Guitar (Cebu), Mangoes (Guimaras, Cebu, Zambales),
Weaved Items (Cordillera, Zamboanga), Tuna (GENSAN) Buko Pie (Los Banos), Furnitures
(Visayas, Bohol, Cebu)

3. Synchronization
 Timing of sequence of activities to avoid delay. Examples are transport systems – bus, tram,
train, subway food deliveries, factories.

4. Concentration
 Zoning, Placing, putting important features in one area or simply concentrated in one area.
Like schools, hospitals, shopping malls. Example is Ortigas as Business Area.

5. Maximization
 To maximize the area by setting establishments on one area to fully utilize the space. Also
to ensure services are available in the area. Like Mall of Asia or Megamall

6. Centralization
 Politics, economy, business government, management, bank are located centrally. Central
Business District (CBD) or Downtown.
All these principles operate in both Capitalist and Socialist Industrialized Countries.

First World Countries

- referring to so called developed CAPITALIST industrial countries
- roughly, nations within the United States (Of America) sphere of influence
- member states of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on Belgium
- October 14, 1953: from 12 countries to 29.
Andorra, Australia, Austria Belgium, Canada, Cyprus Denmark, Finland, France Germany, Greece, Vatican
City, Hungary Iceland, Ireland, Israel Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New
Zealand Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, USA
Second World Countries
- referring to the former communist-socialist industrialist states
- United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) is the territory and sphere of influence
Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan Belarus, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic,
Estonia, Georgia Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia Moldova, Mongolia, Poland
Romania, Russia, Serbia & Montenegro, Slovakia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Yugoslavia
Third World Countries
- Some countries in the Communist Bloc, such as Cuba, were often regarded as "Third World". Because
many Third World countries were extremely poor, and non-industrialized, it became a stereotype to refer to
poor countries as "third world countries", yet the "Third World" term is also often taken to include newly
industrialized countries like Brazil or China.
- Historically, some European countries were part of the non-aligned movement and a few were and are very
prosperous, including Switzerland, the Republic of Ireland and Austria.
- Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned with either NATO
(with the United States, Western European nations and their allies representing the 1stWorld), or the
Communist Bloc (with the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and their allies representing the 2nd World)

Third World Countries by various categories:

1. Political Rights and Civil Liberties
2. Gross National Income (GNI)
Greater 8 (G8)
- International forum for the government of superpowers
- World’s major industrialized democracies
- Emerged from 1973 world’s oil crisis & global recession
- About 65% of the world economy
- Majority of the global military power and majority of almost all active nuclear weapons
- Usa, uk, japan, italy, france, germany and then canada, russia
- Started from g6 then canada joined in 1977. Russia formally joined in 1997 with the initiative of bill clinton forming now as g8. In 2014,
russia invaded ukraine, and because of this g8 made a sanction with russia by removing from the group of g8. Thus, since 2015 g8
became g7 (but because there is a representative from european union (the president) g7 is actually g8 too.

 France – Francois Hollande  Japan – Shinzo Abe

 Germany – Joachim Gauck  UK – Theresa May
 Italy – Sergio Mattarella  Canada – J. Trudeau
 USA – Donald Trump  Russia – Vladimir Putin

3. Poverty
- Low income, weak human assets high degree of vulnerability.
- Example: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burundi, Somalia, Sudan, Vanuatu, Rwanda

4. Press Freedom
- the "black holes" for news where the privately-owned media is not allowed and freedom
of expression does not exist
- Examples: Somalia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe, Iran, Nepal, Myanmar
Society
 A group of people believing/ confessing / expressing the same or different faith/ religiom
 Doing same culture, customs, traditions, practices
 Occupying a certain/ definite territory
Multiculturalism
 Communities with multiple cultures
 Cultural diversity

Xenocentric
 It is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else’s culture rather than of
one’s own.
 The concept is considered a subjective view

Ethnocentric
 Belief in superiority of one’s own ethnic group

Variations of Societies in different factors

1. Time
 European, German, American – on time
 Filipino – always late
 Indian –

2. Hygiene
 African, Asian, Europeans, American – Toilet
o Bidet – is a plumbing fixture or type of sink intended for washing the genitalia, inner
buttocks, anus. It is a French loanword.
 European vs. Asians
o Wares and ingredients

3. Family
 Most Asians – hand carried baby
 Westerners – walkie-talkie in baby room
o Problem: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
 Kids in Day Care, Elderly Care Centers in the Philippines

4. Transportation
 Most western countries
o Public Transportation is supported by the government
o Private transportation is encouraged
 Third World
o Public – cheaper
o Private – discouraged
5. Food/Cooking
 A variety of processed foods microwaveable foods. TV dinner mostly Americans/Canadians
 Natural/Organic foods – English/Asians

6. Environment
 Waste segregation in workplace, home, and public institutions
 Schools, hospitals, gyms/buildings – stalled vending machines vs. small shops for many
Asians
 A number of recycling centers vs Shops – recycling crafts for many Asians

7. Communications
 Landlines/phone booths available with answering machines vs cellphones

8. Clothing
 Wardrobe for winter, spring and autumn
 Laundry machine areas, Laundry handwashed

9. Marketing/Trading
10. Entertainment
11. Hobbies
12. Games (computer)
13. Medical problems
14. Explorations (nature activity)
SOCIAL CONTROL
Justification for Social Control
1. To prevent/regulate unprecedented magnitude of potential side effects especially with the
environment.
Examples:
 Malfunctions of aircraft/boat
o Dona Paz – December 20, 1987: Going from Leyte to Manila. The total death is 4375
o Dona Marilyn – October 23, 1988
o Princess of the Orient – September 18, 1998: Capsized due to typhoon, the total death is 70;
missing is 80; survivors are 355.
o Princess of the Stars Sulpicio Lines – June 21, 2008: Cebu to Manila. The total death is 700-
800
o Ferry sinks off Palawan – June 13, 2012: 7 dead, 99 missing
o MV Maharlika – September 4, 2012: Total death is 8
o Sunken Sokor Ferry – April 24, 2014: Total Death is 177
 Proliferation of double dead meat
o Botcha is double dead meat or illegally slaughtered meat. 700 kg ‘double dead’ meat seized in QC
market raid
 Emissions of vehicles/factories
o International nuclear power plant explosions/leakages
 3-mile Island in Pennsylvania, USA 1979
 Chernobyl Disaster 1986
 Health effects of dumping sites

2. To prevent social inequalities

Examples:
 Need prescriptive governmental distribution/regulation (eg. generic drugs, anti-pregnancy
pill rice store)
 Provision of legal recourse for harm from usage/exposure –product (eg. smoking areas
nuclear waste—clean air/water act)

3. To foster freedom of choices (consumers)

Examples:
 Product choices based on ingredients, features, performance etc. (eg. MSG, fake canned
goods, shampoos)
 Consumer’s access & right to pertinent information (eg. food labeling of GMO tainted
products)

4. To ensure proper usage of government money

Example:
 Fertilizer fund scam (PDI Feb. 3’06) – 728 Million Pesos, more than 100 congressmen
involved
 Macapagal Highway – 2 Billion Pesos, most expensive road built
Six Influential Modes
1. Productivity Liability Litigation/IP – can get compensatory damages/punitive (disciplinary)
damages.
Grounds for Liability
a. Negligence – design, production, assembly or testing of product
b. Breach of Warranty – failure of the product to fit its intended purpose or to measure to
any explicit claim
c. Misrepresentation – advertising or promotion gives buyer a false sense of security (no
label/no warning)
d. Strict Liability – injuries cause by a defect in the product. Examples: contamination in the
food plastic/foreign materials in the food; product recall.
 Republic Act 7394 The Consumer Act of the Philippines.
o Article 23 – Adulterated Food
o Article 63 – Fraudulent,
o Article 77 – Minimum Labelling Requirements.
 Basic Policy. It is the policy of the State to protest the interest of the consumer, promote
general welfare and establish standards of conduct for business and industry.
 Consumer Rights:
o Rights to basic needs, safety, information, choice, representation, redress,
consumer education, healthy environment.
 Republic Act no. 9711 Food and Drugs Administration Act
o An act strengthening and rationalizing the regulatory capacity of the bureau of
food and drugs (BFAD) by establishing adequate testing laboratories and field
offices, upgrading its equipment, augmenting its human resource complement,
giving authority to retain its income, renaming it the food and drug administration
(FDA), amending certain sections of republic act no. 3720, as amended, and
appropriating funds thereof
 Republic Act 3720 of the Republic of the Philippines was amended with the passage
of a new law, RA 9711 Act of 2009. The FDA Act of 2008 created the Food and Drug
Administration in the DOH to be headed by a director general with the rank of
Undersecretary of Health.

2. Legislative Limits/Law or Bills

3. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Technological Impact Assessment (TIA)
4. Government Regulation
5. Public Participation
6. Funding and Performance (Government and NGOs)
THE IFUGAO: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF THEIR TERRACES AND THEIR SOCIETY
List of Northern Luzon ethnic groups organize by linguistic classifications
 Ilocano – Ilocos Norte and Ilocos Sur
 Northern Cordilleran
o Isneg – Norther Apayao Province
o Gaddang – Nueva Vizcaya and Isabela
o Ibanagic
 Ibanag – Cagayan and Isabela
 Itawis – Southern Cagayan
 Yogad – Isabela
 Central Cordilleran
o Kalinga-Itneg
 Kalinga – Kalinga Province
 Itneg – Abra Province
o Nuclear
 Balangao – Eastern Mountain Province
 Bontok – Ventral Mountain Province
 Kankanaey – Western Mountain Province and Northern Benguet
 Southern Cordilleran
o Ilongot – Eastern Nueva Vizcaya and Western Quirino
o Pangasinan – Pangasinan
o Ibaloi – Southern Benguet Province

Banaue Rice Terraces (BRT) and the Ifugao Lifestyle

1. No cements/paste – all made by bare hands
2. Holes in payo to irrigate water from top forest (as source of water)
3. No Carabao or no tractor used to plow the field
4. Nipa (Tam awan) – No nails and with wooden ring to prevent entrance of pests
5. Stilted

 Mumbaki - a kind of religious specialist who can perform various healing rituals as well as engage
in spiritual practices
 Baki – Rituals
 Rice Rituals – 23
 Land/Rice preparation performed by:
 6 men
 10 women
 1 combined
 Rice Varieties – 565 species in Philippine Cordillera (IRRI)
 Non-glutinous rice (Ipugo)
 Glutinous rice (daya ‘ot or dayakkot)
 Produced for wine (Tapuy)
Agriculture/Farming
PHASE 1: Field Operation (Payo)
A. Off Season (iwang) – July/early August to late November/December
 A1 – initial post-harvest (luluwah)
 A2 – early off season (iwa iwang)
 A3 – mid-off season (ginawang di-iwang)
 A4 – late off season (na iwang)

B. Planting Season (lawang) – late November/ December to March

 B1 – terrace work period (ahi amu)
 B2 – rice planting period (ahihopna)
 B3 – soil working period (ahilawang)
 B4 – rice transplanting period (ahiboge)
 B5 – field completion period (ahi ulpi)

PHASE 2: Grain Production (Page)

C. Dry Season (Tiyalgo) – late March/early April to mid/late June
 C1 – early dry season (bo bo lana)
 C2 – height of dry season (tongtong di tiyalgo)
 C3 – rice booting period (mumbiyah)
 C4 – rice heading period (ahibuhbuh)

D. Harvest Season (ahi tulu) – 1 month either end of June or beginning of July
 D1 – rice ripening period (holding)
 D2 – rice harvesting period (ahi tulu)
THE THEORIES OF SSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY

1. Autonomous Technology

 Independent, functioning/existing by itself

 The process develops with an irresistible force (uncontrollable)
 Autonomous technology is any kind of technology that can function without being told what to do by a
person on Earth

2. Innovation
 New idea, new practice, an object perceived as new.

Top innovations CNNS

a. Internet n. ATM
b. Cellphone o. Advance batteries
c. Personal computers p. Hybrid car
d. Fiber optics q. OLEDS
e. Email r. Display panels
f. Commercialized GPS s. HDTV
g. Portable computers t. Space shuttle
h. Memory storage discs u. Nanotechnology
i. Consumer level digital camera v. Flash memory
j. Radio frequency ID tags w. Voice mail
k. MEMS x. Modern hearing aids
l. DNA fingerprinting y. Short range, High frequency radio
m. Air bags

 Diosdado Banatao – Technology Innovator, Entrepreneur. Develop the first 10-Mbit CMOS with silicon
coupler data-link control and trans receiver chip, the first system logic chip set for IBMs and the PC-AT
and the local bus concept, and the first windows graphics accelerator chip for personal computers. A
three-time start-up veteran, he founded Mostron, Chips and Technologies, and S3 graphics.
 Maria A. Ressa
 Teodorico “TED” Badua – Recycled oil into fuel
 [Link] Mateo – handicapped wheelchair
 Bienvenido Baligod – Lemon Grass Distiller
 Jayme Navaro – plastic bags into fuel
 Ramon C. Barbara – Barba was named a National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014 for inventing a way
to induce flowering in mango trees regardless of season, boosting the local mango industry.
 Aisa Mijeno – Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp.
 Reina Reyes – Reyes has been called “The Filipina who proved Einstein right” after her work confirming
Albert Einstein’s Theory of Relativity on a cosmic scale in 2010 during her Ph.D. studies in the United States
 Stevenson Rejuso – inventor, Tubig power
 Samalander – amphinious Tricycle
 Ann Makosinski – winner the 2013 Google Science Fair in the 15-16 years old category beating out
thousands of other students from over 120 countries. The inventor of this amazing flashlight is a Filipino-
Canadian 15- year old student, Ann Makosinsk. Her project was inspired by a friend from Mindanao
whose family could not afford to pay for electricity. Without light at night, her friend could not study
properly. She failed an entire school year because she could not read her lessons
 Innovation Influenced by:

 CREATION
- Combination of invention, analysis, discoveries, knowledge, data.
- Factors helping in the creation: External pressures, motives of inventors, flexibility in the face of
chance discoveries
 DIFFUSION
- Technology transfer
- Four main elements: the innovation itself, communication channel, time, social system

3. Technology Determinism
 Hard Tech Determinism: Tech change is viewed as necessary and sufficient in determining all other
social changes
o Technological base of the society determines or casually sets the configuration of social
existence
o 1st world countries
o Examples: Gas pipelines, water pipelines, electricity pipelines, parking system/garage, phone
system, fork-lift garbage collector, laundry machine centers, inter-university and out of country
internet library, malls with internet,
 Soft Tech Determinism: Tech change is necessary but not by themselves sufficient to bring about social
changes
o Can be seen more in 3rd world countries

What does happiness mean to you? For most, being happy starts with having enough money to do what you want and
buy what you want. A nice home, food, clothes, car, leisure. All within reason’s in the World. But happiness is much more
than money. It's being healthy, free from pain, being able to take care of yourself. It's having good times with friends and
family.

Furthermore, happiness means being able to speak what's on your mind without fear, to worship the God of your choice,
and to feel safe and secure in your own home.

Happiness means having opportunity--to get an education, to be an entrepreneur. What's more satisfying than having a
big idea and turning it into a thriving business, knowing all the way that the harder you work, the more reward you can
expect?

With this in mind, five years ago researchers at the Legatum Institute, a London-based nonpartisan think tank, set out to
rank the happiest countries in the world. But because "happy" carries too much of a touchy-feely connotation, they call it
"prosperity

2018 happiest country

 Finland
- A mighty leap over its Scandinavian neighbors from fifth to first, Finland’s 5.5 million residents enjoy more forest
per square mile than any European country, extremely high environmental standards, and a very low threat level
making it one of the most peaceful places on Earth. With a high ratio of immigrants now also calling Finland home,
the World Happiness Report made particular mention of the consistency in happiness between them and local born
residents.
Norway
- The world's highest per-capita GDP at $53,000 a year. Spending on health care is second-highest after
the U.S. An unparalleled 74% of Norwegians say other people can be trusted, 94% are happy with the
beauty of their environment, and a very high 93% believe hard work will help them get ahead in life.
Having a lot of oil and gas reserves helps. Last year’s winner has also been voted Europe’s most beautiful
country, which no doubt helps with the smiles. As with its neighbors, social equality and welfare rank it
high and it’s often found atop worldwide prosperity indexes - but forget all of that, book yourself a cruise
through its majestic fjords and you’ll see why they’re really so at home in its incomparable landscapes.
Denmark
- Danish capital Copenhagen is the epitome of Scandi cool - historic, modern and chic.
- Although they’ve seen a slide from first in 2016 to second in 2017 to third in 2018
- I don’t think the Danes will be sobbing into their herring Smørrebrød any time soon.
- Typical Scandinavian attributes such as high living standards and a brilliant tax, health, education and
welfare system mean it has one of the smallest wealth gaps in the world
- The world's lowest business startup costs, excellent education, unrestricted civil freedoms. Danes have
overwhelming faith in their government and in each other, and report the highest standard of living in
the world.
Iceland
- The most equal, peaceful and fair country in the world has always danced around the top spot thanks to
its low tax and free health care and education.
- Enchanting and otherworldly, it’s also seen visitor numbers quadruple in recent years with a landscape
that inspires everyone
- Iceland is also the most published country per capita with one in ten residents writing a book.
Switzerland
- Dropping from the top spot in 2015, Switzerland is still a pretty cheerful place to call home.
- Take into account its favorable tax regime, booming economy, phenomenal infrastructures and
education services and you can understand the secret to its success.
- That’s before you consider the Alpine picture postcard landscapes and the kind of clean air that’s sent
the average life expectancy into the mid-eighties.

4. Technology ensuing Social Change

Two Models
A. Equilibirum-Disequilibirum
 Two things being compared. Old and new can still co-exists in various societies due to economic
conditions

Stages:

a. initial cultural-environmental system (CES) in equilibrium

b. intro of tech development
c. behavioral & intellectual changes
d. Consequent tension within the prevailing CES
e. Transformation of old CES to new CES
f. Attainment of new CES

Examples of two items being compared old with the new gadget

 Betamax – VHS  passbook – atm card

 VHS – VCD  desktop computer – laptop
 electric fan – air con
B. The IDUAR model
 Innovation, Diffusion, Usage, Adaptation, Resistance
 Only one item is described

Examples:

 Telephone
 Television
 Radio
 Can opener
 Flashlight